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Introduction: One major contributing factor to the prevalence of counterfeit medicines in a country is the lack of knowledge and awareness of the society. Information on general public and healthcare professionals awareness and vulnerability towards counterfeit medicines in developing countries is limited. Aim: To assess how the general public and pharmacists perceive counterfeit and substandard medicines and to evaluate their vulnerability level toward counterfeit medicines. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Qatar where a prevalidated questionnaire was used to collect information about: a) demographic characteristics, b) attitude, c) subjective norm, d) motivation, and e) behavioural intentions of pharmacists and public regarding counterfeit medicines on a Likert-scale. A total of 190 questionnaires were distributed conveniently to the public and community pharmacists. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used at p-value of 0.05. Results: One hundred ninety questionnaires were distributed to both community pharmacists and public, however, only 167 (87.8%) were collected which resulted in response rate. Most of the results of the survey (41 items) were not significant (p-value>0.05). Only questions about awareness towards counterfeit medicines, its societal consequences, the effect of price affordability and the effect of pressure exerted by relatives and friends on purchase intent of counterfeit medicines gave significant difference between public and pharmacists (p-value 0.05). Conclusion: Overall findings suggested that there is no significant difference between pharmacists and public in the way they perceive counterfeit and substandard medicines. Both of them have the same susceptibility level toward counterfeit medicines. Both pharmacists and public have low-level of knowledge and moderate level of vulnerability to counterfeit and low-quality medicines. This work was supported by the Qatar University Student Grant [grant numbers: QUST-CPH-Fall-14/15-11]. Scopus

Introduction There are limited studies on consumer behaviour toward counterfeit products and the determining factors that motivate willingness to purchase counterfeit items. Aim This study aimed to fill this literature gap through studying differences in individual ethical evaluations of counterfeit drug purchase and whether that ethical evaluation affected by difference in income. It is hypothesized that individuals with lower/higher income make a more/less permissive evaluation of ethical responsibility regarding counterfeit drug purchase. Materials and Methods To empirically test the research assumption, a comparison was made between people who live in the low-income country Sudan and people who live in the high-income country Qatar. The study employed a face-to-face structured interview survey methodology to collect data from 1,170 subjects and the Sudanese and Qatari samples were compared using independent t-test at alpha level of 0.05 employing SPSS version 22.0. Results Sudanese and Qatari individuals were significantly different on all items. Sudanese individuals scored below 3 for all Awareness of Societal Consequences (ASC) items indicating that they make more permissive evaluation of ethical responsibility regarding counterfeit drug purchase. Both groups shared a basic positive moral agreement regarding subjective norm indicating that influence of income is not evident. Conclusion Findings indicate that low-income individuals make more permissive evaluation of ethical responsibility regarding counterfeit drugs purchase when highlighting awareness of societal consequences used as a deterrent tool, while both low and high-income individuals share a basic positive moral agreement when subjective norm dimension is exploited to discourage unethical buying behaviour.