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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, especially in the low and middle-income countries like India and is found to be more common in the rural areas. Delays in diagnosis and initiation of treatment along with lower treatment adherence and completion rates have increased the morbidity and mortality of TB in the rural areas. The collation of information accumulated through the assessment of people's Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) towards TB, helps in charting new health programs for the public, identifying lacunae, and devising interventions based on these lacunae which in turn will help us to achieve the vision of a "TB free India” by 2025. Aim: To find out KAP and any association amongst them regarding TB among the study subjects. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on patients attending Outpatient Department (OPD) at the Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC) attached to NCR Institute of Medical Sciences, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India, during January 2021 to April 2021. From a sample of 106 patients data of KAP regarding TB was collected via a structured questionnaire which was predesigned and pretested. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to ascertain the association between subjects' KAP about TB. A p-value <0.05 was taken as the predictor of statistical significance. Results: Out of 106 patients, 72 (67.92%), 80 (75.47%) and 52 (49.06%) had adequate KAP respectively. Participants having adequate knowledge showed positive attitude and good practices and this association was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The study results reflect that having adequate knowledge of the disease transforms into good practices and a positive attitude towards a person suffering from the said disease as well as helps the people to have a positive frame of mind in case they themselves contract the disease. Health education and behaviour change communication hence needs to be scaled up in rural communities to prevent, detect and treat tuberculosis in order to achieve a TB free India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and prevalence of under-weight children in India, is an important health concern. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Oral Nutritional Supplement (ONS) on growth, overall nutrient intake and frequency of illness in nutritionally at-risk Indian children. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, randomised, gender-stratified, controlled, parallel group, open label study, 216 children (aged 4-6 years with weight-for-age z-score between -2 and -1) were randomised (1:1) to receive either 45 g of ONS {Test product+Dietary advice (T+D)} or control group {Dietary advice only (D-only)} for three months. Primary endpoints included weight-for-age z-score and weight gain in terms of g/kg/day from baseline to three months. Secondary endpoints included change in height-for-age z-scores; frequency of illness, change in dietary nutrient intake and Protein/Energy (P/E) ratio from baseline through three months. Safety endpoint included Adverse Events (AEs). PROC MIXED was used to perform Repeated Measures Analysis Of Variance (RMANOVA) based on the changes in z-scores. The z-scores changes within the group from baseline to the end of three months End-of-Study (EOS) were compared using paired t-test. Results: At baseline, the mean (SD) weight-for-age z-scores were similar in both the groups {1.50 (0.309) and -1.49 (0.312) in T+D and D-only groups, respectively}. At the EOS, only T+D group showed significant mean (SD) change from baseline in weight-for-age z-score compared to the D-only group {0.59 (0.296), p<0.001 vs. 0.04 (0.267), p=0.0974}. Mean rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) was significantly higher in T+D group vs. D-only group (1.12 vs. 0.26, p<0.0001). At baseline, height-for-age z-scores were similar in both the groups {-1.36 (0.668) vs -1.37 (0.638) in T+D and D-only groups, respectively}. At EOS, the mean (SD) change from baseline in height-for-age z-score was -0.02 (0.198), p=0.2389 in T+D group and -0.15 (0.171), p<0.001 in the D-only group. However, the change was not proportionate to weight-for-age z-score. Total absolute number of illness episodes was less in T+D group vs. D-only group (9 vs. 13). Improvement in dietary nutrient intake (carbohydrate, fat, protein and energy) and P/E ratio was significantly higher (p<0.001) in T+D group vs. D-only group. Overall, 8.3% children in T+D group experienced at least one treatment-emergent AE. Conclusion: The ONS helps to improve growth, nutrient intake and reduces frequency of illness in nutritionally at-risk children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontogenic cysts are derived from odontogenic apparatus which may develop before or after the formation of tooth. Most of these are developmental in origin. However, non-odontogenic cysts also exist in the jaw. Among the odontogenic cysts the most prevalent are periapical cyst followed by dentigerous and Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC). OKC was also termed as Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumour (KCOT), well-known for its aggressive behaviour, varied origin, debated development and tendency to recur has been the focus of much research and discussion since four decades. It arises either from epithelial rests of the dental lamina or the tooth primordium and is generally aggressive and invasive, while dentigerous cysts are common odontogenic cysts that are related to the crown of the impacted tooth and known to arise from reduced enamel epithelium. It is rare to find both these entities occurring simultaneously in the same patient. Multiple OKC are generally associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, and accounts to the mutation in the PTCH, a tumour suppressor gene. However, this case reports a non-syndromic variant. A 13- year-old female patient with multiple cysts in the jaw that were evaluated, diagnosed and treated adequately based on clinical, radiographic and histopathological examination has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chorea has often been associated with lesions in the basal ganglia and in the sub thalamic nucleus. It is possible for a patient with chorea-ballismus to have hyperglycemia at the initial presentation. We hereby present a case of an 81-year-old female, who was on treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus and presented to us with sub acute onset of abnormal movements of right side of the body. She had semi purposeful, rapid and jerky movements of right upper limb and lower limb along with abnormal tongue movements. Laboratory data showed very high blood glucose levels, urine ketones were positive and pH of arterial blood was normal. MRI brain showed hyperintensities in right basal ganglia. So, hyperglycemia induced hemichorea was considered as a possibility and she was treated with insulin. These abnormal movements decreased subsequently with treatment and patient is doing better in the follow-up visits. This presentation is extremely rare, as review of literature showed similar presentations in patients with non ketotic hyperglycemia but not reported so far in diabetic ketosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucella endocarditis is a rare but a severe complication of brucellosis, observed in less than 2% of cases. It is the main cause responsible for up to 80% of deaths in brucellosis. Herein, we present a case of brucella endocarditis that developed on a native aortic valve, but presented to us with fever for several months and acute neurological symptoms. This case report signifies the importance of considering brucella endocarditis as one of the differentials in patients presenting with Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) and Central Nervous System (CNS) manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) typically presents with a combination of chronic nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms which include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, and abdominal distension. Approximately 80% of the patients have symptoms for several years. A high degree of clinical suspicion is often required to establish the diagnosis, as this disease is extremely rare. We are presenting the case of a 19 year old boy who presented with growth retardation and markedly decreased secondary sexual characteristics. Taking the full clinical history and a meticulous investigation finally led to the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]