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Research has revealed the existence of an energy-efficiency gap – the difference between optimal and actual energy end-use, suggesting that energy efficiency can be improved. Energy management (EnM) is a means for improving industrial energy efficiency. However, due to various barriers, the full potential of EnM is not realised. Several studies have addressed drivers and barriers to energy efficiency but few to EnM. This study aims to identify EnM practices, the most important perceived drivers and barriers for EnM, and relations among them in the energy-intensive Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI), which has the longest experience internationally of practising EnM systems, and has worked according to the standards since 2004. Our results show that, altogether, the PPI works regularly and continuously with EnM, with a clear division of responsibilities. The highest maturity for EnM practices was for energy policy, followed by organization, investments, and performance measurement. The study also shows that communication between middle management and operations personnel has potential for improvement. The most important categories of drivers were economic, whereas for barriers they were organizational. Nevertheless, knowledge-related barriers and drivers were amongst the most important, suggesting that the absorptive capacity for energy issues could be improved. Image 1029 • Energy is managed continuously, with clear policies and responsibilities. • The main drivers are economical while main barriers are organizational. • Knowledge related barriers and drivers are amongst the next most important. • Employees' absorptive capacity for energy issues could be improved. • Link between energy policy and performance measurement could be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry faces several challenges linked to climate and environmental impact, resource efficiency, rising energy prices, increased competition for biomass resources, and declining demand for traditional printed paper products. However, these challenges also offer strategic opportunities for the industry to develop into a competitive, resource-efficient, and low-carbon industry in line with a biobased economy. Against this background, this paper aims to analyse current energy strategies in the pulp and paper industry in Sweden. Specifically, the paper analyses how companies combine continuous process efficiency to reduce energy costs with activities that could be developed into new energy-related products to increase revenue. Most of the analysed companies work to various degrees with both these strategies, employing methods that include improving energy efficiency, energy security, and energy conversion, as well as developing a wide range of biobased energy products. However, our study indicates that there is an untapped potential associated with energy product development, and we conclude that energy efficiency measures can free up resources, enabling the development of new energy products. Finally, several potential managerial outcomes and implications are outlined. • The paper analyses the energy strategies in the pulp and paper industry in Sweden. • Energy strategies focus both to improve energy efficiency and develop new energy-products. • The companies' energy strategies combined exploitation and exploration. • A number of managerial implications are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy management systems are considered as appropriate instruments to identify and realize energy efficiency potentials in industrial plants. Studies point out a largely untapped potential for energy efficiency in industry through the adoption of systematic energy management. We suggest introducing qualitative and quantitative modelling tools into energy management to facilitate a focused process to set priorities and identify effective measures. This paper describes the case of voestalpine Austria Draht GmbH, an Austrian wire rolling mill. voestalpine Austria Draht GmbH at present is implementing a knowledge based energy management system. Within the work described in this paper, first an overview of energy flows using Sankey diagrams was elaborated. Then a qualitative systems analysis was developed for the plant and a gap analysis done for priority areas. Subsequently physical input–output models for several energy intensive units were prepared. The paper describes the models for the cooling water system and product cooling. This study revealed a significant potential to save electricity by optimizing the control of cooling water pumps along the milling train and to recover heat from the final products. 2 GWh of electricity can be saved annually. The biggest single energy loss in the mill is the heat from air cooling the products on hook conveyors. These heat flows contain about 30–50 % of the energy input for heating up the billets. Following a theoretical analysis of the potential, a demonstration plant was developed and pilot tests were run to characterize the realistic potential of heat recovery on the hook conveyor. Based on the test results, feasibility studies for large scale plants were carried out. As a result, 0.8 GWh of heat can be recovered annually. The method was found useful because it helped to structure the existing information with a reasonable effort mostly by the operators themselves in their work and to build a conceptual model of energy flows and energy efficiency of the total plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machining workshop is a widely distributed manufacturing system that consumes massive energy in a low efficiency. In recent years, the increasing pressure from energy price and environmental directive have forced machinery manufacturers to address energy efficiency monitoring and management to improve economic benefits and environmental performance. However, due to the complicated energy flow and dynamic energy changes of the machining workshop, machinery manufacturers still lack an effective method to monitor and manage the energy efficiency in a practical manner. To this end, this paper proposes an energy efficiency monitoring and management system with the support of the newly emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Firstly, the energy characteristics and energy efficiency indicators of the machining workshop are analyzed and defined. Then the framework of the IoT based energy efficiency monitoring and management system is proposed. The key approaches for energy efficiency monitoring and management are then illustrated. Finally, an industrial application is demonstrated to validate the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed system. With the application of the proposed system, potential opportunities for energy consumption decrement and energy efficiency improvement can be identified. Machinery manufacturers can easily reduce energy consumption and energy cost by managing the machining process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The more efficient use of energy is a policy issue worldwide. Smart use of technology and management of information is becoming crucial for increasing energy efficiency. The 7th Framework Program of the European Union supported international research to fulfill the potential of Information and Communications Technologies for Energy Efficiency. Using Social Network Analysis, this paper analyzes this research network and explores the links and influences in the cross-country knowledge flows generated. The analysis identifies some important differences in the position that countries hold on the network. Results highlight the importance of countries acting as hubs and gatekeepers in the promotion of research and the improvement of energy efficiency. Highlights • The network of the 7th Framework Programme on Information and Communication Technologies for energy efficiency is studied. • Countries with a central position in the research network benefit from energy efficiency gains. • A fast access to knowledge does not guarantee efficiency improvements. • Climate-resilient countries tend to have more adaptation in terms of efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the method and results of a survey of 27 of the 33 Australian universities teaching engineering education in late 2007, undertaken by The Natural Edge Project (hosted by Griffith University and the Australian National University) and supported by the National Framework for Energy Efficiency. This survey aimed to ascertain the extent of energy efficiency (EE) education, and to identify preferred methods to assist in increasing the extent to which EE education is embedded in engineering curriculum. In this paper the context for the survey is supported by a summary of the key results from a variety of surveys undertaken over the last decade internationally. The paper concludes that EE education across universities and engineering disciplines in Australia is currently highly variable and ad hoc. Based on the results of the survey; this paper highlights a number of preferred options to support educators to embed sustainability within engineering programs, and future opportunities for monitoring EE, within the context of engineering education for sustainable development (EESD). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Measuring and targeting energy performances of manufacturing plants and their subsystems is the first, critical step to understand their energy behavior, to identify energy management opportunities and to evaluate energy savings. In addition, this activity has become always more important in the last decades, as Energy Management Systems and energy management practices based on continuous improvement and people engagement have been largely adopted, requiring the introduction of new energy consumption control systems capable to identify the standard operative energy behavior and performance of systems and machines and their energy baseline, to point out contingent deviations of energy performances from the baseline and to identify possible causes and clearly attribute responsibilities of such deviations. In this context, several attempts have been presented in literature trying to identify methods to create Energy Performance Indicators so as to satisfy these requirements, but most of them are focused either on a physical or on economical definition of the problem (and therefore either on a process/appliance level or on an aggregated level), neglecting the necessity to develop an integrated system to combine those two approaches to the problem and deliver appropriate information to each hierarchical level and function of the company. In addition, even when these indicators are identified, a proper system to monitor and control their evolution over time is neglected. In this paper, a novel methodology to manage Energy Performance by developing, analyzing and maintaining Energy Performance Indicators in manufacturing plants is presented, which has been created to fill this gap and taking into account ISO 50001:2011 and ISO 50006:2014 requirements, in order to be as general and widely applicable as possible. The proposed methodology allows an immediate identification of manufacturing plant's energy performance deviations through Energy Performance Indicators monitoring over time and an easy association of causes and responsibilities to such deviations, in order to allow companies to rapidly react defining action plans and resetting targets if necessary; it has also been validated through an industrial case study, which will eventually be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents Slovenian experiences related to a customized educational solution called EUREM (European Energy Manager) involving the training of energy experts in the field of energy efficiency. The EUREM training program is offered in 27 countries around the world and covers nearly all the energy-relevant issues that can arise in public and private companies. The final output of the practical training is a company-specific prefeasibility study that deals with energy weak points and energy efficiency measures that have a high implementation potential. The presented curriculum of the EUREM training program provides a solid basis for increasing the knowledge and skills of energy managers and was developed with an emphasis on practical experiences related to the deployment, demonstration, measurement and verification of energy-efficient solutions in industry and buildings. Regular surveys and communications involving former training participants indicate that the EUREM training program has stimulated Slovenian energy managers to make significant energy savings in their companies. Around 55% of the Slovenian EUREM training participants confirmed that in addition to their energy concepts, they had also realized additional energy efficiency projects after they finished the training course. Based on the experience gained during the past 8 years of the training program's implementation in Slovenia we can conclude that the energy experts really appreciated their practical education and training with on-the-job support from professional coaches. The future challenges of the education and training program are related to follow-up activities, the development of interactive tools and the curriculum's customization to meet the constantly growing needs of energy experts from industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing scarcity of fossil fuels and climate change caused by man-made carbon emissions, energy and carbon efficiency are of increasing importance for manufacturing firms. Regarding their energy use manufacturing firms can improve their carbon performance either by reducing energy use or by switching to energy sources that cause less carbon emissions. Energy management systems are said to support improvements in carbon performance, however their effect has hardly been addressed to date by academia. Based on data from 108 German automotive suppliers, this paper investigates the impact of an energy management system on manufacturing firms' operations practice as well as carbon and economic performance. The research model developed for this is evaluated using partial least squares. The results indicate that energy management has a positive effect on the adoption of low carbon production and logistics practices and through this indirectly on carbon and economic performance. The effect is found to be stronger for certified energy management systems. Surprisingly no proof is found for a direct effect of an energy management system on carbon performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the self-declared energy and environmental protection objectives of many car manufacturers responsible companies must use energy-efficient production technologies. The running costs of production sites are a decisive factor in the overhead of automotive production. Therefore, it is important for many operators to reduce those costs in a sustainable way. For this purpose, they attempt to reduce both the energy consumption costs and CO 2 emissions of production systems. However, most components of the energy costs are determined during the very early phases of the product creation process. To achieve an estimation of the energy consumption in this early planning stage, a new suitable forecasting method is required. Therefore, this paper presents an approach for determining the prospective energy consumption by using Methods-Energy Measurement combined with defined energy reference cycles for manufacturing technologies. With this approach, key performance indicators are defined, and the production technologies are divided into basic energy consumers. The average energy values will be determined empirically by using the defined energy reference cycles. With these data, the energy demands for different scenarios are calculated. Thereby, it is possible to estimate the potential energy consumption of complex manufacturing cells. The designed method is validated within a case study of a modern automotive body shop. In summary, the approach contributes to identify and realize sustainable solutions in advance and thus increase the profitability of a factory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy management has been considered in the global agenda as a way to improve energy performance and greenhouse gas reduction in organizations. Industries account for a significant part of energy use worldwide and present opportunities for energy efficiency improvements. Within the industry, energy management is a complex task, regarding scenarios with variables related to the following perspectives: economics, contingency, technological change and behavioural. This paper aims at analyzing the influencing factors on energy management in industries from these perspectives. A survey with 40 variables was carried out with middle managers from different industrial sectors in Brazil. The variables were divided into three groups: drivers for investments in energy efficiency; organizational processes and actions in energy management; involvement of middle managers. Initially, an exploratory factor analysis technique was employed aiming at specifying the main factors influencing energy management. In the sequence , a confirmatory factor analysis was used to associate the variables to the main factors as well as to know how the factors relate to each other. The study showed a positive correlation among all the factors identified. Statistical tests suggested that the factors could not be explained separately. Hypotheses tests were applied to verify the influence of the factors among the groups surveyed. The final model comprised eight factors into the three groups: organizational (strategic , operational), involvement (motivation, support), drivers (production, economics , competitiveness, environment). The results and the main implications of the study are discussed in the paper. • The main factors on energy management presented a positive correlation among them. • Middle managers' involvement influenced strategy and operation on energy management. • Middle managers' involvement depended on the support and motivation from superiors. • Operational factor on energy management influenced drivers for energy efficiency. • Production process was a driver for energy efficiency influencing energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research points to a large energy efficiency potential in industry which is still left unexploited. One of the most promising means of reducing energy consumption and related energy costs is implementing an energy management. This paper provides a systematic review of existing academic journal publications on energy management in industry. Five essential key elements of an energy management based on overarching themes are identified within the body of literature (strategy/planning, implementation/operation, controlling, organization and culture) and the specific findings relating to each key element are synthesized. Subsequently a conceptual framework of an energy management is developed which illustrates that a comprehensive approach is necessary in order to effectively exploit the existing energy efficiency potential. Finally implications for further research are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the energy service companies (ESCOs) in China from the perspective of technological capability (TC) development. The conventional capability development model of manufacturing in emerging economies has been adapted to examine the four dimensions of TC (investment, production, linkage and innovation) through a qualitative analysis of multiple case studies. Small and medium-sized private ESCOs can perform well based on investment and production capabilities to develop energy management software competence. Large state-owned ESCOs can develop more advanced linkage and innovation capabilities and serve large-scale businesses with more specialist services. For small and medium-sized ESCOs, competitiveness, customers and related business strategy are the primary drivers of TC development. These drivers are essential for large ESCOs, but government support and pressure are also important. The framework developed can be used to research ESCOs and other service providers in other developing countries. • Energy Service Companies have different levels of technological capabilities. • The development of these capabilities is driven mainly by internal factors. • The basic technology level depends on investment and production capabilities. • Development starts with the investment and production of simple technologies. • The advanced technology level requires linkage and innovation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents new design of pyro-processing unit in a cement factory. In this case decomposition reactions have been separated from other reactions which result in pure carbon dioxide production. Decomposition reactions take place in calciner without fuel consumption by utilizing a hot CO2 stream as heat carrier and exhaust gases have been employed to produce steam and power. As result of such novelties new process can significantly reduce 66% of CO2 emission and 2.3% of energy consumption compared to the existing process. Moreover proposed design demonstrated remarkable environmental advantages against some relevant studies and processes. As far as process economy is concerned, novel design can annually achieve 20.7 million USD gross incomes compared to the base case. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The increasing global consumption of energy and its negative impacts on the environment has been an issue discussed both by academics and practitioners, including in the health sector. Hospitals are major consumers of energy, which leads to increased operating costs, decreased competitiveness, and negative environmental impacts. Energy management in hospitals must be understood as a way to contribute to environmental sustainability and as a way to improve competitiveness. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to propose guidelines for efficient and sustainable energy management in hospitals, developed based on the literature review, the challenges faced and the good practices of sustainable energy management in the hospitals studied, the cross analysis of the case studies, and the authors' expertise. As a result, the eight proposed guidelines are related to culture change, energy consumption management, energy management standard, purchase of renewable energy, green technologies, sustainable hospital buildings, social responsibility programs focused on energy use, and sustainable energy public policies. These guidelines contribute in an applied/managerial way to help managers of public and private hospitals overcome the challenges of energy management and contribute to UN's SDG7 due to its potential to improve energy efficiency and environmental performance, therefore, being a movement towards clean energy. This study also theoretically/scientifically contributes to the academic debate since the empirical findings found in the hospitals studied and the proposition of guidelines deepen and expand the key elements identified in the literature on efficient energy management in hospitals, providing the basis for developing new research on the subject. Energy management in hospitals is discussed from the perspective of sustainability. Challenges need to be overcome for sustainability benefits to be achieved. This work can assist public and private hospitals in developing sustainability. Guidelines for sustainable energy management in hospitals are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of implementing energy efficiency methodologies in industrial environments has increased considerably in the last decade given the high energy costs and environmental impact (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions). This paper proposes a methodology to improve the energy efficiency of an industrial machine, without sacrificing either production or quality, using an adaptive predictive controller based on dynamic energy models that manages peripheral devices to activate/deactivate them at the proper times. The proposed adaptive mechanism aggregates robustness to the control system in industrial environments, which experiment constantly changes related to equipment degradation and that affect their energy consumption profile over time. Thus, this novel adaptive mechanism automatically updates the energy model to minimize the error between prediction and real energy consumption, including new energy behavior resulting from machine degradation. This methodology has been validated via a testbed and its performance was compared with rule-based control, which is the most widely used control strategy in industry. The energy efficiency of both approaches was evaluated using performance indicators, which show the effectiveness of the proposed control approach, highlighting remarkable improvements in reducing both energy consumption (about 2%) and sudden power peaks (more than 11%). • Optimization-based control to manage peripheral equipment maximizing their efficiency. • A continuous machine energy model adaptation scheme to react to its degradation. • Experimental validation of control in a real industrial application via testbed. • Energy efficiency performance comparison between adaptive and rule-based control. • Results show that the proper management of peripheral equipment reduces energy costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]