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Abstract: In this study, the formulated surfactant aqueous system composed of 2% (w/v) Triton X-114 and 0.03% (w/v) Gemini 16-5-16 coupled with ultrasonic-assisted technology has been selected as an effective method for the extraction and preconcentration of five main saponin compounds in Panax notoginseng root samples. Under the optimum parameters, the extraction yields of notoginsenoside R 1 , ginsenosides Rg 1 , Re, Rb 1 and Rd could reach the values of 28.66 mg/g, 46.52 mg/g, 12.91 mg/g, 29.31 mg/g and 9.26 mg/g, respectively. And the preconcentration factor could be 11.5-fold. In addition, the proposed formulated surfactant system is also suitable for the subsequent HPLC analysis with excellent linearity correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 0.99, high repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.45% and good recoveries within 97.12%–101.28%. Thus, the method gave higher extraction efficiencies, higher enhancement factors as well as excellent chromatographic performance than conventional solvents for the studied five main saponins in Panax notoginseng. In addition, the green and environmentally friendly formulated surfactant aqueous system which endows the safety and reliability of the extraction and preconcentration process. Moreover, this work is a one-step sample preparation procedure that integrated of extraction and preconcentration of target constituents. And the results indicated that the developed method possess the potential to large-scale extract and purify the bioactive components from plant materials. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Ultrasonic-assisted formulated surfactant extraction technology was developed. • Green and cheap formulated surfactant aqueous system exhibit excellent properties. • Integrate extraction with preconcentration into one-step sample preparation process. • Saponins contents were significantly enhanced after extraction and preconcentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach for synchronous extraction and enrichment of hydrophilic component and hydrophobic component with CO 2 -based switchable-solvent (SHS) from pigeon pea leaves was developed in the present study. After screening of SHS, N, N-dimethyl-cyclohexylamine (DMCHA)/water system was selected as the properest SHS for the extraction and enrichment process. To optimize this process, we conducted single factor experiments with the Box-Behnken design. The optimal parameters were as follows: solid-liquid ratio R (S/L) 40:1 (mg/mL), ultrasound time 15 min and bubbling CO 2 time 79 min (0.5 mL/s). Under the circumstances, the extraction yields of representative flavonoid vitexin and stilbene cajaninstilbenes acid (CSA) reached 1.80 ± 0.12 mg/g and 9.32 ± 0.08 mg/g, respectively, which were 1.06 and 1.49 folds to those by the traditional methods. And the contents of target compounds vitexin and CSA in the enriched extracts were 2.3% and 12.1%, which increased above 6.76 and 4.58 folds to that in extracts using 65% ethanol-UAE. And the results suggested that the N, N-dimethyl-cyclohexylamine (DMCHA)/water system can be guaranteed for at least 5 cycles with relatively stable extraction yields of vitexin and CSA. Furthermore, a theoretical study using density functional theory was put into effect to explore the properties of SHS and their relationship with the vitexin and CSA. The mechanism study showed that SHS had higher biocompatibility with target compounds due to the H-bonds. The present method was an eco-friendly, promising, and sustainable alternative to extract and enrich simultaneously hydrophilic and hydrophobic phytochemicals from plant materials. Image 1 • This paper developed a novel approach for efficient and recyclable extraction and enrichment of phytochemicals from the disused pigeon pea leaves in one solvent system. • The mechanism study showed that SHS had higher biocompatibility with target compounds due to the H-bonds using the density functional theory. • The switchable solvents have usually been used in the extraction of oil. Moreover, the exploit of SHS considering bioactive compounds from plants material has hardly been reported yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]