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Peer victimization experiences is suggested to play a mediating role in the transmission of depression symptoms between mothers and children. Childcare attendance has been found to reduce the association between mother and child depressive symptoms. However, it is not clear whether this protective effect unfolds via a reduction of peer victimization experiences in middle childhood. The aims of this study were to test (1) whether peer victimization in middle childhood mediated the association between exposure to maternal depressive symptomatology in early childhood and child depressive symptoms in late childhood, (2) whether childcare attendance moderate the direct associations between maternal depressive symptoms and children's peer victimization experiences in middle childhood as well as depressive symptoms in late childhood and (3) whether childcare attendance moderates this mediated association. Data come from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Children and Parents (N = 5526) where exposure to maternal depressive symptoms and intensity of childcare attendance were assessed repeatedly during early childhood. Children's peer victimization and depressive symptoms were self-reported at eight and 10 years of age, respectively. We used weighted structural equation modeling and found that the association between mothers and children's depression was partially mediated by peer victimization. Childcare attendance did not moderate the indirect effect of maternal depression on child depressive symptoms via peer victimization. However, we found that for children who attended childcare, maternal depression was no longer associated child depressive symptoms in late childhood. In conclusion, peer victimization experiences partly explain the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms, but this mechanism is not altered by children's childcare attendance. Future research should examine potential socio-emotional and school readiness mechanisms that may break the cycle of depressive symptomatology from mothers to children. Highlights: Children's peer victimization experiences partially explained the association mothers' and children's depressive symptoms. Part-time childcare attendance decreased the association between mothers' and children's depressive symptoms. We did not find that childcare attendance moderated the association between mother's depressive symptoms and children's peer victimization experiences. The protective role of childcare attendance did not unfold via a reduction of peer victimization experiences, other intermediary psychosocial factors need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has considered the role of social learning in substance use and determined that social influences are powerful determinants of substance initiation. However, the relationships between peer, sibling, and parent behaviors and e-cigarette initiation among early adolescents, and rural youth in particular, have yet to be examined. The present study investigated how peer delinquency, sibling substance use, and parental approval contribute to risk of e-cigarette initiation across middle school while also examining these associations with alcohol use initiation. Adolescents (N = 663) self-reported perceptions of peer delinquency, sibling substance use, parental approval about substance use, and their own e-cigarette and alcohol use. Multilevel survival analyses were conducted to model the risk of initiation and predictors of this risk. Results indicate that the risk of e-cigarette initiation increased by 75% annually as youths progressed through middle school. All social factors were significant predictors of e-cigarette initiation, while perceived peer delinquency and parental approval predicted alcohol initiation. Results emphasize the importance of early intervention for preventing e-cigarette initiation and the influence of peers and parents on alcohol initiation and the influence of peers, siblings, and parents on e-cigarette use. Highlights: This study contributes to our understanding of the risk of e-cigarette and alcohol initiation across middle school in a sample of rural youth. Results suggest that the risk of e-cigarette initiation increased by 75% annually across middle school, but the risk for alcohol initiation remained higher and stable. Findings identified peer delinquency and parental approval as risks for both e-cigarette and alcohol initiation. Sibling substance use was significantly associated with e-cigarette but not alcohol initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing stigma is associated with a range of negative outcomes for people with mental health disorders. However, little is understood about the contemporary stigma experiences of young people with anxiety and depression. This study aimed to describe these experiences using semi-structured qualitative interviews. Thirteen young people (aged 16–24 years) who self-reported a primary diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety were interviewed about their stigma experiences. Many experiences and perceptions of stigma were common to all participants. Six themes were developed through thematic analysis of participants' descriptions. The first theme, 'stigma is pervasive', pertains to the way that stigma is expressed to and experienced by all young people with anxiety and depression. Three themes describe the content of stigma experienced by participants: they felt denied, minimised, and blamed (e.g., seen as 'faking it' for attention, to avoid responsibility or to follow trends); seen as less than others; and treated as socially undesirable. Finally, two themes describe stigma's consequences: self-doubt and internalisation; and withdrawal. Some of these themes differ from prior accounts of the stigma experienced by people with anxiety and depression, indicating that the conceptualisation and measurement of stigma in young people need updating to remain relevant. Highlights: There is a scarcity of research about the stigma experienced by young people with anxiety and depression. We conducted a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews to gain insight into these experiences. Participants described being invalidated (denied, minimised, and blamed) as a prominent and distinct theme of the stigma they experienced. This has not previously been described in mental illness stigma literature. Conceptualisations and measures of stigma that are used in research with adolescents who have anxiety and depression should be updated to improve research validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal characteristics mainly shape attachment security in early childhood and can impact toddler's emotional and social development. Although early determinants of attachment have been widely explored in the West, the studies in non-Western cultures are limited, especially in high-risk groups such as low-SES samples. Therefore, we examined the role of maternal parenting stress, attachment dimensions of anxiety and avoidance in romantic relationships and emotional availability in toddlers' attachment security. The Turkish mothers (N = 63; Mage = 30.17; SD = 4.87) filled out a pack of questionnaires including the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF; Abidin, 1995) and Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R; Fraley et al., 2000) before video recorded home visits. The toddlers' (Mage = 22.96 months, SD = 7.09) attachment security was coded for Attachment Q-Sort (AQS; Waters, 1995) based on 2.5-h home-visit and 10-min free-play sessions were coded for Emotional Availability Scales (EAS; Biringen, 2008). The results showed that the mother's attachment avoidance and parenting stress were negatively associated with the child's attachment security, while the maternal sensitivity and structuring were positively associated with the child's attachment security. The mothers' behaviours on EAS did not mediate the relationship between maternal attachment dimensions and toddlers' attachment security. We showed that maternal attachment avoidance, parenting stress, lack of sensitivity and structuring behaviours could contribute to insecure attachment in Turkish toddlers. These identified factors warrant attention in the design and implementation of early intervention programs, particularly for mothers from low socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds in Turkey and in non-Western cultures characterised by similar cultural characteristics. Highlights: We examined the role of parenting stress, attachment, and emotional availability on the toddlers' attachment security. The results were obtained through observational data collected in-home visits from a sample of mothers and toddlers from low-SES background. This study represents one of the first attempts to apply Emotional Availability Scales and Attachment Q-Sort in a non-Western cultural context. Maternal attachment avoidance, parenting stress, sensitivity, and structuring emerged as potential early intervention areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Palestinian minority in Israel has endured sociopolitical stressors (e.g., ethnonational racism, discrimination, oppression, and political violence) throughout the decades, which have adverse psychological and behavioral outcomes. In this study, we examine the association between interpersonal racism (IPR) among Palestinian parents in Israel and their child neglect, the mediating role of psychological distress on this relationship, and the moderating role of perceived social support (PSS) on the mediated effect of psychological distress on this relationship. A systematic sample of 770 parents (500 mothers and 270 fathers) aged 21–66 was recruited to fill out a self-administered questionnaire composed of several instruments. The results indicate that parents' IPR experiences are associated with an increased risk of child neglect, and this relationship is mediated by psychological distress. Results also show that in low or medium levels of PSS, psychological distress reports in relation to racism exposure are the highest. Yet, surprisingly, this effect strengthens at high levels of PSS. In comparison, the positive effect of psychological distress on child neglect strengthens in lower levels of PSS, showing a protective role of PSS. Finally, PSS moderates the mediation model's indirect effect; IPR is related to increased psychological distress, and in turn, to a greater risk of child neglect when perceiving low or medium levels of social support. The study underlines the negative consequences of IPR on child neglect and contributes new knowledge to the literature. Longitudinal research is needed to confirm and extend these findings, which could have important clinical implications for treating parents facing racism and potential child neglect. Highlights: Racism is a sociopolitical problem for the Palestinian minority in Israel. The study emphasizes its adverse psychological and behavioral outcomes on parents and children. Parents who experienced ethnonational racism and perceived having lowered levels of social support were at high risk of psychological distress and child neglect. Practitioners should provide programs that contain different sources of social support (instrumental and psychosocial support) when dealing with people exposed to racism. It is essential that policymakers reconsider combating current policies and rules as well as social exclusions to reduce disparities and barriers to services among minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has consistently shown that parental psychological control is associated with negative psychosocial outcomes, including rule-breaking behavior, aggression, and delinquency. Given the potential long-term consequences of early involvement in externalizing problems, it is important to understand pathways of risk for a child engaging in these behaviors. Therefore, the aim of the current cross-sectional study was to investigate whether peer victimization underlies the associations between parental psychological control and externalizing problems. Participants included 275 children (51.6% girls) in the third through fifth grade (M = 9.33 years, SD = 0.99 years) and their homeroom teachers. Children provided self-reports of psychological control, peer victimization, and delinquency, and teachers provided ratings of peer victimization and forms of aggression. Rule-breaking behavior was assessed using school records. As predicted, a higher order latent externalizing problems factor was identified from indices of rule-breaking behavior, relational aggression, physical aggression, and delinquency. Further, results indicated that peer victimization served as a mechanism linking parental psychological control to a higher-order latent externalizing problems factor as well as individual indices (i.e., rule-breaking behavior, relational aggression, physical aggression, and delinquency). Findings from this study suggest that parents can have an impact on child outcomes through their impact on peer relations. Additionally, these findings may have important implications for early identification and prevention efforts addressing externalizing problems during middle childhood. Highlights: There was a significant indirect effect from parental psychological control to childhood externalizing problems through peer victimization. Findings remained consistent when using child- and teacher-reported peer victimization. Rule-breaking behavior, aggression, and delinquency significantly loaded on to a latent externalizing problems factor. Links between parenting behavior and externalizing problems are evident among children in elementary school. There might be multiple points of intervention when trying to reduce youth externalizing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the long-term effect of both paternal and maternal warmth on children's subjective well-being and explore the intervening role of parent–child relationships and the moderating effect of child gender on above effect in Chinese families. A total of 1322 children (Mage at Time 1 = 10.30 years, SD = 0.33; 49.7% boys) and their parents (Mage of fathers at Time 1 = 41.63 years, SD = 5.22; Mage of mothers at Time 1 = 39.11 years, SD = 4.47) participated the questionnaire survey at two time points, 1 year apart. Parental warmth was reported by both fathers and mothers at the first time point, while parent–child relationship and subjective well-being were self-reported by children at the first and second time points. The results of our latent variable structural equation modeling revealed that parental warmth at Time 1 positively predicted children's subjective well-being at Time 2 via both parents' own relationship with their child and their spouse's relationship with their child after controlling the children's subjective well-being at Time 1. Furthermore, there was no child gender difference in the indirect effect of parent–child relationships on the long-term effect of parental warmth on children's subjective well-being. These findings provide significant implications for the improvement of children's subjective well-being and suggest that more parental warmth from both fathers and mothers can help build positive parent–child relationships, thereby further promoting mental health development among children in China. Highlights: We investigated the long-term effect of parental warmth on children's subjective well-being during late childhood in China. Paternal and maternal warmth promoted children's subjective well-being via their own and their spouse's relationship with child. Above effect and its psychological mechanism did not vary significantly between boys and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in society, together with an increase in the number of far-right motivated crimes in Germany, suggest that far right-wing attitudes are becoming increasingly popular within public opinion. Since political attitudes are shaped within the family and peer setting during the adolescent stage, assessing the potential interplay of family and peer relationships with regard to such attitudes appears essential. The present study aims to explore (1) the relationship between perceived parental far right-wing attitudes, as reported by adolescents, and adolescents' self-reported far right-wing attitudes, as well as (2) the unique and moderating effects of variables related to the contact hypothesis (ethnic minority friends and exposure to ethnic minority group members in the social environment). Using data from a representative school survey of seventh and ninth grade German adolescents, multilevel linear regression models indicated a statistically significant positive association between adolescent-reported parental far right-wing attitudes and adolescents' far right-wing attitudes. Furthermore, the analyses demonstrated a small but statistically significant moderating effect of friendship with individuals of an ethnic minority: the relationship between parental and adolescent far right-wing attitudes was weaker for adolescents who had more ethnic minority friends. Thus, adolescents who were friends with individuals of an ethnic minority appeared to be less congruent with their parents' far right-wing attitudes, compared to adolescents without any ethnic minority friends. In contrast, the overall level of exposure to ethnic minority group members in the social environment did not affect the strength of the relationship between perceived parental and adolescent far right-wing attitudes. Highlights: Parent-adolescent similarity of far right-wing attitudes and effects of ethnic minority contact among German adolescents. We found a significant positive association between adolescent-reported parental and adolescents' far right-wing attitudes. Results show a unique moderating effect of intergroup friendship on parent-adolescent similarity of far right-wing attitudes. Recommendations include the development of further educational initiatives that target the facilitation of intergroup friendship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative marital relationships are associated, concurrently, with less warm parenting (i.e., spillover) and this may be exacerbated for mothers with postpartum depression, who typically experience more marital conflict than other mothers. When examining time-lagged effects, however, previous work has found that mothers may compensate following negative marital interactions by investing more positively in parenting. Based on an emotion regulation perspective that emphasizes the temporal nature of affective experiences and the concept of positive emotions "undoing" the effect of negative emotions, we hypothesized that mothers with higher levels of depression may show greater increases in positive affect with their children in an effort to regulate negative affect elicited by marital conflict. To examine this temporal process, we coded mothers' (N = 46) positive and negative affect during marital conflict discussions and subsequent play interactions with their seven-month-old infants and examined sequential change in affect between the interactions. Mothers' self-reported depressive symptoms (BDI-II scores) were examined in relation to sequential change. Although all mothers were more positive with infants than with partners, higher levels of depressive symptoms were related to greater increases in positive affect with infants following more negative interactions with partners. Findings suggest mothers with depression may try to regulate negative affect elicited within marital relationships by engaging in positive interactions with their infants. Maternal depression may contribute to greater investment in parent-child relationships relative to marital relationships. Highlights: Negative marital relationships have been consistently associated with less warm parenting. Previous work examining temporal associations, however, suggests that mothers may "compensate" following more negative marital interactions by investing more positively in parenting. To explore this temporal process, we coded mothers' positive and negative affect during marital interactions and subsequent play interactions with their infants and examined sequential change in affect between the interactions. Although all mothers were more positive with infants than with partners, higher levels of depressive symptoms were related to greater increases in positive affect with infants following more negative interactions with partners. Findings suggest mothers with depressive symptoms may compensate for elevated negative emotions by heightening positive emotions in their mother-infant relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal practices and their exposure to traumatic events might impede children's psychological adjustment; however, family relations, play, and leisure engagement may mitigate it. Previous research that has focused on the mechanisms influencing children's psychological adjustment has not included contextual factors such as family relations and children's engagement in play. In a sample of mothers with and without a history of trauma, this study aimed to examine the impact of maternal practices on children's psychological adjustment and to test their indirect effect through family relations and child engagement in play and leisure activities. A cross-sectional study comprised a sample of 99 mother-child dyads with children aged 6 to 12 years old, predominantly Caucasian, and mothers with college-level education. Self-report measures assessed parental acceptance-rejection, the impact of maternal exposure to traumatic events, family relations, child psychological adjustment, and play. Children of mothers who reported exposure to traumatic events had significantly more psychosocial difficulties. A moderated mediated model tested whether family relations and child play engagement effects varied based on maternal exposure to traumatic events. The model was significant and both direct and indirect effects were supported. Maternal rejection predicted children's psychological maladjustment and this relation was mediated by children's engagement in play for mothers with a trauma history. These findings point to the importance of play and leisure activities within and outside the family context during the middle childhood period. Highlights: Engagement in play was related to greater psychosocial functioning for children whose mothers reported traumatic events exposure impacted their lives. Family relations did not mitigate the relationship between maternal practices and children's psychosocial adjustment. Children's engagement in play and leisure activities may act as a protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work-family conflict and parental burnout are two important and often co-occurring indicators of psychological maladjustment related to the parenting role. Whereas both have been studied in largely different research areas, the present study forwards the assumption that their co-occurrence may be explained by shared dispositional factors such as parental perfectionism and emotional dysregulation (Malivoire et al., 2019). In particular, the present study adds to existing literature by (a) exploring the role of perfectionistic concerns in (the co-occurrence of) work-family conflict and parental burnout, (b) examining the role of emotional dysregulation as an intermediate variable in this link between perfectionism and parental maladjustment, and (c) addressing these research objectives for mothers (N = 116) and fathers (N = 102) separately, as well as their mutual influences using Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling (APIM). The research goals are examined in families of adolescents, thereby addressing parental experiences during one of the most challenging periods of parenthood. The results based on both maternal and paternal self-report showed that perfectionistic concerns were related to both work-family conflict and parental burnout, with emotional dysregulation playing a significant intermediate role. In addition to these actor effects, the APIM results showed a significant partner-effect between paternal perfectionistic concerns and maternal work-family conflict, as well as between maternal perfectionistic concerns and paternal burnout. From an applied perspective, these findings suggest that interventions towards parents who struggle with work-family balance should not only focus on a more realistic and compassionate attitude towards themselves, but should also target emotion regulation, and enhance insight in transactional processes between partners. Highlights: Work-family conflict and parental burnout are two important aspects of parental functioning that often co-occur. Parental perfectionistic concerns is a shared dispositional risk factor for both domains of parental functioning. The link between perfectionistic concerns and ill-being can partly be explained by emotional dysregulation. One parent's perfectionistic concerns does not only affect the parent's own functioning but also the psychosocial adjustment of the other parent. Interventions on work-family conflict and parental burnout should not only focus on a more realistic attitude towards parenting standards, but also target parents' capacity for emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that parenting behaviors are strongly related to adolescents' creativity development. Based on the ecological systems model of creativity development, the componential model of creativity, and the self-determination theory, our study investigated the indirect roles of autonomous and controlled motivations in the association between parenting behaviors and creativity in Chinese adolescents. Participants (N = 411) completed the Parenting Behaviors Scale, Learning Self-regulation Scale, Creativity Self-report Scale, and two tasks in the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Correlation analysis revealed that autonomy support is positively related to autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and creativity; psychological control is positively related to controlled motivation and creativity; and autonomous motivation and controlled motivation are both positively related to creativity. Structural equation modeling suggested that autonomy support was positively associated with creativity both directly (p = 0.009, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.029, 0.205]) and via autonomous motivation (p < 0.001, CI [0.045, 0.127]), whereas psychological control was negatively associated with creativity via controlled motivation (p = 0.032, CI [−0.074, −0.009]). Generally, autonomous motivation and controlled motivation play indirect roles in the association between parenting behaviors and creativity. The results provided insights into the relationship between parenting behaviors and creativity and its indirect mechanism, as well as suggested implications for the pathways of creativity improvement in parenting. Highlights: The relationships between parenting behaviors, motivation, and creativity are examined in Chinese junior school students. Autonomous motivation means individuals' spontaneous engagement in personally meaningful actions. Controlled motivation means individuals' engagement in actions under environmental pressure. Autonomous motivation plays an indirect role in the relationship between parental autonomy support and creativity. Controlled motivation plays an indirect role in the relationship between parental psychological control and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Praise may have different effects on child self-esteem, depending on its informational and evaluative value. In this multiphase, multimethod investigation, we assessed the interplaying role of two outcome-oriented praises that differed in their informational and evaluative value (i.e., descriptive and non-specific praise) on indicators of child self-esteem. In phase 177 mothers reported on their usage of descriptive and non-specific praise, while their child (M = 10.09 years old) reported on their level of self-esteem. In phase 2, a subsample of 43 children completed an experimental art task during which an experimenter offered either descriptive or non-specific praise. Children then rated their competence at that task. Results from phase 1 showed that mother usage of descriptive and non-specific praise interacted to predict child self-esteem. Specifically, the relation between descriptive praise and child self-esteem was positive (vs. non-significant) when mothers used moderate to high (vs. low) amounts of non-specific praise. Furthermore, the relation between non-specific praise and child self-esteem was negative (vs. non-significant) when mothers used low (vs. moderate to high) levels of descriptive praise. Results from phase 2 showed that differences between descriptive and non-specific praise conditions emerged on child perceived competence for children reporting lower (but not higher) global self-esteem. Specifically, children with lower global self-esteem rated themselves as more competent when given descriptive (rather than non-specific) praise. Results underlie the relevance of including descriptive elements when offering outcome-oriented praise to children. They also advance the field by identifying different ways to offer outcome-oriented praise. Highlights: Compared to non-specific praise, descriptive praise is believed to be more informational. Descriptive praise is positively linked to child self-esteem when mothers combine it with non-specific praise. Non-specific praise is negatively linked to child self-esteem when mothers don't combine it with descriptive praise. Children with lower (vs. higher) global self-esteem respond better (vs. similarly) to descriptive praise, compared to non-specific praise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overparenting refers to developmentally inappropriate and excessive parental involvement in the child's life, which is most often studied in the context of relationships between parents and young adult children. Driven by emerging research evidence suggesting that overparenting's manifestation and significance could vary dependent on the child's developmental stage, the current study is the first to examine the phenomenon in the context of parent-child relationship in parents of elementary school age children. The sample comprised 306 parents (51% mothers) of at least one elementary school child, who, using a battery of valid instruments, self-reported their overparenting practices, parent-child relationship (satisfaction, positive involvement, communication), and two central parental psychological characteristics (subjective well-being, parental self-efficacy). The results of a structural equation model indicated that the maternal and paternal overparenting latent construct was strongly associated with the latent construct of parent-child relationship which, in turn, was positively associated with both subjective parental well-being and self-efficacy (i.e., parent-child relationship significantly mediated the association between overparenting and parental psychological characteristics). These findings applied similarly for both parents, although were somewhat more noticeable for fathers than for mothers. Subject to the study's limitations, we cautiously concluded that in certain developmental conditions (i.e., young school age), overparenting practices could be normative and even authoritative-like parenting. Highlights: Maternal and paternal overparenting was strongly associated with positive parent-child relationship. The parent-child relationship significantly mediated the association between overparenting and parental psychological characteristics. In the context of elementary school age children, overparenting practices could be normative and even authoritative-like. The findings applied similarly for both parents, with somewhat more noticeable associations observed for fathers than for mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite custodial grandchildren's (CG) traumatic histories and risk for psychological difficulties, knowledge is scant regarding the frequencies, types, and consequences of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) they have encountered. We examined self-reported ACEs via online surveys with 342 CG (ages 12 to 18) who were recruited to participate in an RCT of a social intelligence training program. ACEs were assessed by 14 widely used items, and risk for internalizing (ID) and externalizing (ED) difficulties were measured using 80th percentile cut-offs on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Classification and regression tree analyses included all 14 ACEs (along with CG gender and age) as predictors of ID and ED risk separately. Given possible comorbidity, analyses were run with and without the other risk type as a predictor. Less than 9% of CG self-reported no ACEs, 48.6% reported two to five ACEs, and 30.5% reported ≥6. Irrespective of ED risk, bullying from peers strongly predicted ID risk. ED risk was peak among CG who also had risk for ID. Without ID risk as a predictor, ED risk was highest among CG who were emotionally abused, not lived with a substance abuser, and encountered neighborhood violence. The frequency and types of ACEs observed were alarmingly higher than those among the general population, suggesting that many CG have histories of trauma and household dysfunction. That a small number of ACEs among the 14 studied here were significant predictors of ID and ED risk challenges the widespread belief of a cumulative dose ACE effect. Highlights: This study is the first to examine ACEs among adolescent custodial grandchildren and uniquely does so from their own perspective via self-reports. The frequency of 14 distinct ACEs was alarmingly high (i.e., 67.8% reporting ≥ 3 ACEs), suggesting high risk for adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Classification and regression tree analyses revealed that a limited number of ACEs predict of risk for internalizing and externalizing difficulties. These findings challenge the common belief the cumulative ACEs are more problematic than individual ACEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary psychological theories point to the value of considering both biological and environmental factors in understanding child behavior, including the child's interactions with modern day digital technology. We adopted a bioecological perspective and examined the child's level of hyperactivity/inattention (ADHD) symptoms, general parenting practices and Internet-related parenting practices in relation to the child's problematic use of the Internet (PUI). Parent-child dyads of 691 school-aged children (8–10 years old at the first measurement time) from Latvia (n = 236), Lithuania (n = 207) and Taiwan (n = 248) completed questionnaires at two time points with a one-year interval. Children reported on their Internet use and parental restrictions, as did the child's parents. The parents also reported on the child's level of ADHD symptoms, as well as their general and Internet-related parenting practices. Upon adjusting for child's age, gender, smartphone ownership and country, ADHD symptoms at Time 1 were positive predictors of PUI at Time 2, whereas Time 1 warm parenting and child-reported Internet use rules at home were negative predictors of PUI at Time 2. Cross-lagged analysis of PUI, ADHD symptoms, warm parenting and child-reported rules indicated cross-lagged bidirectional longitudinal associations. Implications for PUI preventive measures are discussed. Highlights: Warm parenting practices were linked to lower children's problematic use of the Internet (PUI). Children's attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms were associated with higher PUI. Child reported Internet-use rules at home were linked to lower PUI ratings. Cross-lagged analysis of parenting practices, children's ADHD symptoms and PUI ratings showed bidirectional associations. Both biological and social factors should be considered in relation to children's PUI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between burnout and working from home (WFH) during the COVID-19 pandemic, with particular focus on the experiences of Brazilian women who are mothers. Burnout is a state of chronic stress characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Previous research has shown that WFH may be associated with lower levels of physical and mental well-being and higher levels of perceived stress and burnout. Mothers may be more vulnerable to burnout due to increased childcare responsibilities and the persistence of traditional gender roles. Thus, this cross-sectional, on-line study aimed to evaluate the relationship between burnout and motherhood among home-office workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Burnout was evaluated using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, a self-report scale that measures Personal Burnout (PB), Work-related Burnout (WB) and Client-related Burnout (CB). We included 196 women: 85 were mothers, and 69 lived with their children. Mothers who lived with children younger than 12 years old had higher levels of PB (p < 0.001) and WB (p = 0.001) when compared to mothers who lived with older children or non-mothers. Multiple linear regression analyses found that an increase in childcare load predicted higher levels of all three types of burnout (PB: β = 0.32, p < 0.05; WB: β = 0.33, p < 0.05; CB: β = 0.42, p < 0.001), while an increase in workload only predicted higher work-related burnout (PB: β = 0.18, p = 0.204; WB: β = 0.35, p < 0.05; CB: β = −0.02, p = 0.877). These results call for greater attention to the mental health of mothers who work from home, especially those with younger children. Highlights: Mothers with increased childcare load during the pandemic had higher burnout scores than those without changes. Childcare, notably for children under 12, was associated with higher burnout in all dimensions. Caregiving load was more significant than the increase of workload to predict burnout among working mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to adapt and deliver a grief intervention program for family caregivers of individuals with ASD and assess its effectiveness in improving grief symptoms, distress, and emotional well-being. The intervention was adapted from Shear and Bloom's grief intervention program. The characteristics of the symptoms, along with uncertainty about how the disorder will progress, contribute to the cyclical nature of this grief. A total of 28 family caregivers of individuals with ASD took part. A series of self-report measures were used to assess grief, overload, resilience, post-traumatic growth, experiential avoidance, perceived health, and the benefits of caregiving. Findings indicate this program is effective in improving grief symptoms, overload, resilience, post-traumatic growth, and the quality of life of these caregivers. It is essential to develop and deliver interventions that address the feelings and manifestations of ambiguous grief in this type of caregiver, as there are currently no programs providing an effective response to this issue. Highlights: In this study, a grief intervention program was adapted and delivered to family caregivers of children with ASD. We evaluated its effectiveness in improving grief symptoms, distress, and the emotional well-being of caregivers of children with ASD. Improvements in grief symptoms, overload, resilience, post-traumatic growth, and quality of life were achieved. Our study shows the importance of developing and implementing interventions to address the ambiguous grief of these caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's early socialization shapes their development and well-being. To date, research examining the socialization of preschool-aged Latine children remains limited, and primarily focused on immigrant, Spanish-speaking families. Given the heterogeneity in language(s) spoken, nativity, and education within Latine families, the present study used focus groups among 112 Latine families of children attending Head Start to understand and compare salient parenting beliefs, attitudes, and self-reported practices as they pertained to supporting their children's development among both English- and Spanish-speaking caregivers. Results showed that English- and Spanish-speaking caregivers viewed their children's bicultural socialization as critical to supporting their development. Caregivers actively socialized their children to be bicultural through an emphasis on two superordinate goals: fostering bilingualism and simultaneous transmission of heritage and US values. Although caregivers across groups shared many of the same beliefs, attitudes, and practices concerning bilingualism and transmission of values (respeto, egalitarian gender roles), differences were also found. Specifically, ethnic pride was more salient for caregivers in the English than Spanish groups, and the value of familismo was only discussed in the English groups. Additionally, caregivers in the English and Spanish focus groups described experiencing different language-related challenges that undermined their efforts to raise bicultural children. These findings can inform future efforts seeking to support low-income, Latine families reach the goals they have for their children from a culturally and contextually informed lens. Highlights: Comparisons between English and Spanish-speaking Latine families showed both aimed to raise bicultural children early on. Bicultural socialization was promoted by fostering bilingualism and by simultaneously instilling US and heritage values in children. Nuanced differences between language groups were found in the ways families fostered bilingualism and instilled values. Spanish and English-speaking caregivers encountered different language-related challenges in socializing their children to be bicultural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant number of annual US jail admissions is intricately tied to the increasing population of children with incarcerated parents. Some proportion of these children will visit their parents in jail, and the limited research linking visits to young children's well-being is mixed. Sesame Street developed multimedia educational materials to support young children with incarcerated parents, including specific messages around visiting. The educational materials have been found to positively shape how caregivers talk to children about parental incarceration, though a gap remains regarding young children's self-reported experiences. In a preliminary randomized efficacy trial of these educational materials, the current study examined 67 young children's (aged 3–8) self-reported feelings while at the jail following viewing of the video materials, including their feelings about their caregivers, incarcerated parents, families, and visiting in general. Data were collected when children arrived at the jail (before half were randomized to watch the intervention materials) and then again following the intervention. In the treatment group, the proportion of children reporting positive feelings increased from pre- to post-test, most saliently for feelings about families, while feelings decreased overall for those in the control group. The intervention was associated with positive feelings about family, especially for those children who were told developmentally appropriate information about the parent's incarceration prior to arrival at the jail. The exploratory findings shed light on young children's emotions when visiting parents in jail and the buffering role that intervention materials can have in offering support to help manage feelings during jail visits. Highlights: Exploratory findings suggest that the intervention was associated with positive changes in self-reported feelings for young children visiting parents at jail. Feelings about family were most significantly strengthened for young children following the multimedia intervention at jail. Strengthened feelings about family were most robust for children given developmentally appropriate information about the incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As mothers and fathers remain important attachment figures beyond infancy and toddlerhood, comparisons of attachment security of older children with their mothers and fathers are relevant for family researchers and practitioners. We analyzed mean-level differences between verbal reports of attachment security with mothers and fathers, and correlations between both attachments. A systematic search in electronic databases identified 826 studies that were included in random-effects meta-analyses. Although security of attachment with fathers was, on average, lower than security of attachment with mothers, mean-level differences were small (g = −0.29). Large correlations were found between security with mothers and fathers (r = 0.53). While mean-level differences were larger in studies with questionnaires rather than interviews, the reverse was found when analyzing correlation. The size of mean-level differences increased with age, while the size of the correlation between security with mothers and fathers declined. More recent studies found smaller mean-level differences and larger correlations of security with both attachment figures. There were smaller differences between security with mothers and fathers as well as larger correlations of security with both parents if samples included more intact families. Mean level-differences were smaller and correlations were stronger if studies included more males. Finally, there were larger correlations of security with mothers and fathers in low-risk samples than in clinical/high-risk samples. We conclude that correlations and mean-level differences of self-reported attachment security are stronger than in studies with behavioral measures of observed security in younger children. Further research is recommended on factors that explain the observed correlations and mean-level differences. Highlights: Security of attachment with fathers tends to be lower than security with mothers. Reports on security with mothers and fathers share about 28% of their variance. Older participants report larger mean-level differences and lower accordance of attachment with their mothers and fathers. Reports on attachment with mothers and fathers have become more similar in recent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "left-behind adolescent" refers to adolescents who remain in the household registration area to live with their one parent or temporary guardian because both or one of their parents have left town for work. Subjective vitality is a crucial indicator of healthy adolescent growth. However, few studies have been conducted on the factors associated with the left-behind adolescents' subjective vitality. This study investigated the level of subjective vitality of left-behind adolescents and explored the potential mechanisms between the parent-child relationship and subjective vitality. We collected a sample of 604 secondary school students from a rural region in southwest China (52.98% female; Mage = 13.76; SD = 0.88). We compared a mediation model among adolescents left behind by fathers (N = 200), mothers (N = 122), and both parents (N = 282). The results found that parent-child relationships were positively associated with subjective vitality. Basic psychological needs and meaning in life both mediated the relationship between the parent-child relationship and subjective vitality among left-behind adolescents. There was no significant difference in the role of the father-child relationship and the mother-child relationship. In addition, unlike previous research, we discovered no direct association between the mother-child relationship and subjective vitality when mothers were absent. And there was no significant direct relationship between the father-child relationship and subjective vitality when fathers were absent. Our findings add incremental insight into how parental absence affects left-behind adolescents' positive psychological development. Highlights: The left-behind adolescents' subjective vitality was strongly and positively related to parent-child relationships (the father-child and the mother-child relationship), BPNs, and meaning in life. BPNs and meaning in life both mediated the relationship between the parent-child relationship and subjective vitality among left-behind adolescents. There was no significant difference in the role of the father-child relationship and the mother-child relationship. This study illustrates that the absent parent cannot provide the left-behind adolescents with the necessary psychological support to direct promote subjective vitality. In contrast, only the remaining parent would promote the adolescents' sense of vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biobehavioral correlates of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) among Latinx youth have been strikingly understudied. The purpose of this study was to (1) examine the effects of T-ACEs (e.g., maltreatment, family dysfunction) and E-ACEs (e.g., family deportation, community violence) in alcohol use, (2) test whether social support moderate these associations and (3) explore whether ACEs and alcohol use were related via adrenocortical hormones (i.e., cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]). A total of 100 Latinx youth, between the ages of 13 and 19, participated in this study (53% female). Community samples of United States (U.S.)-born (N = 54) and immigrant Latinx (N = 46) youth provided morning saliva samples and completed self-report questionnaires. Results highlighted that for immigrant youth, social support buffered the effects of E-ACEs on alcohol use, F(9,89) = 3.34, p = 0.01, R2 = 0.25. Although our mediation hypothesis was not supported, the direct effects of T-ACEs (β = 0.25, t (94) = 2.21, p = 0.03) and E-ACES (β = −0.24, t (94) = −2.23, p = 0.03) on DHEA were significant for the entire sample. Preventing maltreatment and reducing community-level adversities seem critical for optimal child development, as exposure to these may increase alcohol use risk and affect HPA Axis functioning. Increasing extrafamilial support may be particularly salient for immigrant Latinx youth, as many experience extended immigration-related periods of separation from family members. Highlights: We studied the biobehavioral correlates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among U.S.-born and immigrant Latinx youth. For immigrants, support from friends and adults buffered the effect of Expanded ACEs on alcohol use, emphasizing the importance of extrafamilial support. In the total sample, ACEs were significantly related to stress hormone DHEA, highlighting that ACEs can affect HPA axis functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harsh parenting behaviors are some of the most commonly used discipline practices in the United States but are often difficult to measure. Self-report instruments are the most used method of assessing parenting behaviors, but likely result in response biases due to their methodological shortcomings. This study aimed to provide a viable alternative to traditional self-report surveys used to evaluate parenting practices with lower social desirability and lower literacy requirements. Our primary objectives were to adapt the Harsh Discipline Preference Discrete Choice Experiment (HDP-DCE), a picture-based measure originally developed for Liberia, for use with an American population, and evaluate its psychometric evidence of reliability and validity. We first adapted items through an iterative process of collecting feedback from 97 parents and 10 experts through focus groups and surveys to generate clear and acceptable images to elicit preferences for discipline strategies. We then administered the measure to 439 parents to explore the internal structure of the measure and evaluate multiple indicators of reliability and validity. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in three potential factor-solutions, with the three-factor solution explaining the most variance and being the most theoretically sound. Analyses also demonstrated that the HDP-DCE has excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Given these results the HDP-DCE could be a useful alternative or complement to traditional self-report tools in research and clinical work. Highlights: Adapted the Harsh Discipline Preference Discrete Choice Experiment (HDP-DCE) from Liberia to the United States, and evaluated psychometric evidence of validity and reliability of the adapted measure. Exploratory factor analysis of the adapted measure supported a three-factor solution with excellent internal consistency. The HDP-DCE displayed test-retest reliability and convergent and discriminant validity within the targeted population. Results of this study provide evidence that the Harsh Discipline Preference Discrete Choice Experiment is a valid and reliable picture-based alternative to traditional self-report instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to develop a self-report Parental Anxiety over Children's Education Scale (PACES) and examine its psychometric properties in China. The study began with a qualitative phase to develop the scale's items pool, then exploratory factor analyses with a sample of 1042 adults and confirmatory factor analyses with a sample of 1052 adults were conducted to identify the underlying structure of the scale. A PACES consists of 14 items and three dimensions: physiological, behavioral, and cognitive. Supplementary analysis with a number of demographic variables provided rich information about parental anxiety over their children's education. Our results show that PACES is a valid and reliable instrument to assess parental anxiety over their children's education in China. Highlights: A specialized tool was developed to assess parental anxiety over their children's education. The Parental Anxiety over Children's Education Scale (PACES) was validated by a large sample from China. Parents' psychological control and autonomy support were associated with parental anxiety over their children's education. It provided an empirical study to further clarify the underlying structure of parental anxiety over children's education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents play a key role in establishing a healthy home environment. This randomised controlled trial examined the efficacy of a low-intensity parenting intervention (three 2-hour Lifestyle Triple P-Positive Parenting Program Seminars) for parents who are concerned about or interested in learning more about healthy lifestyle behaviours for children. Parents of 160 children aged 3–10 years were randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition. Primary outcomes of parenting practices, child lifestyle-specific and general behaviour and parent self-efficacy were assessed via parent self-report. Secondary outcomes included child BMI z-score, a food diary measuring energy intake, physical activity levels measured by accelerometers and parent reported time spent on screen-based activities. Assessment occurred at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 6- and 12-months after completion. At 12-months post-intervention, intent-to-treat analyses found a significant intervention effect on overall ineffective parenting, lifestyle-specific and general parenting confidence. Child lifestyle problem behaviours reduced, with no effects on general child behaviour. On the secondary exploratory outcomes, time spent watching television reduced with no other significant effects detected. Parents viewed the intervention as high-quality and acceptable. A brief parenting program aiming to promote healthy lifestyles for all families offers promise for improving parenting skills and child lifestyle behaviour. Highlights: First efficacy trial of 3 × 2-hour Lifestyle Triple P Seminar Series for parents. Intervention effects on parent-report child lifestyle-specific but not general behaviours. Intervention effects on parent-report parent self-efficacy and parenting style. Limited effects on secondary exploratory outcome measures. Brief large-group seminar series deemed high-quality and acceptable to parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early adolescence is a time of unique risks in relation to academic outcomes, and family socioeconomic adversity poses added risk. Social support from parents has demonstrated significant associations with academic outcomes, but less is known about the unique contributions of mothers and fathers. This study investigated the relation between maternal and paternal support with grades and attendance in early adolescence within the systemic framework of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model. Free and reduced-price lunch status was used as a measure of financial hardship, and longitudinal analyses controlled for previous academic achievement as well as child age, gender, and ethnicity. Data included a large, diverse sample (52% White) of seventh and eighth graders (N = 863; 52% male). Lunch status and academic performance outcomes were gathered from school records, and parental support was assessed using a self-report measure of support from mothers and fathers, the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale. Results highlighted risk in early adolescence was associated with decreasing grades and attendance over the course of a school year, but found that support from mothers and fathers reduced the decline in grades, as well as attendance. Mother and father support were associated with end of the year grade point average (GPA) and father support was associated with days absent. Finally, mother support moderated the association between financial hardship and GPA. Interventions to support the academic success of middle school students, and ways to facilitate positive school-family partnerships to promote supportive relationships are discussed. Highlights: Our study investigated the role of mother and father support and family socio-economic hardship on academic outcomes over time with a diverse sample of middle school youth; findings indicated that early adolescence was associated with decreasing grades and attendance. Support from both mothers and fathers was associated with higher grades, regardless of financial hardship. Support from both mothers and fathers was protective in mitigating the decline in GPA over time and mother support moderated the association between financial stress and GPA. Results stress the important role of parent social support in promoting positive school-based outcomes in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cumulative family risk may impede students' academic achievement. However, previous studies have not adequately explored the mechanisms influencing cumulative family risk and the protective factors for adolescent academic achievement. Therefore, this research mainly discussed these two issues. A total of 1190 Chinese junior high school students (Mage = 13.450, SDage = 0.508, 52.4% girls) participated in the self-assessment questionnaire. First, we verified the negative association between cumulative family risk and academic achievement of junior high school students. Second, we demonstrated the mediating effect of basic psychological needs between cumulative family risk and academic achievement. Higher cumulative family risk implies lower basic psychological needs satisfaction among adolescents, making it more difficult for them to obtain academic achievement. Third, we found the protective effect of future orientation. The future orientation at a medium level buffers the negative impact of cumulative family risk on academic achievement, and this negative effect is no longer evident at the high level of future orientation. Implications for these findings and future directions are discussed. Highlights: Higher cumulative family risk is associated with lower academic achievement for junior high school students. Basic psychological needs mediate between cumulative family risk and academic achievement of adolescents. Future orientation plays a protective role between cumulative family risk and adolescents' academic achievement, manifested in the "risk buffer" pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infants and toddlers are dependent on supportive and nurturing parenting to promote optimal child development. Assessments of parenting can identify need for parenting intervention, however measures are needed that can predict whether parents reporting challenges will engage in intervention. We validated the Parenting Your Baby (PYB) and Parenting Your Toddler (PYT) parenting measures and examined associations with engagement in parenting intervention. Participants included 403 primary caregivers and their newborns from a multisite longitudinal randomized control trial of the Smart Beginnings (SB) parenting intervention across two urban cities. Caregivers completed the PYB (6 months) and PYT (18 and 24 months) and other self-report measures of parenting and infant and toddler temperament and social-emotional functioning for validation. Observed parenting (6, 18, and 24 months) was coded from observed caregiver-child interactions. Engagement in ongoing intervention (SB) was recorded across infancy and toddlerhood. Factor structure was adequate for the PYB and strong for the PYT. Both measures demonstrated reliability and validity across concurrent and future self-report and observed measures of parenting and caregiver-reported infant and toddler functioning. Parent-reported desire for change in parenting scores on the PYT at 18 months were associated with engagement in parenting intervention 18 through 30 months. The PYB and PYT are reliable and valid measures of the parenting of young children, though more work is needed on the factor structure of the PYB. An important direction for future research is to understand and support engagement in parenting intervention for those who report desire for change but do not engage. Highlights: Parenting Your Baby and Parenting You Toddler are adequately valid and reliable self-reports of the parenting of infants and toddlers. Parent-reported desire for change in parenting at 18 months predicted engagement in parenting intervention 18 to 30 months. Work is needed to support engagement in intervention for those who report desire for change in parenting but do not engage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common problem among women with substance use concerns. Further, both PTSD and substance use are related to increased risk for conduct problems among women's children. Research has not examined how PTSD and substance use concurrently relate to conduct problems when they are comorbid. This exploratory study examines a path model explaining the relationship of maternal PTSD, substance use severity, and children's conduct problems, when accounting for the role of parenting practices. Participants were 99 mothers (mean age = 31.11 years, children's mean age = 7.06 years) who were seeking treatment services for substance use. Analyses examined independent variables of self-report measures of frequency of use prior to treatment for 10 substances; PTSD; positive parenting; and parental involvement. The outcome variable examined was maternal report of child conduct problems. Bivariate results showed that maternal PTSD symptoms and substance use severity were both positively and significantly related to child conduct problems. Further, positive parenting was negatively and significantly related to child conduct problems. In a multivariate model, PTSD and positive parenting remained significant predictors of child conduct problems, while substance use severity and parental involvement were not significantly related to child conduct problems. Findings indicate a need for comprehensive services capable of assessing and addressing PTSD among mothers seeking substance use treatment. This type of comprehensive treatment could be especially important for promoting the well-being of children and mental health for mothers with substance use problems and, consequently, for the dyad mother-child and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents who are exposed to or involved in violence are at risk of developing internalizing problems; research interest is increasing in identifying family processes that may buffer adolescents' adjustment problems. This study examines parents' sense of coherence (SOC; i.e., parents' perception of comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness in daily life) as a possible protective factor in the relation between adolescents' victimization and internalizing problems. One hundred and forty-eight adolescents (87.7% girls, aged between 15-19) and their parents (128 fathers and 144 mothers) participated in the study. Parents completed self-report questionnaires including the Sense of Coherence Scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Adolescents reported about their own experiences of violence (i.e., violence and peer victimization). Results from the path analyses showed that both paternal and maternal SOC were negatively associated with adolescents' internalizing problems. Moreover, paternal SOC, but not maternal SOC, moderated the relation between adolescents' victimization and internalizing problems. When fathers had low levels of SOC, adolescents' victimization was strongly and positively associated with their internalizing problems; on the contrary, for adolescents whose fathers had high levels of SOC the relation between victimization and internalizing problems was not significant. Thus, paternal SOC serves as a resource for adolescents with victimization experiences. We discussed implications and future developments of the study. Highlights: Adolescents who are exposed to violence are at risk of developing internalizing problems such as depression and anxiety. Parental sense of coherence (SOC) is a protective factor against adolescents'internalizing problems. Father's SOC, in particular, buffers the association between adolescents' victimization and internalizing problems. Family context is key in creating a safe environment that enhances SOC, which could be targeted in psychosocial interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loneliness is a complex feeling associated with socio-emotional adjustment difficulties, particularly during adolescence. Such construct is often treated as unidimensional rather than multidimensional, moreover, studies consisting of both peer and family contexts, are very scarce. Adopting a multidimensional and person-centered approach, our study aimed to identify distinct clusters of adolescents with similar patterns of social and emotional loneliness with peers and family and to examine their differences in peer reported social adjustment, controlling for sex. Self-report and peer nomination data were collected from 691 participants (48.36% boys) aged between 11 and 16 years (M = 12.95, SD = 1.15). After controlling for age and preference for solitude, results revealed four clusters with specific configurations of loneliness forms and with different associations with positive or negative features of social adjustment to peer group. Two clusters exhibited adaptive profiles (lower vulnerability to maladjustment): less-lonely, and family-related loneliness profile, in which adolescents were viewed by peers as exhibiting more prosocial behaviors. The other two clusters displayed maladaptive profiles (higher vulnerability to maladjustment): more-lonely, and peer-related loneliness profile, in which adolescents were more likely viewed by their peers as socially withdrawn, peer-excluded, and peer-victimized. Additionally, our results revealed sex differences, with girls in the more-lonely profile showing significant higher social loneliness related to peer group, and higher social and emotional loneliness in family context. Our results highlight the importance of recognizing different forms of loneliness given the differences in adjustment to social contexts observed, shedding further light on this complex construct. Highlights: We investigated the existence of different groups of adolescents who experienced different forms of loneliness (social and emotional, within peers and family context). We analyzed the different loneliness profiles and their association with social adjustment difficulties to peer group and sex. Our results revealed four loneliness profiles among adolescents, with different vulnerably to social adjustment difficulties, which were the more-lonely profile, peer-related loneliness profile, family-related loneliness profile, and the less-lonely profile. Sex differences were also found. Girls who share the more-lonely profile showed higher social loneliness in peer group context, and higher social and emotional loneliness in the family group. These results highlight the importance of recognizing different forms of loneliness to prevent and reduced the risk of developmental adjustment difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have examined protective maternal factors that may mitigate the intergenerational transmission of risk of maternal emotion regulation difficulties on child outcomes. The current study tested whether supportive maternal emotion socialization moderated the association between maternal emotion regulation difficulties and child emotion regulation behaviors. Participants were 68 mother-preschooler (aged 36–60 months) dyads that were oversampled for maternal symptoms of borderline personality disorder, in order to achieve greater variability in the range of maternal emotion regulation difficulties. Maternal emotion regulation difficulties and supportive emotion socialization behaviors were measured using self-report questionnaires, and child emotion regulation was coded during a frustration-eliciting blocked goal task. Results partially supported study hypotheses, such that trait maternal emotion regulation difficulties were associated with child displays of sadness at low levels of supportive maternal emotion socialization, but not when mothers engaged in higher levels of supportive emotion socialization. These findings suggest that maternal emotion regulation and emotion socialization are distinctly related to child emotion expression and regulatory actions, and that adaptive maternal emotion socialization may mitigate some of the adverse transgenerational impacts of impaired emotion regulation. Highlights: Examined supportive emotion socialization as a moderator of maternal emotion regulation difficulties and preschoolers' emotion displays and regulatory actions. Only a moderate correlation between maternal trait emotion regulation difficulties and supportive responses to children's negative emotions. Supportive emotion socialization moderated the relation between maternal emotion regulation difficulties and children's expression of sadness. Future work should focus on adaptive emotion socialization as a buffer between maternal emotion regulation difficulties and adverse child outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has examined how anxiety affects the quality of life (QoL) of autistic individuals and their family. In this mixed-method study, we investigated the impact of anxiety symptoms on the lives of autistic children and family members, and the association between anxiety symptom severity, child QoL, family QoL, and caregiver stress. Twenty autistic youth with clinically significant anxiety aged 8–14 years of age and their caregivers completed questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Twenty themes emerged to highlight how anxiety significantly impacts autistic children and their families across various areas of life. Higher levels of anxiety were associated with lower child QoL. Implications for providing appropriate, evidence-based services to support families and promote positive QoL are discussed. Highlights: In-depth interviews with caregivers of autistic children were conducted focused on how children's lives would be different if anxiety were removed. Caregivers report that anxiety symptoms significantly impacted several major domains of their autistic child's life, including school, social, emotional, and physical functioning. Children's anxiety symptoms also affected the quantity and quality of time spent together as a family, and caregiver and sibling well-being. Findings from self- and caregiver-report questionnaires highlight that autistic children with heightened anxiety are susceptible to experiencing lower QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike best practice guidelines for detecting and addressing medication side effects, there are no widely adopted guidelines to help therapists identify and address the possible negative effects of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is a first-line evidence-based intervention for youth depression and anxiety, but the literature contains few studies of psychotherapy's potential negative effects, and even fewer direct youth reports of their negative psychotherapy experiences. A mixed-methods study design was used to study youth with self-reported depression and/or anxiety and measure negative experiences associated with psychotherapy treatment. Youth were recruited from a larger study. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from 45 youth with psychotherapy experience. Study design was informed by feedback from youth with lived experience of mental health challenges. Youth completed standardized measures of psychopathology, treatment effects, and detailed qualitative interviews. All youth experienced at least one negative effect during psychotherapy, and 30 youth (66.7%) attributed a negative effect as 'caused' by psychotherapy. While this attribution did not significantly differ based on severity of underlying current psychopathology, effect size estimates suggest moderate to large group differences regarding internalizing issues and baseline coping skills. Four major qualitative themes were identified from the interviews, summarizing the negative experiences of psychotherapy: (1) Barriers Experienced in Psychotherapy; (2) Concerns about Therapist; (3) Concerns about Therapy Itself; (4) Negative Experiences as a part of the Therapeutic Process. No youth raised any of these concerns directly with their therapists. These data support the need for validated, systematic assessment of psychotherapy's negative effects among youth, with the aim of improving engagement and treatment outcomes. Highlights: This study is one of the first with direct reports from youth about their negative experiences in psychotherapy, which is a growing area of study in the psychotherapy literature. Youth have negative experiences in psychotherapy at high rates, but do not report them to their therapists. Negative experiences associated with psychotherapy need to be systematically anticipated, measured and addressed by therapists, or they may be interpreted by youth as symptom worsening or ineffective treatment, leading to treatment discontinuation. Using principles of "youth friendliness" to inform service provision could improve psychotherapy uptake and retention and decrease negative experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family structure is of special interest in understanding adolescent health. However, while the family structure is becoming more diverse in China, much of the research has overlooked more complex types of family structure and the indirect association between family structure and adolescent health. The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between family structure and adolescent health and to identify the indirect roles of family income and parent–child communication in this association. Data were obtained from the 2014 to 2015 China Education Panel Survey (CEPS). The analytic sample included 9091 adolescents. The results showed that relative to two-parent families, the self-reported health of adolescents in non-two-parent families was poorer. Family income and parent–child communication played indirect roles in the relationship between family structure and adolescents' self-reported health. Several gender differences were also found. Single-mother families and reconstituted families were negatively associated with sons' self-reported health, while daughters showed worse health status in all types of non-two-parent families. Switching from a two-parent family to a non-two-parent family was correlated with a decline in adolescent girls' self-reported health. Highlights: The self-reported health of adolescents in China varied by family structure. Adolescents in non-two-parent families reported poorer health. Family structure had an indirect relationship with adolescents' self-reported health through family income and parent–child communication. Changing from a two-parent family to a non-two-parent family was related to a decline in adolescent girls' self-reported health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parent characteristics and behavior are known to impact child development. Anxiogenic parenting practices, in particular, have been hypothesized to contribute to the development and/or maintenance of child anxiety and related problems. The most widely studied anxiogenic parenting practice, accommodation, has been defined as a parent's involvement in their child's symptomology (i.e., excessive reassurance, changing family routines, assisting in avoidance). Recent literature has also examined the function that parent executive functioning (EF) may serve in parenting behavior. However, little is known about how parent characteristics such as EF may specifically impact anxiogenic parenting practices such as accommodation. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine accommodation within the context of parent EF. Parents of children between 7 and 17 years of age were recruited as part of a larger study and completed self-report measures of parental accommodation (i.e., Parenting Anxious Kids Rating Scale-Parent Report [PAKRS-PR; n = 80], Family Accommodation Scale-Anxiety [FASA; n = 46]) and several neurocognitive tasks. A series of hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to examine the association between EF and parent accommodation. Results indicated that aspects of planning/organization and inhibitory control approached statistical significance as predictors of parent accommodation as measured by the FASA subscales and the PAKRS-PR, respectively. Potential contributors to the lack of statistical significance, limitations, and future directions are discussed. Highlights: Identifying parental risk factors for accommodation may allow clinicians to provide extra support to "high-risk" parents resulting in better treatment outcomes. Executive functioning presents a novel potential correlate of accommodation. Performance on two outcomes of a planning task and one outcome of an inhibitory control task approached significance as predictors of accommodation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caregivers involved in child welfare report receiving fewer services than they anticipated or desired. To date, service needs and barriers research has focused on mental health care, though this pattern of unmet needs likely extends to other critically important areas (i.e., physical health, basic needs, school, social support). Further, there is lack of a standardized measure that captures these constructs. The current study developed a self-report measure of needs, use, and barriers across a wide range of service areas. Participants were caregivers of children involved in child abuse or neglect investigations (N = 32, 59% Latino, 50% alleged perpetrator) and were recruited as part of a larger study evaluating a multidisciplinary response to allegations in a metropolitan U.S. county. Items were generated based on existing needs assessments and consultation from researchers and caseworkers. The C-SNAB appeared to have adequate coverage of the breadth of services needed (33 items) and barriers faced (19) and had good predictive validity. About 93% of caregivers endorsed at least 1 unmet service need. Caregivers experienced an average of 4 unmet needs and 7 barriers to accessing services. The current study provides an approach to practically and comprehensively assessing service needs, use and barriers within this population. Highlights: Caregivers involved in child abuse investigations are a high-needs population. The C-SNAB is the first broadband measure of caregiver needs and barriers. The newly developed measure appears to be valid. About 93% of caregivers report at least 1 unmet need. Caregivers report an average of 4 unmet needs and 7 barriers to accessing services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that within the context of collectivistic minority groups, familial pride may function largely as a family-based emotion. We examined whether emotions derived from achieving on behalf of ones' family were associated with positive psychological functioning in Asian American college students. The sample for this cross-sectional design included 219 Asian Americans (M = 19.4, SD = 2.0, 66% women) at a minority serving university in Southern California. Participants completed a self-report survey assessing familial cultural values, depression, self-esteem, family-responsive joy, and the recently articulated construct of familial pride. Along with other familial cultural values (i.e., support, obligation, respect, and family as referent), factor-analytic results supported the use of the novel familial pride measure in this sample. Path analyses revealed familial pride was uniquely associated with lower depressive symptoms, higher self-esteem, and higher family responsive joy. In addition to assessing commonly conceptualized familial cultural values, researchers should seek to understand how the emotional correlates of familial pride are related to psychosocial functioning in Asian American adolescents and emerging adults. Practices aimed at fostering these experiences are likely to promote adaptive development for this population. Highlights: Familial pride is related to family values but functions uniquely in its impact. Familial pride is associated to lower depression, higher self-esteem, and higher joy. Pride is beneficial when embedded within family context for Asian American youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived everyday discrimination (PED) is related to depressive symptoms and elevated systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adolescents. This is an especially important relation to investigate, as both depressive symptoms and high blood pressure (BP) are acknowledged risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the mechanisms underlying the relation among these variables is unknown. Based on the Response Style Theory, which supports that engaging in rumination after a stressful event contributes to depressive symptoms, and existing research that shows an association between rumination and increased BP following stressful events, one variable that might underlie this association is a type of rumination called brooding. In the current study, we proposed that brooding but not reflection rumination would mediate the relation of PED with depressive symptoms, SBP, and DBP. Our sample of 65 adolescents (35.4% female) aged 13 to 15 (M = 14.06, SD = 0.55) who identified as Black (50.8%), White (43.1%), and Mixed Race (6.1%) had their BP measured and completed self-reports of PED, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Mediation analyses were conducted for hypothesis testing. Brooding, reflection, and PED were significantly related to depressive symptoms. Further, brooding was a significant mediator between PED and SBP and between PED and DBP, and reflection was a significant mediator between PED and DBP. We found that the relation between these variables may not operate exactly as would be predicted based on extant research, thus highlighting the need for further investigation to minimize CVD risk experienced by members of underrepresented groups. Highlights: Discrimination is related to blood pressure (BP) and depressive symptoms. Brooding mediates between discrimination and systolic and diastolic BP. Reflection mediates between discrimination and diastolic BP. Brooding and reflection mediate between discrimination and depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms do not mediate between discrimination and BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research indicates that parents' smartphone use is associated with interruptions in parent–child interactions and lower levels of parental responsiveness, which may adversely affect children's cognitive and socioemotional development. Studies suggest that parent–child interactions are more frequently interrupted by the use of screen-based devices if parents experience more stress specifically resulting from the demands of parenting, yet there are unexamined questions. Is parents' general daily stress related to technology-based interruptions in parent–child interactions? If so, does parents' use of mobile technology mediate this relationship? In this first study testing the mediating role of parental use of mobile phones between parental stress and technology-based interruptions in parent–child interactions, we collected data from 604 mothers of children younger than age six with an online survey. Results showed that controlling for child age, family income, mothers' employment status, household size, and maternal and paternal education, more stressed mothers reported using their mobile phones more problematically (e.g., not being able to resist checking messages), which was linked to more frequent perceived interruptions in the interactions with their children. Our results suggest that using mobile phones may serve as an outlet for stressed parents and is related to disruptions in the flow of parent–child interactions. Highlights: This study investigated the relationship between self-reports of maternal stress, smartphone use, and interruptions in mother–child interactions. Mothers who reported higher stress also reported more problematic smartphone use, such as frequently checking and thinking about messages and notifications. Stress was associated with technology-based interruptions in mother–child interactions. Maternal perceptions of problematic smartphone use acted as a mediator between stress and interruptions in mother–child interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to motherhood is a challenging period that entails not only multiple stresses, but also the potential for personal growth. This study examined mothers' personal growth up to two years following the birth of their first child, investigating the contribution of the child's perceived characteristics and three sources of perceived support, as well as the possibility that the connection between support and personal growth is mediated by perception of the infant. Israeli mothers (n = 511) completed self-report questionnaires. Positive associations were found between higher perception of the infant as warm, lower perception of the infant as invasive, and higher perceived support from all sources. Moreover, path analysis revealed that higher perceived support from family and a significant other was associated with higher perception of the infant as warm, which in turn was related to higher personal growth. The findings highlight both the direct value of support from various sources and its ability to promote a more positive perception of the child, along with the role of new mothers' perception of their infant in facilitating the experience of personal growth. Practitioners should therefore pay attention both to mothers' assets and to risk factors for a negative interpretation of the child's behavior. Highlights: We examined the contribution of perceived child's characteristics and support to mothers' personal growth following the birth of their first child. Higher perceived support from family and a significant other was related to higher perception of the infant as warm, which in turn was related to higher personal growth. The study highlights the direct value of support from various sources and its ability to promote a more positive perception of the child. It indicates the role of new mothers' perception of their infant in facilitating the experience of personal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional awareness (EA) and access to emotion regulation strategies (ER) are often conceptualized as being on a single continuum, yet discrepancies in these associations are found across samples. We conducted a person-centered analysis to identify distinct profiles of adolescents' perceived EA and ER. Secondary analyses were conducted to compare demographic variables, distress tolerance, and parent- and teacher-report emotional functioning across profiles. Participants (N = 414) completed two subscales of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and a behavioral measure of distress tolerance. A parent and teacher completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist. Adolescent mental health symptoms were measured, with responses dichotomized based on adolescent- and/or parent-report of clinically significant symptoms of any disorder. Exploratory two-step cluster analysis identified three clusters: Varied EA/Low ER, Low EA/High ER, and High EA/High ER. Gender differences emerged, with a greater proportion of girls in the Varied EA/Low ER cluster and boys in the Low EA/High ER cluster. The Varied EA/Low ER and Low EA/High ER clusters demonstrated greater mental health symptoms, and greater parent- and teacher-reported negativity/lability and problems with emotion regulation, than adolescents in the High EA/High ER cluster. The Low EA/High ER cluster tolerated less distress on the behavioral task than the Varied EA/Low ER or High EA/High ER clusters, which suggests problems with emotional awareness may contribute to inaccurate self-evaluation of one's related emotional abilities. A person-centered approach was useful in identifying patterns of adolescent perceptions of strengths and difficulties in emotional development and their associations with other-report and performance on a behavioral task. Highlights: Use of person-centered analyses can help us better understand how to assess and provide tailored support for emotion development in adolescents. Perceived problems with emotional awareness alone, without perceived challenges with emotion regulation or perceived problems with access to effective emotion regulation strategies, regardless of level of emotional awareness, may confer risk of experiencing mental health symptoms and emotion regulation disturbances. Perceived problems with emotional awareness while perceiving few challenges with accessing emotion regulation strategies were related to poorer distress tolerance on a behavioral task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family relationships are a critical factor in the etiology and maintenance of disordered eating (DE). Attachment theory provides a framework for how relational factors can impact DE, which can be further expanded with objectification theory. Parental relationships can either buffer or increase risk for body shame and DE. Specifically, parental psychological control (PPC) is linked to DE for adolescents and young adults. This study examined if attachment insecurity and body shame serially mediated the association between PPC and DE in young women. We applied secondary analysis to data obtained from a sample of 84 college women (Mage = 20.61; SD = 2.49). Self-reported measures included the Eating Attitudes Test, the Psychological Control Scale-Youth Report, the Body Shame Questionnaire, and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire. Hayes' Process Macro (v. 3.5 model 80) was used to test serial mediation models linking maternal and paternal PPC to DE through anxious and avoidant attachment and body shame. Results demonstrated indirect effects of body shame on DE in the maternal and paternal PPC models. Anxious (but not avoidant) attachment and body shame showed serial indirect effects linking PPC to DE. Our findings point to the saliency of body shame and attachment anxiety in predicting DE symptoms among young women. Highlights: Parental psychological control is linked with disordered eating through body shame. Anxious attachment is associated with disordered eating through body shame. Controlling parenting impacts young women's body shame and disordered eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the relation between parent–adolescent conflict and adolescents' depressive symptoms from a dynamic systems framework. Two aspects of conflict were examined: the intensity of conflict and the predictability of dyadic conflict (i.e., the extent to which parents and adolescents follow a predictable pattern in their conflict behaviors) during parent–adolescent interactions. Using a clinical sample of 26 adolescents with depression diagnoses and their parents, we conducted a state space grid analysis to capture the predictability of changes in observer-coded dyadic conflict during a conflict negotiation task. The intensity of conflict was measured using the total observed conflict score and adolescents' and parents' self-reports on their conflict behaviors post-discussion. A regression analysis was conducted to examine the moderation effect of the predictability of dyadic conflict on the relationship between the intensity of conflict and adolescents' depressive symptoms. Results showed that the moderation effect was significant, such that adolescents' and parents' conflict behaviors were positively associated with depressive symptoms when parent–adolescent conflict dynamics were more organized and predictable. Findings suggest the importance of understanding the dynamic and dyadic patterns of parent–adolescent interaction when examining the relationship between family processes and adolescent depression. Highlights: This study investigated the relation between parent–adolescent conflict and adolescents' depression. Adolescents' depressive symptoms were positively associated with their conflictual behaviors in interactions with parents. More conflict behaviors were related to more depressive symptoms when parent–adolescent conflict interaction pattern is more predictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although researchers have explored the link between depression and executive functioning (EF), the influence of early-life environmental and relational instability on this association has not been comprehensively assessed in adolescents. This cross-sectional study examined whether unpredictability of home environment in childhood moderated the relationship between depression and EF in adolescents. Participants were 138 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years (72% female; 47.8% White; 47.1% Hispanic). Diagnostic status (major depression versus healthy control) and depression severity were assessed using psycho-diagnostic interviews and self-reports from parents and adolescents. Participants also completed the Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood (QUIC). EF was assessed using self-report (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition; BRIEF2) and a battery of performance-based measures. Results showed that QUIC scores moderated the relationship between depression and BRIEF2 scores, such that high unpredictability was associated with poorer EF for adolescents exhibiting low depression severity. Participants with the highest levels of depression exhibited the poorest EF ratings, regardless of childhood unpredictability. Unpredictability was moderately associated with performance-based measures, but did not interact with depressive symptoms to predict complex performance-based EF. Recommendations include assessing for unpredictable childhood environment and acknowledging this risk factor for poor EF in youth with sub-threshold depression. Treatment implications are discussed with respect to family systems/parenting interventions, as mildly depressed adolescents growing up in unstable homes may be vulnerable to EF difficulties. Further, this study adds to the EF measurement literature by examining associations between self-report and performance-based EF instruments in a diverse sample of adolescents. Highlights: First investigation to examine how unpredictability of home environment moderates the link between depression and executive functioning (EF) in adolescents. High scores on childhood unpredictability were associated with poor EF for adolescents exhibiting low scores on depression severity. Adolescents with high depression scores exhibited poor EF regardless of childhood unpredictability. Methodology contributions include examining associations between self-report and performance-based EF measures. Early-life environment and parent-child relationships should be assessed to help guide clinical assessment and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate dyadic effects among siblings by testing an actor–partner interdependence model of associations between interparental conflict perceptions and children maladjustment. In particular, associations between siblings' perceptions of interparental conflict properties, threat, and self-blame, and general, personal, school, and social maladjustment and adolescents' family and sibling dissatisfaction were examined. The hypotheses of the study were analyzed through an Actor-Partner Interdependent Model. The sample was made up of 50 pairs of siblings recruited in Spain; older siblings' mean age was 13.3 years (SD = 2.51) and younger siblings' mean age was 10.4 years (SD = 2.33). The results emphasize the association between children's and adolescents' perception of interparental conflict and their own maladjustment (actor effect). However, the main novel contribution of this study is the analysis of partner effects for siblings in interparental conflict situations and the results highlight that they are greater for older siblings compared to younger siblings. Also, the results confirm the interdependency of siblings' perceptions of interparental conflict properties, but also the independency of threat and self-blame feelings experienced by each sibling. Results and limitations of the study are discussed. Highlights: The novel contribution of this study is an Actor-Partner Interdependent Model analysis of siblings in interparental conflict There are greater partner effects for older siblings compared to younger siblings in interparental conflict situations The self-blame and threat feelings experienced by each sibling are not inter-dependent [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giving birth to a preterm infant has significant implications on the mother's life. The purpose of this study was to compare occupational performance (performance of everyday occupations), social support, perceived health (mental and physical) and life satisfaction between mothers of preterm and term infants and to assess whether occupational performance, social support and infant characteristics such as birth weight, explain mothers' health and life satisfaction. This cross-sectional study included 30 mothers of preterm singletons and 30 mothers of term infants (age 22–41) four months after hospital discharge. The data was gathered using three self-report questionnaires: Satisfaction with life Scale; Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire; and the Maternal Social Support Index and a semi-structured interview (the Occupational Performance History Interview) which was analyzed quantitatively and measured occupational performance by three components: occupational identity, competence and settings. Mothers of preterm infants exhibited lower occupational competence and identity scores and higher perceived physical health. Social support, life satisfaction and perceived total and mental health were comparable between groups. Occupational competence predicted perceived mental health and life satisfaction, and occupational settings and social support predicted life satisfaction among all mothers. The study findings shed new light on occupational aspects pertaining to mothers of preterm infants after discharge. Their ability to engage in varied occupations is lower than mothers of term infants. Therefore, as part of a health promotion agenda, mothers of premature infants may benefit from interventions that are focused on their needs and not only on the infants'. Highlights: Mothers of preterm infants exhibit lower occupational competence and identity than mothers of term infants. Mothers' ability to perform various occupations in a supportive environment predicts life satisfaction and mental health. Maternal factors have significantly larger contribution to maternal health and life satisfaction than the newborn factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some studies have demonstrated the link between the recall of early affiliative experiences and psychopathological symptoms in adolescence. However, literature seems to be scarce in relation to the association between these early memories and adolescent well-being, as well as in relation to the processes and mechanisms that may mediate this relationship. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore the association between early affiliative memories and psychological well-being, and whether this relationship is mediated by the self-conscious emotion of shame and by self-critical attitudes. Furthermore, differences in sex were explored. In this cross-sectional study, 310 adolescents from Portuguese schools (136 boys and 174 girls), aged between 13 and 17, completed self-report measures. Path analysis results suggested that, when controlling the effect of age, the recall of early affiliative experiences with family figures had a direct impact on adolescent psychological well-being, and an indirect effect mediated by increased levels of external shame and self-critical attitudes. This model revealed a good fit between the hypothesized mediational model and the data, explaining 43% of the variance of adolescent psychological well-being. These findings highlight the relevance of assessing and working with maladaptive emotion regulation processes and mechanisms, especially in adolescents with a scarce recall of early affiliative experiences with close figures and, additionally, emphasize the importance of the development of prevention and intervention programs focused on compassion and acceptance approaches for adolescents. Highlights: The association between early affiliative memories and psychological well-being was tested. Feelings of shame and self-critical attitudes mediate this link. This integrative path model explained 43% of psychological well-being. The study was conducted in adolescents of both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among social support, parenting stress, and depression in single mothers with young children in South Korea. This study also explores whether parenting stress plays a mediating role in the relationship between social support and depression. Self-report questionnaires were administered to 202 South Korean mothers who were raising young children on their own because of divorce, separation, death, or having never married, and three research variables were measured: social support, parenting stress, and depression. Data were analyzed using PROCESS macro version 3.4 to examine whether parenting stress mediated the relationship between social support and depression in these single mothers. The results of this study showed close correlations among social support, parenting stress, and depression in single mothers, and that parental distress and parent-child dysfunctional interaction among the subfactors of parenting stress played a mediating role in the relationship between social support and depression. Because the results of this study indicate that providing social support for single mothers can reduce their depression, significant attention must be paid to implementing policies to reduce single mothers' parenting stress for their psychological well-being and their children's development. Highlights: Social support, parenting stress, and depression were significantly correlated. Parenting stress played a mediating role. The importance of social support for single mothers should be highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]