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We report a molecular dynamics study of the structure and single-particle dynamics of mixtures of a protic (ethylammonium nitrate) and an aprotic (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflurophosphate [BMIM][PF6]) room-temperature ionic liquids doped with magnesium and calcium salts with a common anion at 298.15 K and 1 atm. The solvation of these divalent cations in dense ionic environments is analyzed by means of apparent molar volumes of the mixtures, radial distribution functions, and coordination numbers. For the protic mixtures, the effect of salt concentration on the network of hydrogen bonds is also considered. Moreover, single-particle dynamics of the salt cations is studied by means of their velocity autocorrelation functions and vibrational densities of states, explicitly analyzing the influence of salt concentration, and cation charge and mass on these magnitudes. The effect of the valency of the salt cation on these properties is considered comparing the results with those for the corresponding mixtures with lithium salts. We found that the main structural and dynamic features of the local solvation of divalent cations in ionic liquids are similar to those of monovalent salts, with cations being localized in the polar nanoregions of the bulk mixture coordinated in monodentate and bidentate coordination modes by the [NO3]- and [PF6]- anions. However, stronger electrostatic correlations of these polar nanoregions than in mixtures with salts with monovalent cations are found. The vibrational modes of the ionic liquid (IL) are seen to be scarcely affected by the addition of the salt, and the effect of mass and charge on the vibrational densities of states of the dissolved cations is reported. Cation mass is seen to exert a deeper influence than charge on the low-frequency vibrational spectra, giving a red shift of the vibrational modes and a virtual suppression of the higher energy vibrational modes for the heavier Ca2+ cations. No qualitative difference with monovalent cations was found in what solvation is concerned, which suggests that no enhanced reduction of the mobility of these cations and their complexes in ILs respective to those of monovalent cations is to be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local structure and intermolecular dynamics of an equimolar mixture of benzene and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl]amide ([dmim][NTf2]) were studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and femtosecond optical Kerr effect (OKE) spectroscopy. The OKE spectrum of the benzene/[dmim][NTf2] mixture at 295 K was analyzed by comparing it to an ideal mixture spectrum obtained by taking the volume-fraction weighted sum of the OKE spectra of the pure liquids. The experimental mixture spectrum is higher in frequency and broader than that of the ideal mixture spectrum. These spectral differences are rationalized in terms of the local structure around benzene molecules in the mixture and the intermolecular dynamics as reflected in the density of states from the MD simulations. Specifically, we attribute the deviation of the OKE spectrum of the mixture from ideal behavior to benzene molecules seeing a stiffer intermolecular potential due to their being trapped in cages comprised of ions in the first solvation shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the properties of geometrically modified water models by performing molecular dynamics simulations of perturbations of the extended simple point charge (SPC/E) model of water over a wide range of temperatures at 1 bar. The geometric modification consists of altering the H–O–H angle in SPC/E. The dipole moment is held constant by altering the O–H bond length, while the electrostatic charges are left unchanged. We find that a H–O–H angle of at least 100° is necessary for the appearance of density anomalies and of solubility extrema with respect to temperature for small apolar solutes. We observe the occurrence of two incompatible types of structural order in these models: Tetrahedral, with waterlike translational order for bent models with H–O–H angles in excess of 100°; and linear, with Lennard–Jones–like orientationally averaged translational order for smaller H–O–H angles. Increasing the H–O–H angle causes the density to increase, while at the same time shifting waterlike anomalies to progressively higher temperatures. For bent models with H–O–H angle greater than SPC/E’s, we observe arrest of translational motion at 300 K (115°) and 330 K (120°). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solvation of large hydrophobic solutes, modeled as repulsive and attractive Gay–Berne oblate ellipsoids, is characterized in several modified water liquids using the SPC/E model as the reference water fluid. We find that small amounts of attraction between the Gay–Berne particle and any model fluid result in wetting of the hydrophobic surface. However, significant differences are found among the modified and SPC/E water models and the critical distances in which they dewet the hydrophobic surfaces of pairs of repulsive Gay–Berne particles. We find that the dewetting trends for repulsive Gay–Berne particles in the various model liquids correlate directly with their surface tensions, the widths of the interfaces they form, and the openness of their network structure. The largest critical separations are found in liquids with the smallest surface tensions and the broadest interfaces as measured by the Egelstaff–Widom length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]