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Little has been known about the possible brain changes in the patients suffering from the psychiatric illness called Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). This review suggests that the patients of DID have structural changes in the limbic system–hippocampus and amygdala -and the cortex. Blood flow is also altered in the orbito-frontal cortex. Another interesting finding of this review is that the glutamate release is found to be the cause of the dissociative symptoms. Furthermore, this review also highlights that in some DID patients the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortex are activated. The limbic system especially the amygdala and the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortex are associated with the short term and working memory, while the hippocampus is associated with long-term memory. All of these regions are somehow affected in the DID patient’s brain. Thus, this explains the symptoms of the multiple personality changes and forgetting about the previous personality. However, the future studies will broaden our knowledge about the complete neuropsychiatry of this unique medical illness.

The dearth of child psychiatrists in Pakistan is becoming one of the major causes of many cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remain undiagnosed. Some important measures must be taken at the private and the governmental levels, so that the ADHD cases do not remain diagnosed in the future.

A literature search was conducted in different databases to study the topic of liver problems and diabetes. The aim of the study was to explore more about an association of diabetes mellitus with the liver. The study shows that diabetes does indeed have an effect on liver. Similarly, liver problems like chronic liver disease lead to diabetes which is known as hepatogenous diabetes. Common liver problems seen in diabetes patients include but not limited to fatty liver, decreased glycogen levels, risk of liver cancer etc. Like any medical problem, any knowledge about any subject is never enough, therefore we recommend more studies in the near future to broaden our understanding about the association of the liver with diabetes.

In this article, we discussed a clinical problem known as cardio renal syndrome (CRS). In CRS, both, the affected cardiovascular system, either low output or high output failure leads to the renal dysfunction or vice versa. As already known, the heart failure is the leading cause of readmission in the US and worldwide. The patients suffering with cardiac failure need extra care, as they may develop various complications. Cardiac output is affected in heart failure and does have an impact on the renal function. High cardiac output and low cardiac output, both can lead to renal dysfunction. In conclusion, we will also highlight some information about the prevention of the renal damage associated with the CVS. However, future research is recommended to understand more about the exact pathophysiology involved in this association.

We present a rare case of visual release hallucinations also referred to as Charles bonnet syndrome. The disorder is rare and no officially recognized mode of treatment has been developed. However, we hope that as the time goes by, and more cases of CBS are found. It will be possible for the scientists and the clinicians to find a permanent and a better cure for this rare mystery.