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Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the quiet prevalent and aggressive biliary tract malignant neoplasms distinguished by significant cellular heterogeneity, metastatic activity, and a poor prognosis, with varied frequency worldwide. Most cases are detected incidentally while routine screening imaging or pathological investigation of cholecystectomy tissues and usually present with advanced disease. The surgical resection is usually done in the initial clinical stage having limited spread. Despite the surgical therapy, the death rate is significant. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms affecting the clinical course of inflammatory gallbladder to carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. There is an impending need for developing diagnostic biomarkers and targeted approaches for GBC. The newer molecular platform, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), such as RNA-sequencing (RNAseq), single-cell sequencing, and microarray technology, has revolutionized the field of genomics, opened a new perspective in defining genetic and epigenetic characteristics identifying molecules as possible therapeutic targets. Therefore, in this review, we would analyze transcriptomic and epigenomics profiles of GBC using already published high-throughput sequencing-based studies published between 2010 and 2023. The review would also analyze the possible impact of the technological advancement on the patient management strategy and overall survival. This may also help identify target genes and pathways linked to GBC, which may help establish molecular biomarkers, for early GBC diagnosis, personalized therapy, and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a protein that is encoded by the TPO gene. It regulates the production of platelets. It is believed that plasma level of TPO is regulated by its binding to platelets and megakaryocytes. Material & Method: A prospective study was conducted comprising of 72 cases (32 female, 40 male) of gastrointestinal cancer, which were undergone surgery in the year 2016. It included cancer of esophagus, stomach, colon and anorectum. Three serial whole blood samples were taken from single patient, one preoperatively, 2nd & 3rd postoperatively on day 3 & day 5. Serum samples were stored at-80C. Samples were tested for TPO and PCT by ELISA Technique. Statistical analysis was done. Result: Day 3 after surgery, patients (n = 72) showed a significant thrombocytopaenia followed by a reactive thrombocytosis on Day 5. Platelet recovery was preceded by a significant rise in TPO (from 162.4 +/- 118.8 pg/ml at baseline to 355.3 +/- 304.4pg/ml at 72 h, P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Presence of megakaryocytes (MGK) in peripheral blood smear (PBS) is a rare condition. This may be seen in myelodysplastic syndrome. I am presenting a case of CML with lymphoid blast crisis showing MGK in PBS, probably first case report of this kind. Method: The case was picked for study while reporting peripheral blood film Short Clinical History: A sixty year old female presented with generalised weakness for four months, low grade fever for two months and history of weight loss for two months. Pallor, mild hepatosplenomegaly and left cervical lymphadenopathy were present. Hemogram showed Total leukocyte count 15 x 109 /L, Differential count; Blasts 85, Neutrophil 15, Hemoglobin 8.7 gm % and platelet count 170 x 109/L. Peripheral blood smear showed a well formed large megakaryocyte. Bone marrow aspirate smear examination showed 80% blasts in diluted marrow. Bone marrow biopsy showed hypercellular marrow with near total replacement by blasts CD34+ and CD3-, CD20- & CD138-. Flowcytometry revealed 51% blasts positive for CD19, CD34, CD10, HLA-DR, dim positive for cCD79a & TdT and negative for CD45, CD20, CD38, CD33, CD13, CD117, CD64, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8 & MPO. Diagnosis of ALL was given. On frequent routine haemogram, the value of platelet count was noticed always higher side (> 200 x 109/L). This raised suspicion of any other associated disease. Result: Cytogenetic study revealed chromosome XY, t (9, 22). RTPCR showed P210 positive. Finally the diagnosis chronic myeloid leukemia with blast crisis was considered. Close differential is Ph+ ALL. Conclusion: (1). MGK in PBS may be a presentation of CML. (2). Blast crisis may be the first presentation of CML. (3). Flowcytometer may not be useful in diagnosis of CML with blast crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]