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Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is usually performed successfully with or without a tourniquet and under spinal anesthesia (SA) or general anesthesia (GA). However, 10% to 34% of patients experience dissatisfaction and pain after TKA. We aimed to compare the effects of tourniquet use and SA or GA on TKA outcomes., Methods: We randomly assigned 404 patients to 4 study groups: SA without a tourniquet (NT/SA), SA with a tourniquet (T/SA), GA without a tourniquet (NT/GA), and GA with a tourniquet (T/GA). The primary outcome was the change in the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) at 1 year postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included a satisfactory TKA outcome assessed using the OKS minimal important change (MIC) and OKS patient acceptable symptom state (PASS), adverse events, and quality of life using the 15-dimensional health-related quality of life tool., Results: At 1 year, the OKS was obtained for 381 patients. In the 2-group comparisons, the tourniquet did not affect the OKS improvement. The SA group had more substantial improvement in the OKS than the GA group (16.21 compared with 14.08 a mean difference of 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 3.71; p = 0.008). In the 4-group comparisons, the T/SA group had more substantial improvements in the OKS than the NT/GA group (16.87 compared with 13.65, a mean difference of 3.2; 95% CI, 0.28 to 6.17; p = 0.026). The SA group reached the OKS MIC more frequently than the GA group (91.7% compared with 81.7%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.49 [95% CI, 1.32 to 4.69]; p = 0.005). The SA group also reached the OKS PASS more frequently than the GA group (86.0% compared with 75.7%; OR = 2.00 [95% CI, 1.18 to 3.39]; p = 0.010). The T/SA group had significantly more patients reaching the OKS MIC than the NT/GA group (95.7% compared with 79.6%; p = 0.005) and more patients reaching the OKS PASS than the NT/GA group (92.6% compared with 74.5%; p = 0.004). No differences were seen with respect to adverse events in any comparisons., Conclusions: The tourniquet had no detrimental effects on the outcomes of TKA. SA had a positive effect on the OKS. The use of SA combined with a tourniquet resulted in the best improvement in OKS and the highest proportion of satisfactory outcomes with TKA., Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (http://links.lww.com/JBJS/G545)., (Copyright © 2021 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.)

Background: In the follow-up evaluation of patients with metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacements, current evidence suggests that orthopaedic surgeons should avoid reliance on any single investigative tool. Current risk stratification guidelines can be difficult to interpret because they do not provide guidance when there are several risk factors in different groups (high and low risk). To improve the clinical utility of risk stratification guidelines, we designed a scoring system to assess the risk of revision., Methods: The study population consisted of 1,709 patients (1,912 hips) enrolled in a multicenter follow-up study of a recalled MoM hip replacement. Eleven scoring criteria were determined on the basis of existing follow-up algorithm recommendations and consisted of patient-related factors, symptoms, clinical status, implant type, metal ion levels, and radiographic imaging results. Forward stepwise logistic regression was conducted to determine the minimum set of predictive variables for the risk of revision and to assign variable weights. The MoM risk score for each hip was then created by averaging the weighted values of each predictive variable., Results: Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded good discrimination between all revised and unrevised hips, with an area under the curve of 0.82 (p < 0.001). The odds of revision for the group with a high MoM risk score were increased by 5.8-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1 to 11.0) relative to the moderate risk group and by 21.8-fold (95% CI, 9.9 to 48.0) compared with the low risk group., Conclusions: Although the use of MoM hip arthroplasty has been limited since 2010, we continue to be faced with the follow-up and risk assessment of thousands of patients who have not had a revision. As more knowledge about risk stratification is gained, the complexity of the algorithms is expected to increase. We propose the use of the MoM risk score as a tool to aid in the clinical decision-making process., Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence., (Copyright © 2016 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.)

Background: The risk factors are unclear for deep surgical site infection after plate fixation of proximal tibial fractures. The objective of this study was to identify the patient and surgical procedure-related risk factors for infection using established criteria for deep surgical site infection., Methods: A total of 655 proximal tibial fractures were treated with open reduction and plate fixation at our center between 2004 and 2013. We identified 34 patients with deep surgical site infection. A control group of 136 patients was randomly selected from the non-infected cohort. Potential risk factors for deep surgical site infection were identified by reviewing surgical, medical, and radiographic records. Independent risk factors for infection were identified from multivariable logistic regression analysis using a stepwise procedure., Results: The prevalence of deep surgical site infection was 5.2%, the mean age of affected patients was 55 years (range, 16 to 84 years), and 35% of patients were female. Twenty-eight of 34 deep infections were diagnosed within 2 months (acute onset), and only 6 infections were diagnosed >6 months after the index surgical procedure. Nine of the 28 acute-onset infections were treated with antibiotic therapy and debridement. Seventeen patients (50%) required muscle flap coverage, and 5 patients (15%) eventually required above-the-knee amputation. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), independent predictors of infection were patient age of ≥50 years (OR, 3.6 [95% CI, 1.3 to 10.1]); obesity, defined as a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m(2) (OR, 6.5 [95% CI, 2.2 to 18.9]); alcohol abuse (OR, 6.7 [95% CI, 2.4 to 19.2]); OTA/AO-type-C fracture (OR, 2.8 [95% CI, 1.1 to 7.5]); use of a temporary spanning external fixator (OR, 3.9 [95% CI, 1.4 to 11.1]); and a 4-compartment fasciotomy (OR, 4.5 [95% CI, 1.3 to 15.7])., Conclusions: There is high morbidity associated with deep surgical site infection in plated proximal tibial fractures. Patients who are ≥50 years of age, obese patients, those with a history of alcohol abuse, or those with an OTA/AO-type-C fracture are at high risk for infection. Performing a fasciotomy also increases the risk of deep infection and should be implemented with meticulous technique when deemed necessary., Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence., (Copyright © 2016 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.)

Background: Surgical site infection is one of the most common complications following ankle fracture surgery. These infections are associated with substantial morbidity and lead to increased resource utilization. Identification of risk factors is crucial for developing strategies to prevent these complications., Methods: We performed an age and sex-matched case-control study to identify patient and surgery-related risk factors for deep surgical site infection following operative ankle fracture treatment. We identified 1923 ankle fracture operations performed in 1915 patients from 2006 through 2009. A total of 131 patients with deep infection were identified and compared with an equal number of uninfected control patients. Risk factors for infection were determined with use of conditional logistic regression analysis., Results: The incidence of deep infection was 6.8%. Univariate analysis showed diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 4.9), alcohol abuse (OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.6, 9.4), fracture-dislocation (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.5), and soft-tissue injury (a Tscherne grade of ≥1) (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.3, 5.3) to be significant patient-related risk factors for infection. Surgery-related risk factors were suboptimal timing of prophylactic antibiotics (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.4), difficulties encountered during surgery, (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1, 4.0), wound complications (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 1.6, 14.0), and fracture malreduction (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.3, 9.2). Independent risk factors for infection identified by multivariable analyses were tobacco use (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.6, 8.5) and a duration of surgery of more than ninety minutes (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1, 5.7). Cast application in the operating room was independently associated with a decreased infection rate (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2, 0.8)., Conclusions: We identified several modifiable risk factors for deep surgical site infection following operative treatment of ankle fractures.