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Levan is a bioactive fructan polymer that is mainly associated with high-value applications where exceptionally high purity requirements call for well-defined cultivation conditions. In this study, microbial levan production by the halophilic extremophile Halomonas smyrnensis AAD6(T) was investigated systematically. For this, different feeding strategies in fed-batch cultures were employed and fermentation profiles of both shaking and bioreactor cultures were analyzed. Initial carbon and nitrogen source concentrations, production pH, NaCl and nitrogen pulses, nitrogen and phosphorous limitations, trace elements and thiamine contents of the basal production medium were found to affect the levan yields at different extends. Boric acid was found to be the most effective stimulator of levan production by increasing the sucrose utilization three-fold and levan production up to five-fold. This significant improvement implied the important role of quorum sensing phenomenon and its regulatory impact on levan production mechanism. Levan produced by bioreactor cultures under conditions optimized within this study was found to retain its chemical structure. Moreover, its biocompatibility was assessed for a broad concentration range. Hence H. smyrnensis AAD6(T) has been firmly established as an industrially important resource microorganism for high-quality levan production., (Copyright © 2014 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, osmoadaptive mechanism of Halomonas sp. AAD12 was studied through analysis of changes in its proteome maps and osmolyte accumulation strategy to understand how this euryhaline microorganism masters osmotic stress of saline environments. Under salt stress, there were significant variations in the expression of proteins involved in osmoregulation, stress response, energy generation and transport. This was accompanied by an increase in proline and hydroxyectoine but a decrease in ectoine accumulation. The major osmolyte at high salinity was proline. Unexpectedly the size of the total ectoines' pool was smaller at elevated salinity. Experimental findings were then integrated with a metabolic model to get insight into carbon trafficking during osmoadaptation. Simulations predicted that the total flux through energy generating pathways, namely gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, was significantly lower and carbon source that entered the system as citrate was mainly diverted to osmolyte synthesis at high salinity. Overall these results suggested that the moderately halophilic Halomonas sp. AAD12 pursued a different osmoregulatory strategy than the two well known moderate halophiles, Chromohalobacter salexigens and Halobacillus halophilus. The climbing value of osmolytes such as ectoine in health care and skin care products places significant attention to halophilic microorganisms hence an understanding of the osmoadaptive mechanism and osmolyte accumulation strategy of this isolate is very valuable to be able to manipulate its metabolism towards desired goals., (Copyright © 2012 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)