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Chlorpyrifos (CPF), which was started to be used in 1965, is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide that is used more and more day by day. Commonly used to control pests in farmland and homes, CPF is more toxic to fish than organochlorine compounds. CPF poses a serious threat to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. This paper studies the relationship between CPF exposure and antioxidant enzyme activities in gill, kidney and liver tissues of Capoeta umbla . Different time intervals (12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) and CPF doses (55 and 110 µg L -1 ) were used in the study. Spectrophotometrical measures were taken in all tissues for antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as indices of the lipid peroxidation (LPO). A positive relationship between CPF and MDA levels was found in the study at a statistically significant level ( p  < 0.05). The study also found a negative relationship between CPF levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Independent variables in the study can act as biomarkers of CPF exposure. The study recommends employing proper ecotoxicological risk evaluations in cases of CPF usage as a pesticide. The activities of the studied molecules against various proteins that are crystal structure of human peroxiredoxin 5 (PDB ID: 1HD2) has docking score value is -2.67, crystal structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase (PDB ID: 3NRZ) has docking score value is -3.76, and crystal structure of antibacterial FabH (PDB ID: 4Z8D) has docking score value is -3.16, were compared. Molecular dynamic (MD) calculations were made in 100 ns. MM/GBSA methods are calculated binding free energy. Afterwards, ADME/T analysis was performed to examine the some properties of the molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

In this study, the therapeutic potential and phytochemical composition of ethanolic extract of Cephalaria elazigensis var . purpurea (CE), an endemic species, were investigated. For this purpose, the antiproliferative effect of CE on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and its effectiveness on colony formation and cell migration was analyzed with clonogenic assay and wound healing assay, respectively. In addition, the cell death detection ELISA (CDDE) assay was conducted to determine the pro-apoptotic capacity of CE. The IC 50 value of the CE was determined as 324.2 ± 14.7 µg/mL. Furthermore, upon 1000 µg/mL CE treatment, there was 4.96-fold increase in the population of cells undergoing apoptosis compared to the untreated control cells. The antioxidant activity tests were performed by DPPH free radical, ABTS cation radical, ferric-ion reducing power (FRAP) and ferrous-ion chelating power (FCAP) assays. Antioxidant activity values for the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays were found to be 125.6 ± 6.3, 34.09 ± 0.1 and 123.4 ± 4.2 µmol TE/mg DE, respectively. We further determined the effect of CE ethanolic extract against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. CE plays an effective inhibitory role in AChE and BuChE (AChE: IC 50 : 10.54 µg/mL, BuChE: IC 50 : 6.84 µg/mL) respectively. Further, molecular docking stuy was conducted to understand the nature of the all compound against AChE an BChE. It is revealed that α-Linolenic acid shows lowest binding energy (-7.90 kcal/mol) towards AChE, on the other side, Linoleic acid shows good binding affinity (-7.40 kcal/mol) for BChE.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Gallocatechin gallate is a form of catechin and an ester of gallocatechin and gallic acid. This is an epimer of the gallate epigallocatechin. In this study, the effect of this molecule, containing a biologically active group, was investigated in terms of important metabolic enzymes (carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II (hCA I and II), achethylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glycosidase (α-Gly) enzymes). The molecular docking method used to compare the biological activities of the Catechin 5-O-gallate molecule against enzymes was used. Afterwards, the ADME/T analysis was performed to investigate the drug availability of the Catechin 5-O-gallate molecule and the parameters obtained from ADME/T analysis were examined. Continuation of this study, for evaluating antioxidant and radical scavenging capacity Catechin 5-O-gallate, cupric ion (Cu 2+ ) reduction capacity by CUPRAC method, Fe 3+ -Fe 2+ reducing capacity, DPPH free radical clarifying (DPPH·), ABTS radical clarifying (ABTS •+ ) were performed separately and during the study, trolox, α-tocopherol BHT and BHA were used as the reference antioxidant compound. Comparisons were applied with the four standard substances. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.