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Anterior Shoulder Instability (ASI) is a common orthopedic condition often resulting in altered shoulder kinematics. Understanding the biomechanics of the unstable shoulder is critical to determine the most appropriate treatment. This study aims to conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis of three-dimensional (3D) shoulder kinematic studies in ASI patients. A broad search was conducted within PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library following the PRISMA guidelines. All cross-sectional or longitudinal studies with 3D motion analysis describing shoulder kinematics in patients with ASI were included. The quality of each study was assessed using the MINORS criteria. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. Nine studies were included in the qualitative analysis and two in the meta-analysis. The qualitative review detected conflicting evidence for some parameters. The humeral head had a greater anterior translation in unstable shoulders in three of the studies analyzed, while the difference was not significant in one and another found higher variability for global humeral translation for instability patients. Two studies showed decreased rotation range of motion for unstable shoulders while one did not find significant differences. Conflicting results were also found regarding changes in scapulohumeral rhythm and scapular orientation. The meta-analysis indicated a greater scapulohumeral rhythm on the coronal plane for the instability group, suggesting a relatively greater contribution of motion at the glenohumeral joint compared with the scapulothoracic joint for arm abduction, and reduced glenohumeral peak angles for unstable shoulders. Identifying and quantifying kinematic changes associated with ASI are vital for refining treatment interventions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Two-dimensional video analysis systems (2DVAS) are commonly used by clinicians and researchers to determine angles during running. The aim of this systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42022322798) was to synthesize the literature on the criterion validity and reliability of 2DVAS for measuring angles during running compared to three-dimensional motion analysis systems (3DMAS). We searched for articles on MEDLINE/Pubmed, EMBASE, SciELO, and LILACS up to October/2022. We included studies that evaluated the validity of 2DVAS (when compared to 3DMAS) and/or the reliability of 2DVAS measurements of lower limb and trunk angles during running. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. Seven hundred and five studies were found and 17 were included. Ten studies analysed criterion validity between 2DVAS and 3DMAS and the results ranged from poor to excellent, with most of the parameters assessed presenting poor or moderate validity. Inter-rater reliability of 2DVAS was assessed in nine studies and most of the parameters investigated had good to excellent reliability. Intra-rater reliability (between-day processing) of angular running parameters - investigated in ten studies - was considered excellent for most of the parameters analysed. Inter-session reliability was assessed in three studies and was defined as good or excellent for most of the variables assessed. 2DVAS is a reliable method for measuring joint angles during running. However, the validity of 2DVAS compared to 3DMAS ranges from low to moderate for most running parameters. Therefore, based on the available evidence, caution should be taken when applying 2DVAS, particularly for frontal and transverse plane angles., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)