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The GDT1 family is broadly spread and highly conserved among living organisms. GDT1 members have functions in key processes like glycosylation in humans and yeasts and photosynthesis in plants. These functions are mediated by their ability to transport ions. While transport of Ca 2+ or Mn 2+ is well established for several GDT1 members, their transport mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that H + ions are transported in exchange for Ca 2+ and Mn 2+ cations by the Golgi-localized yeast Gdt1 protein. We performed direct transport measurement across a biological membrane by expressing Gdt1p in Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells and by recording either the extracellular pH or the intracellular pH during the application of Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ or H + gradients. Besides, in vivo cytosolic and Golgi pH measurements were performed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with genetically encoded pH probes targeted to those subcellular compartments. These data point out that the flow of H + ions carried by Gdt1p could be reversed according to the physiological conditions. Together, our experiments unravel the influence of the relative concentration gradients for Gdt1p-mediated H + transport and pave the way to decipher the regulatory mechanisms driving the activity of GDT1 orthologs in various biological contexts., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cases of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) have been associated with specific mutations within the gene encoding the human Golgi TMEM165 (transmembrane protein 165), belonging to UPF0016 (uncharacterized protein family 0016), a family of secondary ion transporters. To date, members of this family have been reported to be involved in calcium, manganese, and pH homeostases. Although it has been suggested that TMEM165 has cation transport activity, direct evidence for its Ca 2+ - and Mn 2+ -transporting activities is still lacking. Here, we functionally characterized human TMEM165 by heterologously expressing it in budding yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) and in the bacterium Lactococcus lactis Protein production in these two microbial hosts was enhanced by codon optimization and truncation of the putatively autoregulatory N terminus of TMEM165. We show that TMEM165 expression in a yeast strain devoid of Golgi Ca 2+ and Mn 2+ transporters abrogates Ca 2+ - and Mn 2+ -induced growth defects, excessive Mn 2+ accumulation in the cell, and glycosylation defects. Using bacterial cells loaded with the fluorescent Fura-2 probe, we further obtained direct biochemical evidence that TMEM165 mediates Ca 2+ and Mn 2+ influxes. We also used the yeast and bacterial systems to evaluate the impact of four disease-causing missense mutations identified in individuals with TMEM165-associated CDG. We found that a mutation leading to a E108G substitution within the conserved UPF0016 family motif significantly reduces TMEM165 activity. These results indicate that TMEM165 can transport Ca 2+ and Mn 2+ , which are both required for proper protein glycosylation in cells. Our work also provides tools to better understand the pathogenicity of CDG-associated TMEM165 mutations., (© 2020 Stribny et al.)

The uncharacterized protein family 0016 (UPF0016) is a family of secondary ion transporters implicated in calcium homeostasis and some diseases. More precisely, genetic variants of the human UPF0016 ortholog transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) have been linked to congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog Gdt1p has been shown to be involved in calcium homeostasis and protein glycosylation. Moreover, plant and bacterial UPF0016 members appear to have putative roles in Mn 2+ homeostasis. Here, we produced the yeast UPF0016 member Gdt1p in the bacterial host Lactococcus lactis Using Mn 2+ -induced quenching of Fura-2-emitted fluorescence, we observed that Gdt1p mediates Mn 2+ influx, in addition to its previously reported regulation of Ca 2+ influx. The estimated K m values of Gdt1p of 15.6 ± 2.6 μm for Ca 2+ and 83.2 ± 9.8 μm for Mn 2+ indicated that Gdt1p has a higher affinity for Ca 2+ than for Mn 2+ In yeast cells, we found that Gdt1p is involved in the resistance to high Mn 2+ concentration and controls total Mn 2+ stores. Lastly, we demonstrated that GDT1 deletion affects the activity of the yeast Mn 2+ -dependent Sod2p superoxide dismutase, most likely by modulating cytosolic Mn 2+ concentrations. Taken together, we obtained first evidence that Gdt1p from yeast directly transports manganese, which strongly reinforces the suggested link between the UPF0016 family and Mn 2+ homeostasis and provides new insights into the molecular causes of human TMEM165-associated CDGs. Our results also shed light on how yeast cells may regulate Golgi intraluminal concentrations of manganese, a key cofactor of many enzymes involved in protein glycosylation., (© 2018 Thines et al.)

Acm2, the major autolysin of Lactobacillus plantarum, is a tripartite protein. Its catalytic domain is surrounded by an O-glycosylated N-terminal region rich in Ala, Ser, and Thr (AST domain), which is of low complexity and unknown function, and a C-terminal region composed of five SH3b peptidoglycan (PG) binding domains. Here, we investigate the contribution of these two accessory domains and of O-glycosylation to Acm2 functionality. We demonstrate that Acm2 is an N-acetylglucosaminidase and identify the pattern of O-glycosylation (21 mono-N-acetylglucosamines) of its AST domain. The O-glycosylation process is species-specific as Acm2 purified from Lactococcus lactis is not glycosylated. We therefore explored the functional role of O-glycosylation by purifying different truncated versions of Acm2 that were either glycosylated or non-glycosylated. We show that SH3b domains are able to bind PG and are responsible for Acm2 targeting to the septum of dividing cells, whereas the AST domain and its O-glycosylation are not involved in this process. Notably, our data reveal that the lack of O-glycosylation of the AST domain significantly increases Acm2 enzymatic activity, whereas removal of SH3b PG binding domains dramatically reduces this activity. Based on this antagonistic role, we propose a model in which access of the Acm2 catalytic domain to its substrate may be hindered by the AST domain where O-glycosylation changes its conformation and/or mediates interdomain interactions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that O-glycosylation is shown to control the activity of a bacterial enzyme.

We report on the biochemical and structural properties of a putative P-type H(+)-ATPase, MJ1226p, from the anaerobic hyperthermophilic Archaea Methanococcus jannaschii. An efficient heterologous expression system was developed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a four-step purification protocol, using n-dodecyl beta-d-maltoside, led to a homogeneous detergent-solubilized protein fraction with a yield of over 2 mg of protein per liter of culture. The three-dimensional structure of the purified detergent-solubilized protein obtained at 2.4 nm resolution by electron microscopy showed a dimeric organization in which the size and the shape of each monomer was compatible with the reported structures of P-type ATPases. The purified MJ1226p ATPase was inactive at 40 degrees C and was active at elevated temperature reaching high specific activity, up to 180 micromol of P(i) x min(-1) x mg(-1) at 95 degrees C. Maximum ATPase activity was observed at pH 4.2 and required up to 200 mm monovalent salts. The ATPase activity was stable for several days upon storage at 65 degrees C and was highly resistant to urea and guanidine hydrochloride. The protein formed catalytic phosphoenzyme intermediates from MgATP or P(i), a functional characteristic specific of P-type ATPases. The highly purified, homogeneous, stable, and active MJ1226p ATPase provides a new model for further structure-function studies of P-type ATPases.