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Five new sesquiterpenoids, including a campherenane-type ( 1 ), a bergamotane-type ( 2 ), a drimane-type ( 3 ), and two bisabolane-type ( 5-6 ) sesquiterpenoids have been isolated from Biscogniauxia sp. 71-10-1-1. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical ECD calculations, 13 C chemical shifts calculations, and X-ray crystallography. This is the first report of campherenane-type and drimane-type sesquiterpenoids from Biscogniauxia . Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory assays of all compounds are evaluated, and the results showed that compounds 3 and 7 exhibited the effects against the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF- α .

19-Hydroxybrevianamide M (1) and 6 R-methoxybrevianamide V (2), two new alkaloids, were isolated from an extract of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. JNU18HC0517J, together with six known analogues ( 3- 8 ). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, NMR calculations, and ECD calculations. 6  R -methoxybrevianamide V (2) was the first L-proline indole DKP alkaloid with substitution at C-6 on the proline ring. Furthermore, the cytotoxities and antimicrobial activities of these isolated compounds were also evaluated. Compound 8 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 209 P with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 16 µg/ml.[Figure: see text].

A novel valerenane sesquiterpenoid sinulaspirolactam A (1), together with five known compounds, was isolated from the soft coral Sinularia sp. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by ECD calculation. Compound 1 was the first example of valerenane sesquiterpenoid bearing an aza-spiro[4.5] ring moiety, the plausible biogenetic pathway of which was proposed. Cytotoxic activities of these compounds were also evaluated.

A new α-pyrone, nocapyrone S (1), together with five known compounds (2-6), were isolated from the deep-sea actinomycete Nocardiopsis dassonvillei subsp. dassonvillei DSM 43111(T). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by quantum approaches. Cytotoxic activity of 1 was evaluated against K562, MCF-7, SGC7901, A375, Hela, and HepG2 cell lines.

Four new α-pyrone derivatives, nodulisporipyrones A-D (1-4), were isolated from the extract of an endolichenic fungal strain Nodulisporium sp. (65-12-7-1) that was fermented with rice. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were determined by modified Mosher's method and electronic circular dichroism experiments. Their antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus 209P, Escherichia coli ATCC0111, Aspergillus niger R330, and Candida albicans FIM709 were evaluated using a paper disk diffusion method. Nodulisporipyrones A-D (1-4) are the first α-pyrone derivatives from Nodulisporium fungi.

Pericoterpenoid A (1), a new cadinane-type sesquiterpene, was isolated from an endolichenic fungal strain Periconia sp. (No. 19-4-2-1). Its structure was characterized by analyzing the spectroscopic data (IR, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR). The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans was evaluated. Pericoterpenoid A showed moderate antimicrobial activity against A. niger and weak activity against C. albicans. This is the first report of the presence of cadinane-type sesquiterpene in Periconia sp.

A new α-pyrone xylaripyrone A (1) and a new phthalide xylariphthalide A (2) were isolated from the Xylariaceae fungus (no. 63-19-7-3), along with four related known phthalides (3-6): 4-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-methoxy-6-methyl-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (3), convolvulol (4), 7-methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one (5), and convolvulanic acid B (6). Their structures were determined on the basis of IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopic analyses.

Talaflavuterpenoid A (1), a new nardosinane-type sesquiterpene, was isolated from the wetland soil-derived fungus Talaromyces flavus BYD07-13, and its structure was elucidated on the basis of HR-MS, NMR, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by comparing the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum with the calculated ECD spectra. Its cytotoxic effects on five human tumor cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, and SW480), and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger were evaluated. This is the first report of the presence of nardosinane-type sesquiterpene in Talaromyces sp.

Two new naphthaline glucosides, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-8-methyl-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosylnaphthaline (1) and 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-8-methyl-2-O-β-d-glucopyranosylnaphthaline (2), together with one new isocoumarin glucoside, 3-(3,3-dichloro-2-hydroxylpropyl)-6-methoxy-8-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-1H-isochromen-1-one (3), were isolated from a cold-adapted fungal strain Mucor sp. (No. XJ07027-5). Their structures were characterized by detailed analyses of IR, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. Among them, 2 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against five tumor cells (A-549, HL-60, MCF-7, SMMC-7721, and SW480).

Chemical investigation on an endolichenic fungal strain Scopulariopsis sp. led to the isolation of two new naphthalene derivatives, 1-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1,8-dimethoxynaphthalen-2(1H)-one (1) and 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalen-2-ol (2). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR).