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Graphical abstract Highlights • HP-LT eclogitic schists of the Atbashi Complex are overlain by late Kasimovian strata. • The minimum age of HP-LT metamorphism in the Atbashi Complex is late Kasimovian (ca. 305 Ma). • South Tianshan Ocean closed in the Late Pennsylvanian. • Young ages of HP-LT rocks reflect incorrect interpretation of analytical data. Abstract The proposed Triassic age of oceanic subduction and high-pressure/low-temperature (HP-LT) metamorphism in the South Tianshan orogen (STS) of the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt needs to be re-examined on the basis of field relationship and precise age dating. Our biostratigraphic study in the Atbashi Range of southern Kyrgyzstan indicates that sedimentary strata unconformably overlie the HP-LT metamorphic rocks within the Turkestan suture zone and have a late Kasimovian (ca. 305 Ma) age. This constrains the minimum age of eclogite metamorphism in the HP-LT metamorphic complex. A Late Pennsylvanian to early Permian (Asselian) hinterland basin overlaps the margins of the Middle and South Tianshan and the ophiolitic suture between them, thus leaving no space for an oceanic basin in the northern STS in the late Permian or Triassic. In the south, overlap assemblages stitching the STS with the Tarim Craton consist of late Asselian to early Sakmarian limestones and early Permian rhyolites. Early Permian (ca. 295–265 Ma) post-collisional A-type granites and sub-alkaline plutons are widespread in the STS and are not affected by thrust deformation. These facts indicate that thrust packages of the STS were stacked together and welded to the margin of the Tarim Craton by the early Permian. The widespread occurrence of early Permian sub-alkaline granites is also not compatible with an oceanic accretionary wedge setting in the STS during the Permian or Triassic. Permian and Triassic zircon ages for subduction-related HP-LT metamorphic rocks and ophiolitic gabbro from the Atbashi and Djandjir ranges reported in two recent papers contradict geological relationships. A review of reported analytical data shows that anomalously young ages in all studied samples are based on geologically meaningless single zircon analyses and/or discordant data, which cannot be used for age calculation. The suggestion that an oceanic basin in the STS remained open and subduction continued until the Middle Triassic is erroneous because of insufficient consideration of basic regional geological relationships and incorrect interpretations of analytical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]