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Background: Previous studies have reported excellent results with tapered, titanium, porous plasma-sprayed components in patients undergoing uncemented primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of this study was to examine survival and clinical results at a minimum 25-year follow-up., Methods: We reviewed all patients who underwent primary THA at our center through 1995 with a specific femoral component that was essentially unchanged since its 1984 introduction, except porous coating was continued circumferentially in 1987, a hydroxyapatite-coated option was offered in 1988, and an offset option was added in 1999. There were 332 patients (396 THA) who had a minimum 25-year follow-up (range, 25 to 37). Mean age at surgery was 48 years (range, 21 to 70 years). Mean follow-up in nonfailed patients was 29 years (range, 25 to 37 years)., Results: There were 31 femoral revisions (7.8%): 9 infections, 3 failures of ingrowth, 5 aseptic loosening, 8 osteolysis well-fixed, 2 periprosthetic fractures, 2 polyethylene wear with trochanteric avulsion, 1 component breakage, and 1 malalignment well-fixed. Kaplan-Meier survival with the endpoint of all-cause stem revision was 94.8% (95% confidence interval: ±0.9%) at 37 years, and with the endpoint of aseptic loosening/failure of ingrowth was 98.7% (95% confidence interval: ±0.5) at 37 years. Harris hip scores improved significantly from 43 preoperatively to 76 most recently., Conclusion: This tapered, titanium, porous plasma spray-coated femoral component continues to demonstrate high long-term survival with a low rate of femoral component revision for any reason or aseptic loosening/failure of ingrowth., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Custom acetabular components are an increasingly utilized reconstructive option in total hip arthroplasty for catastrophic bone loss and acetabular failure. The purpose of this study was to determine the survivorship of such components for reconstruction due to catastrophic bone loss at a minimum 5-year follow-up., Methods: From August 2003 to July 2016, 64 patients (66 hips) underwent acetabular reconstruction with custom triflange components. All hips were classified as Paprosky 3B or 3C. Harris hip scores were analyzed. Overall survivorship was determined by survival analysis., Results: Seventeen patients (18 hips) died prior to returning for 5-year follow-up. One presumed living patient was lost to contact, yielding a cohort of 46 patients (47 hips) who had minimum 5-year follow-up. The mean age was 65 years (range, 46 to 85), mean body mass index was 29.4 (range, 18 to 45), and 72% were women. Mean follow-up was 8 years (range, 5 to 16). There were 3 revisions of the triflange device (6.4%) due to infection. Survivorship to end point of triflange removal for any reason was 94.1% (95% confidence interval: ±3.4%) at a mean of 16 years. In the overall series (n = 66), there were 9 (13.6%) additional reoperations as follows: 5 incision and debridements, one open reduction internal fixation, two stem revisions for periprosthetic femoral fracture, and one head revision. Harris hip scores improved significantly from a mean of 41 points preoperatively to 64 points postoperatively., Conclusions: Custom acetabular triflange components represent a highly effective tool in a surgeon's armamentarium. These devices are extremely helpful in managing catastrophic bone loss and have a good mean 16-year survival., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Precise indications for medial unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) continue to be defined. It is unclear if patients who have proximal tibia vara should be considered candidates for UKA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of proximal tibial varus alignment on outcomes after UKA., Methods: A retrospective review identified 2,416 patients (3,029 knees) who underwent mobile-bearing medial UKA with 2-year minimum follow-up or revision. Preoperative radiographs were evaluated, and medial proximal tibial angle (mPTA) was measured. Patients were grouped into two groups as follows: mPTA <80 degrees and mPTA ≥80 degrees. Analyses were performed on the impact of mPTA on clinical outcomes, all-cause revisions, and tibial failures., Results: At a mean follow-up of 5 years (range, 0.5 years to 12.8 years), there was not a statistically significant difference in clinical outcomes nor increased risk for all-cause revision or tibial failure in patients who had an mPTA <80°. Mean mPTA in patients who had tibial failures was 82.5° and not significantly different than those who did not have a tibial failure (82.9°) (P = .289). Tibial failure rate in knees with an mPTA <80° was 2.2% and not significantly different than knees with an mPTA ≥80° at 1.4% (P = .211). The all-cause revision rate in knees with an mPTA <80° was 5.8% and was not significantly different than knees with an mPTA ≥80° at 4.9% (P = .492)., Conclusion: Patients who have tibia vara are not at increased risk for tibial related or all-cause failure in medial UKA. This data may allow surgeons to increase their indications for medial UKA., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Use of metal-on-metal (MoM) articulations in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has sharply declined due to high failure rates from metal-related complications. Although certain MoM designs have demonstrated only 46% survival, not all MoM designs have performed the same. The purpose of this study is to evaluate mid-term to long-term survival of a specific MoM implant with a modular titanium taper adapter., Methods: A retrospective review was performed on all patients who underwent primary THA at our center with the M 2 a-Magnum system (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN). Of 829 patients (956 hips) identified, 754 patients (869 hips) met inclusion criteria of signed research consent, minimum 2-year follow-up, and/or any revision surgery., Results: Mean follow-up was 11.0 years (range 2-16; ±3.5). Mean cup angle of inclination was 42.8° (range 24°-70°, ±6.3°), with 88.0% reconstructed within the 40° ± 10° safe zone. There were 64 revisions (7.36%): 7 (0.81%) septic and 57 (6.56%) aseptic. Of those, 32 (3.68%) were adverse reactions to metal debris. Kaplan-Meier survival free of revision for all causes was 88.6% at 16 years (95% confidence interval 86.8-90.4). Univariate analysis of risk factors for all-cause, aseptic, and adverse reaction to metal debris revision found no relationship with female gender, age ≥65 years, body mass index >30 kg/m 2 , higher activity level, or inclination angle outlier., Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate a more favorable mid-term to long-term survivorship with this specific MoM implant compared to other designs. Although our institution no longer performs MoM THA, further investigation into differences in MoM implant designs is warranted., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Survivorship of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in younger patients is concerning given the inverse relationship between age and lifetime risk for revision. The purpose of this study is to determine if risk of revision has improved for patients aged 55 years or younger who undergo primary THA using modern polyethylene liners., Methods: A retrospective review identified 2,461 consented patients (2,814 hips) with minimum 2-year follow-up who underwent primary THA at our institution between September 2007 and August 2014 using components from a single manufacturer (Zimmer Biomet), all with vitamin E-infused highly crosslinked polyethylene acetabular inserts. There were 561 patients (643 THA; 23%) aged 55 or younger and 1,900 (2,171 THA; 77%) older than 55., Results: Mean follow-up was 5.0 years for both groups. There were more male patients in the younger (55%) than older (41%) group. Body mass index (BMI) was higher in younger patients independent of gender. Improvement in Harris hip score (HHS) was similar between groups. Kaplan-Meier survival to endpoint of all cause revision was similar between groups at 12 years (P = .8808) with 97.5% (95% CI: ±0.7%) for younger versus 97.1% (95% CI: ±0.6%) for older patients. Most frequent reason for revision overall was periprosthetic femoral fracture (21; 0.75%); univariate analysis revealed risk factors were female gender (P = .28) and age ≥65 years (P = .012)., Conclusion: Use of modern polyethylene, such as vitamin E-stabilized highly cross-linked, liners during THA may improve survivorship in younger patients undergoing THA. Younger patients undergoing primary THA with highly cross-linked polyethylene liners had no increased rate of revision at mid-term follow-up., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate early postoperative surgical and medical complications in patients undergoing staged bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and determine if the interval to the second stage influences the risk of complications., Methods: A retrospective review was performed from 2016 through 2018 of all staged bilateral primary TKA procedures, yielding a cohort of 1005 patients (2010 TKAs). Four groups were created based on the timing of the second stage: 3 to 6 weeks, 7 to 12 weeks, 13 to 24 weeks, and >24 weeks. Clinical data compared between groups included demographics, knee range of motion, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score, Knee Society pain score, Knee Society clinical score, and Knee Society functional score. Postoperative complications within 90 days were evaluated, with complications after the second knee being the primary outcome., Results: The mean follow-up after second stage was 10.7 months (range, 3 to 37 months). No significant differences were found between groups in the range of motion, Knee Society pain, Knee Society clinical score, Knee Society functional score, or University of California Los Angeles activity score in either the first or second knee. After the first knee surgery, medical complications were highest in the >24-week group. After the second knee, there were no significant difference in manipulation (P = .9), wound complications (P = .7), venous thromboembolism (P = .8), or other medical complications (P = 1) based on the interval duration., Conclusion: The interval between staged TKA did not affect early medical or surgical complications after the second stage. Early clinical and function results were not different based on timing of the second surgery., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: As total knee arthroplasty (TKA) continues moving to the outpatient arena, the demand for revision surgery will subsequently increase which draws into question the feasibility for some revision scenarios as an outpatient. The purpose of this study is to report on the safety of outpatient revision knee arthroplasty., Methods: From June 2013 through December 2018, 102 patients (106 knees) underwent revision knee arthroplasty at a free-standing ambulatory surgery center. Mean patient age was 58.0 years, and 43% of patients were male. Procedures included the following: 45 cases of unicompartmental arthroplasty to TKA, 54 TKA revisions, and 52 cases involved a full exchange of components., Results: Ninety-three patients (88%) were discharged the same day without incident, none required transfer to acute facility, and 13 required overnight stay with 4 of these for convenience and 9 for medical reasons. There were no major complications within the first 48 hours postoperative. One patient required readmission for treatment of ileus 11 days postoperative. There were no other readmissions, no subsequent surgeries, and no deaths within 90 days. One or more major comorbidities were present in 66 patients., Conclusion: Outpatient revision knee arthroplasty was found to be safe in carefully selected patients and case scenarios. Presence of medical comorbidities was not associated with risk of complications. The paradigm changes of patient education, medical optimization, and a multimodal program to mitigate the risk of blood loss and reduce need for narcotics facilitates performing some revision arthroplasties safely in an outpatient setting., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: At the turn of the 21st century, there was a re-emergence of metal-on-metal (MoM) articulation with 35% of all total hip arthroplasty implants having MoM articulation. Approximately 10 years after its peak use, MoM articulation began to decrease dramatically as revisions became more apparent because of adverse reaction to metal debris. Today, there are surveillance guidelines and reconstructive clinical pearls a surgeon should recognize., Methods: This article gives a literature-based overview of clinical pearls and discusses how to avoid pitfalls when performing revision of a metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty., Results: Patients with MoM can be risk-stratified based on symptom, implant, and testing variables. Those patients who are symptomatic and/or develop adverse reaction to metal debris with local tissue destruction will require a revision. The revision of MoM can be challenging due to bone and soft tissue destruction. Constraint may be needed in cases of abductor deficiency., Conclusion: Although MoM implants for THA have declined significantly, surgeons are still faced with the revision burden from a decade of high use. Risk stratification tools are available to aid in revision decision making, and the surgeon should be prepared to address the challenges these revisions present., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recurrent instability after total hip arthroplasty is a difficult complication. In certain cases, a constrained acetabular device is needed to address these issues. The purpose of this study is to report the midterm outcomes and survivorship of a single novel constrained liner device., Methods: A retrospective review as performed on all procedures (except first stage exchange for infection) in which a Freedom Constrained (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN) liner was used between December 2003 and November 2016. Patients with 2-year minimum follow-up or failure were included, yielding a cohort of 177 patients. Procedures were 130 aseptic revisions, 40 reimplantations following infection eradication, and 7 complex primaries. The constrained mechanism was implanted in 46 hips (26%) to treat active instability and 131 hips (74%) for increased risk of instability and intraoperative instability. Patients had on average 3.4 previous surgeries., Results: With an average 7.1-year follow-up, 11 hips dislocated (6.2%), and 13 hips (7.3%) were revised for acetabular aseptic loosening, resulting in an overall constrained aseptic or mechanical failure rate of 13.6%. Nineteen hips (10.7%) failed from infection with 58% of these having had a previous infection. Patients with active instability had significantly higher failure for dislocation than patients who were at risk (15.2% vs 3%, P = .01). All-cause survival rate at 7 years was 74.8%, aseptic survival was 83.6%, and survival for instability was 91.8%., Conclusion: Revision for instability remains challenging as many patients have had numerous previous surgeries and at-risk anatomy. Constrained inserts are one option to manage instability, but a high rate of recurrence can still occur., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The impact of a patient's activity level following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains controversial, with some surgeons concerned about increased polyethylene wear, aseptic loosening, and revisions. The purpose of this study is to report on implant survivorship and outcomes of high activity patients compared to low activity patients after TKA., Methods: A retrospective review identified 1611 patients (2038 knees) that underwent TKA with 5-year minimum follow-up. Patients were divided in 2 groups based on their University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity level: low activity (LA) (UCLA ≤5) and high activity (HA) (UCLA ≥6). Outcomes included range of motion, Knee Society scores, complications, and reoperations. Parametric survival analysis was performed to evaluate the significance of activity level on survivorship while controlling for age, gender, preoperative pain, Knee Society clinical scores, Knee Society functional scores, and body mass index (BMI)., Results: Mean follow-up was 11.4 years (range 5.1-15.9). The LA group had significantly more female patients, were older, had higher BMI, and had lower functional scores preoperatively (all with P < .001). The HA group had significantly higher improvements in Knee Society scores (P < .001) and pain postoperatively (P < .001). Revisions were performed in 4% of the LA group and 1.7% knees of the HA group (P = .003). After controlling for age, gender, preoperative pain, Knee Society clinical scores, Knee Society functional scores, and BMI, a higher postoperative activity level remained a significant factor for improved survivorship with an odds ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.2-4.7, P = .011). The all-cause 12-year survivorship was 98% for the HA group and 95.3% for the LA group (P = .003). The aseptic 12-year survivorship was 98.4% for the HA group and 96.3% for the LA group (P = .02)., Conclusion: Highly active patients had increased survivorship at 5-year minimum follow-up compared to lower activity patients after TKA. Patient activity level after TKA may not need to be limited with modern implants., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Management of an infected total hip arthroplasty (THA) is challenging. The eradication of infection as well as complications of component removal must all be considered. This study is an update on previous reports of treating periprosthetic infection of the hip with a partial 2-stage exchange with retention of the femoral component., Methods: A retrospective review of our practice's arthroplasty registry from 2000 to 2018 revealed 41 hips with 2-year minimum follow-up that were treated with a 2-stage partial exchange for an infected THA. All first-stage procedures allowed an articulating construct with 1 of 3 variations: cemented constrained liner (13 hips), StageOne Hip Cement Spacer Mold (14 hips), or an antibiotic polymethylmethacrylate head molded from a bulb syringe (14 hips). Of 41 cases, 34 were culture positive, with 3 cases having methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus., Results: Mean follow-up was 5.5 years (range, 1.5-18.5 years). The second-stage reimplantation was accomplished in 39 of the 41 hips (95%) at a mean interval of 9.2 weeks (range, 5-9 weeks). Two patients underwent repeat radical debridement with removal of all components before reimplantation for persistent clinical evidence of infection. Thirty-three of the 41 hips (81%) were infection free at most recent follow-up. The mean postoperative Harris hip score at most recent evaluation was 63.6 (range, 24-100)., Conclusion: Eradication of periprosthetic joint infections, while minimizing patient morbidity, continues to be a challenge. Partial 2-stage exchange may be considered in cases where removal of a well-fixed femoral component may result in significant bony destruction., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The purpose of this study is to report the long-term outcomes and survivorship of a high flexion knee system., Methods: We identified 1312 patients (1664 knees) who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty with the Vanguard Complete Knee System with 10-year minimum follow-up. Preoperative and postoperative range of motion, Knee Society scores, complications, and reoperations were evaluated., Results: At an average of 11.9 years of follow-up, 88 knees were revised (5.3%). The deep infection rate was 1.4%. There was an average range of motion improvement of 3.9°, pain level decreased by 35.8, Knee Society clinical scores improved by 48, and Knee Society functional scores improved by 15.1 (all P < .001). Survival was 96.4% at 10 years for aseptic causes and 95.5% for all causes., Conclusion: At a 10-year minimum follow-up, this high flexion knee system demonstrates excellent survivorship., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Metal-on-metal (MoM) revisions have shown high rates of complications from aseptic loosening, deep infection, and dislocation. The purpose of this study is to report on outcomes and complications of a large consecutive series of patients who were revised for failed MoM total hip arthroplasty (THA)., Methods: We evaluated 188 patients (203 hips) who underwent revisions of failed MoM THA. Mean age at the revision was 60 years old. Gender was female in 112 hips (55%) and male in 91 hips (45%). Mean interval to failure after primary THA was 4.9 years (range, 0-18 years). The acetabular component was revised in 183 cases (92%). Clinical outcomes assessed included pain score and Harris hip score., Results: Mean follow-up from revision was 4.2 years. Harris hip score improved from 53.6 pre-revision to 73.5 at most recent follow-up (P < .001). Pain level significantly improved from 17.2 pre-revision to 32.8 post-revision (P < .001). Reoperations occurred in 28 (14%) hips. Re-revision was required in 16 hips (7.9%). The most common reasons for re-revision were aseptic loosening (5), dislocation (3), infection (2), and iliopsoas tendonitis (2). Re-revision was significantly higher in cases of pseudotumor. There was no difference in survival with ultraporous cups. Three hips required re-revision to custom triflange components. All-cause survival was 90.5% at 4.2 years. Metal ion levels significantly declined after revision., Conclusion: Revisions of failed MoM THA showed improvements in clinical outcomes, but present significant surgical challenges and complications especially in cases with soft tissue damage and pseudotumor., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patients are often cautioned against a high level of activity after knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to report on implant survivorship and outcomes of high-activity patients compared with low-activity patients after unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA)., Methods: We identified 487 patients (576 knees) who underwent UKA with the Oxford mobile bearing knee (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN) with a 5-year minimum follow-up. Patients were divided into 2 groups: low activity (LA) (University of California Los Angeles ≤6) and high activity (HA) (University of California Los Angeles ≥7). Preoperative and postoperative range of motion, Knee Society scores, complications, and reoperations were evaluated., Results: Mean follow-up was 9 years (range, 4 to 13.1). The HA group had significantly more male patients, were younger, and had higher knee society clinical scores and knee society functional scores preoperatively. The HA group had significantly higher improvements in Knee Society scores and pain postoperatively. Revisions were performed in 8.4% of the LA group and 6.2% of the HA group (P = .43). At our mean of 9-year follow-up, there was 94.0% survival for the HA group and 92.1% for the LA group (P = .6085)., Conclusions: Highly active patients had no increased risk of revision after UKA with the Oxford mobile bearing knee at 5-year minimum follow-up., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Persistent pain after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a prevailing reason for revision to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Many of these pathologies can be addressed arthroscopically. The purpose of this study is to examine the outcomes of patients who undergo an arthroscopy for any reason after medial UKA., Methods: A query of our practice registry revealed 58 patients who had undergone medial UKA between October 2003 and June 2015 with subsequent arthroscopy. Mean interval from medial UKA to arthroscopy was 22 months (range 1-101 months). Indications for arthroscopy were acute anterior cruciate ligament tear (1), arthrofibrosis (7), synovitis (12), recurrent hemarthrosis (2), lateral compartment degeneration including isolated lateral meniscus tears (11), and loose cement fragments (25)., Results: Mean follow-up after arthroscopy was 49 months (range 1-143 months). Twelve patients have been revised from UKA to TKA. Relative risk of revision after arthroscopy for lateral compartment degeneration was 4.27 (6 of 11; 55%; P = .002) and for retrieval of loose cement fragments was 0.05 (0 of 25; 0%; P = .03). Relative risk for revision after arthroscopy for anterior cruciate ligament tear, arthrofibrosis, synovitis, or recurrent hemarthrosis did not meet clinical significance secondary to the low number of patients in these categories., Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that arthroscopic retrieval of cement fragments does not compromise UKA longevity. However, arthroscopy for lateral compartment degradation after UKA, while not the cause of revision, appears to be an ineffective treatment and predicts a high risk of revision to TKA regardless of its relative radiographic insignificance., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Despite improvements in polyethylene bearing surface properties, only 1 previous study has examined the results of larger thickness bearings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether polyethylene thickness influenced patient outcomes and implant survival following modular total knee arthroplasty., Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty from 2003 to 2014 in a single practice database. Patients were separated into "thin" and "thick" polyethylene groups based on manufacturer polyethylene bearing sizes of 14 mm or less compared to those greater than 14 mm, respectively. Patient clinical outcomes, need for revision surgery, and overall implant survival rates were evaluated., Results: A total of 6698 primary knee arthroplasties were included, and a thin bearing was used in 96.5% of these cases. Preoperatively, patients with a thick bearing had significantly lower Knee Society clinical scores (P < .01), a trend toward lower functional scores (P = .06), and more significant coronal plane deformity. Postoperatively, patients with thick bearings exhibited better Knee Society clinical and pain scores as well as similar functional scores and University of California at Los Angeles activity scores. The overall reoperation rate and 10-year survivorship free of revision were similar between thick and thin bearings (1.7% vs 2.3%; 98.2% vs 96.1%). Patients with thin bearings were twice as likely to require a manipulation under anesthesia postoperatively (P = .02), while there were no failures in the thick bearing group due to aseptic loosening or instability., Conclusion: Patients with thick polyethylene bearings performed similarly or better in multiple clinical outcomes and survivorship compared to those with thin bearings., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is touted as a more conservative, bone- and tissue-sparing procedure than total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Similarly, revision of UKA to TKA is generally a simpler procedure than revision of TKA to TKA and can be accomplished with primary TKA components in most cases. The purpose of this study was to review a consecutive series of patients undergoing revision of failed UKA to TKA to determine if etiology is similar to that reported in recent literature and evaluate if the results align more with primary TKA vs revision of TKA to TKA., Methods: A query of our private practice registry from 1996 to 2015 revealed 184 patients (193 knees) who underwent revisions of failed UKA with minimum 2-year follow-up. The mean age was 63.5 (37-84) years, body mass index was 32.3 (19-57) kg/m 2 , and interval after UKA was 4.8 (0-35) years. The most prevalent indications for UKA revision were aseptic loosening (42%) arthritic progression (20%), and tibial collapse (14%)., Results: At 6.1-year mean follow-up (2-20), 8 knees (4.1%) required re-revision, which is similar to what we reported at 5.5 years in a group of primary TKA patients (6 of 189; 3.2%) and much lower than what we observed at 6.0 years in a recent study of aseptic revision TKA patients (35 of 278; 12.6%). In the study group, Knee Society clinical and function scores improved from 50.8 and 52.1 preoperatively to 83.4 and 67.6 at the most recent evaluation. Re-revisions were for aseptic loosening (3), instability (2), arthrofibrosis (2), and infection (1)., Conclusions: Compared to published individual institution and national registry data, re-revision rates of failed UKA are equivalent to revision rates of primary TKA and substantially better than re-revision rates of revision TKA. These data should be used to counsel patients undergoing revision UKA to TKA., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Total knee arthroplasty is overall a very successful surgery, but complications do occur. These complications include aseptic loosening of the tibial component, and obese patients are among the highest risk group. High-viscosity cement (HVC) has been implicated as a possible cause for aseptic loosening of the tibial component. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of aseptic loosening of the tibial component in obese patients with the use of HVC and standard tibial tray., Methods: We identified 1366 obese patients (1851 knees) with a body mass index >35 kg/m 2 and 2-year minimum follow-up who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty using HVC and a symmetrical, grit-blasted, cobalt-chrome tibial component with 40-mm stem. Preoperative and postoperative range of motion, Knee Society (KS) scores, complications, and reoperations were evaluated. Specifically, we assessed the rate of tibial aseptic loosening., Results: At a mean 5.4 years follow-up, only 1 in 1851 knees had aseptic loosening of the tibial component for an incidence of 0.054%. There was a mean increase of 3.3 degrees of knee range of motion. KS pain level decreased by 38.6 points (50 point scale). KS clinical scores improved by 52.2, Knee Society functional scores improved by 19.5, University of California, Los Angeles, activity score improved by 0.9, and Oxford Knee Score by 15.7. All these improvements were statistically significant with P < .001., Conclusion: Standard tibial components and HVC can be used in most patients, including the high-risk obese group, with low rates of tibial aseptic loosening., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) poses unique challenges compared with primary TKA such as bone loss, deformity, and ligament instability. Modular component options allow flexibility to deal with these complexities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate midterm outcomes for revision TKA using a modular revision knee system with complete interchangeability and multiple options for augmentation, offset, constraint, and stem extensions., Methods: A query of our practice registry revealed 257 consented patients (274 knees and 278 TKA) with minimum 2-year follow-up who underwent aseptic revision TKA with a modular system (Vanguard Super Stabilized Knee; Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN) between 2005 and 2013. Four patients were rerevised to a second Vanguard Super Stabilized Knee within the study period. Mean age was 68 years, and mean number of previous surgeries was 2 (1-14)., Results: At mean follow-up of 6.0 years (range, 2-11 years), there have been 25 aseptic revisions involving one or more components (9.0%): 15 aseptic loosening with concomitant instability in 2, 8 others with instability, 1 with hypersensitivity, and 1 revised elsewhere for unknown cause. Ten knees were revised for infection. Range of motion improved from 100° preoperatively to 105° most recently. Knee Society clinical scores improved from 45 to 79, and function scores from 46 to 56. Radiographic evaluation revealed satisfactory position, fixation, and alignment in 97% and abnormal findings in 7 knees: 4 limited to the patella, 1 tibial radiolucency, 1 femoral and tibial radiolucency, and 1 tibial subsidence., Conclusion: The results of this modular TKA revision system at 6 years mean follow-up are promising for use in complex scenarios, with a low frequency of aseptic rerevision, good knee stability, and substantial improvements in range of motion and clinical and functional outcomes., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Modular femoral components emerged because of the advantages of recreating limb length, offset, and native femoral version in total hip arthroplasty. Despite its potential benefits, the increase in modularity at the head-neck junction can lead to corrosion and subsequently failure of the implant., Methods: We present 3 case examples of patients who underwent revision surgery secondary to corrosion of their modular femoral components., Results: Issues addressed include understanding corrosion at the head-neck junction, presentations of adverse local tissue reactions, efficacy of metal ion testing and metal artifact reduction sequence magnetic resonance imaging, and approaches to revision surgery for failed modular neck stems., Conclusions: When revision surgery is indicated for failed modular neck stems, we recommend a thoughtful approach with contemporary extraction techniques and options to enhance stability. Furthermore, long-term follow-up is needed to define the growing effect of modularity in total hip arthroplasty., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The femoral component and proprietary instrumentation of a mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) was redesigned with an additional peg for enhanced fixation, 15° of extra femoral surface for contact in deep flexion, more rounded profile, better fit into the milled surface, and redesigned intramedullary based instrumentation. To assess the benefit of these changes, we compared postoperative radiographs of 219 single-peg and 186 twin-peg UKAs done in 2008-2011. All surviving knees demonstrated satisfactory position and alignment with no radiolucencies observed. Radiographic analysis showed improved and consistent component positioning with the twin-peg design implanted with updated instrumentation compared with the single-peg. The radiographic benefits of improved implant positioning using the twin-peg component and updated instrumentation are clear and carry tremendous potential. More robust follow-up is imperative., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Isolated patellofemoral arthritis can be a disabling condition that can be challenging to treat. Patients with symptoms recalcitrant to conservative measures are considered for total or partial knee arthroplasty. This retrospective study reports the results of patellofemoral arthroplasty at a single center using a variety of implant designs. Thirty patients (37 knees) with isolated patellofemoral disease treated with patellofemoral arthroplasty with a minimum of one year follow-up were evaluated. The majority of patients were female (83%) and the underlying diagnosis was osteoarthritis in 98% of knees. Reported follow-up averaged 31 months. Average Knee Society Pain, Functional, and Clinical Scores improved from pre-op to most recent follow-up. Two complications (5.4%) required intervention. One patient was converted to a total knee arthroplasty secondary to patella instability., (Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Metal-on-metal (MoM) articulations offers low wear, larger head size, and increased stability. Reports of early failure are troubling and include failure of ingrowth and metal articulation problems such as metallosis, hypersensitivity, pseudotumor, and unexplained pain. This study investigates the survivorship of modern MoM articulations by gender. We reviewed 1589 primary MoM THA in 1363 patients, with minimum 2-year follow-up for 1212 hips. Follow-up averaged 60 months. There were 643 female patients and 719 male patients. The incidence of cup revision was significantly higher in women than in men (8.2% vs 2.7%; P = .0000), as was incidence of aseptic loosening (4.3% vs 1.1%; P = .0006), and failure for metal-bearing complications (2.2% vs 0.6%; P = .0126). There appear to be gender factors influencing the success of MoM THA, which may include hormonal, anatomic, or functional differences., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be a risk factor for complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). We sought to determine the prevalence of OSA in patients undergoing TJA, and the safety and effectiveness of intrathecal narcotic (IN) in these patients. We retrospectively reviewed 1255 consecutive patients undergoing 1463 TJA at one hospital. All patients underwent routine screening for OSA and IN anesthesia, with 109 patients (134 TJA) identified with OSA (8.7%). Compared with 127 randomly selected patients (141 TJA) without OSA, OSA patients were significantly heavier and had higher American Society of Anesthesiologists scores, more comorbidities, longer length of stay, more transient hypoxia, more transfusions, and more medical variances. Despite more minor variances, with appropriate screening and management, OSA patients did not have a higher rate of significant or major complications. Length of stay, although longer, was only 2.3 days in OSA patients, demonstrating the safety and efficacy of IN anesthesia in these patients., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Simultaneous vs staged bilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) continues to evoke controversy, with perioperative complications representing the most significant issue. Previous authors have reported significant cost savings by performing bilateral THA simultaneously, but have failed to address issues of surgeon and hospital reimbursement. This study compares 277 consecutive patients undergoing either simultaneous (334 THAs) or staged bilateral cementless THA (220 THAs) in lateral decubitus position using a single cementless stem design, with emphasis on perioperative complications and reimbursement to surgeon and hospital. There were significantly more inpatient complications and adverse events in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral THA in the lateral decubitus position, significantly higher transfusion requirement, and more patients failing to reach physical therapy goals during admission requiring more transfers to rehabilitation facilities. Need for subsequent hip surgery was also significantly higher in simultaneous bilateral patients. In addition to these negative results, the hospital system realized a 28% reduction and the surgeon suffered a 15% reduction in potential reimbursement.

Constrained acetabular components can treat or prevent instability after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We examine long-term results of 755 consecutive constrained THA in 720 patients (1986-1993; 62 primary, 59 conversion, 565 revision, 60 reimplantation, and 9 total femur). Eighty-three patients (88 THAs) were lost before 10-year follow-up, leaving 639 patients (667 THAs) available for study. Dislocation occurred in 117 hips (17.5%), in 37 (28.9%) of 128 constrained for recurrent dislocation, and 46 (28.2%) of 163 with dislocation history. Other reoperations were for aseptic loosening (51, 7.6% acetabular; 28, 4.2% stem; 16, 2.4% combined), infection (40, 6.0%), periprosthetic fracture (19, 2.8%), stem breakage (2, 0.3%), cup malposition (1, 0.1%), dissociated insert (1, 0.1%), dissociated femoral head (1, 0.1%), and impingement of 1 broken (0.1%) and 4 (0.6%) dissociated constraining rings. Although constrained acetabular components prevented recurrent dislocation in 71.1%, they should be used cautiously, with a 42.1% long-term failure rate observed in this series. Dislocation was common despite constraint with previous history as a significant risk.

Venous thromboembolic disease (VTD), deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, causes morbidity and mortality following total hip and total knee arthroplasties, while ileus complicates up to 4.0%. The clinical courses of 2,949 patients undergoing 3,364 consecutive primary and revision total hip and total knee arthroplasties, radical debridements, and reimplantations at one institution over a 2-year period were reviewed to examine the relationship between ileus and VTD. VTD prophylaxis consisted of aspirin and intermittent plantar pulse boots for all patients except those at high risk, who received parenteral chemical prophylaxis and boots. Ileus occurred in 62 patients (2.1%) and symptomatic DVT in 51 (1.7%). With ileus, the incidence of DVT was 8.1%: odds ratio 5.5 (P =.0036). Symptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred in 7 patients (0.24%); with ileus the incidence was 3.2%: odds ratio 19.6 (P =.0082). A significant increase was observed in rates of VTD with ileus. We recommend using parenteral chemical and mechanical prophylaxis in patients with ileus following total hip and total knee arthroplasties.

Initial stability is critical for fixation and survival of cementless total hip arthroplasty. Occasionally, a split of the calcar occurs intraoperatively. A review of 1,320 primary total hip arthroplasties with 2-year follow-up, performed between August 1985 and February 2001 using the Mallory-Head Porous tapered femoral component, revealed 58 hips in 55 patients with an intraoperative calcar fracture managed with single or multiple cerclage wires or cables and immediate full weight bearing. At 7.5 years average follow-up (range, 2-16 years), there were no revisions of the femoral component, radiographic failures, or patients with severe thigh pain, for a stem survival rate of 100%. Average Harris hip score improvement was 33.8 points. Fracture of the proximal femur occurs in approximately 4% of primary THAs using the Mallory-Head Porous femoral component. When managed intraoperatively with cerclage wire or cable, the mid- to long-term results appear unaffected with 100% femoral component survival at up to 16 years.

Concerns exist with cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) femoral fixation in the elderly patient population. This study reviews the outcomes of a tapered cementless femoral component in elderly patients 75 years of age and older. Forty-seven patients (49 hips) older than 74 years of age (average age, 79 years) underwent primary cementless THA with a double-tapered stem between 1996 and 2000. Radiographs and clinical data were reviewed. At a mean follow-up of 5 years, the mean postoperative Harris Hip Score was 84, with 87% having no or minimal pain; none had severe thigh pain. Two cases of stem subsidence and no progressive radiolucencies were seen. One well-fixed stem was revised for unexplained pain (2%). Survival with aseptic loosening as an end-point was 100%. Overall implant survival was 98% at an average of 5 years. No perioperative deaths or significant orthopedic complications were identified. Advanced age is not a contraindication for tapered cementless THA.

Scheduled preoperative and postoperative analgesia should be offered in a multimodal management model. By a combined drug synergy effect, the central nervous system, afferent pathways, and peripheral wound site are modified collectively. In an ongoing effort to improve perioperative pain management, we retrospectively compared the results of a previously reported pain management protocol with 2 more recent groups of patients managed with modified pain protocols. In the earlier control protocol, epidural anesthesia was discontinued on arrival to the postanesthesia care unit, and regularly scheduled oral opioids and intravenous hydromorphone for breakthrough pain were initiated. The first more recent group used epidural anesthesia, and the second group used spinal anesthesia. Both protocols featured the use of cyclooxygenase-2-inhibiting anti-inflammatory medication administered for 2 weeks preoperatively and continued for 10 days postoperatively and patient-controlled analgesia for 24 hours followed by scheduled oral opioids., (Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA).)

A series of 120 primary total hip arthroplasties with minimal 10-year follow-up, in which a cementless, proximal-to-distal, dual-tapered geometry femoral component was used, was reviewed. At a mean follow-up interval of 12.20 years, a mean Harris hip score improvement of 38 points was calculated. Three (2.5%) femoral components were revised secondary to aseptic loosening, yielding a 97.5% survivorship. Thigh pain was mild or absent in 96.6% of the cases. Distal femoral osteolysis was observed in <2% of cases. The Harris hip score improvement, low incidence of severe thigh pain, high survivorship, and low incidences of significant stress shielding and distal osteolysis suggest excellent long-term results with the use of this uncemented tapered design, adding credence to the design rationale and justifying its continued use.