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We propose and investigate a novel coherent laser array design based on laterally coupled photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs). As a new type of semiconductor laser technology, PCSELs have field confinement in a planar cavity and laser beam emission in the surface normal direction. By engineering lateral couplings between PCSELs with heterostructure photonic crystal designs, we can achieve coherent operations from an array of PCSELs. In this paper, we demonstrate coherent operation from a passively coupled PCSEL array design. We fabricated PCSEL array devices on a GaAs-based quantum well heterostructure at a target wavelength of 1040 nm. Experimental results show that the 2-by-2 PCSEL arrays have spectral linewidth of 0.14–0.22 nm. Beam combining performance was characterized by self-interference experiments. Similar coherency between the PCSEL array and single PCSEL device was observed. Our compact PCSEL array designs by passive lateral coupling have potential applications in fields of on-chip photonic computing, quantum, and information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been decade-long and enduring efforts to decipher the structural mechanism of plasticity in metallic glasses; however, it still remains a challenge to directly reveal the structural change, if any, that precedes; and dominant plastics flow in them. Here, by using the dynamic atomic force microscope as an "imaging" as well as a "forcing" tool, we unfold a real-time sequence of structural evolution occurring on the surface of an Au-Si thin film metallic glass. In sharp contrast to the common notion that plasticity comes along with mechanical softening in bulk metallic glasses, our experimental results directly reveal three types of nano-sized surface regions, which undergo plasticity but exhibit different characters of structural evolution following the local plasticity events, including stochastic structural rearrangement, unusual local relaxation and rejuvenation. As such, yielding on the metallic-glass surface manifests as a dynamic equilibrium between local relaxation and rejuvenation as opposed to shear instability in bulk metallic-glasses. Our finding demonstrates that plasticity on the metallic glass surface of Au-Si metallic glass bears much resemblance to that of the colloidal gels, of which nonlinear rheology rather than shear instability governs the constitutive behavior of plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The near constant loss (NCL) in relaxation spectra is a crucial dynamic phenomenon for glassforming materials, while its underlying mechanism remains unclear and is hard to study due to the absence of characteristic time scale. We define a characteristic crossover point from both the dynamic mechanical measurements and the quasi-static tension experiments in the metallic glasses (MGs), to study the transition regime, where the NCL dynamics terminates and evolves to the initiation of the β-relaxation. It is found that such transition shows an apparent activation energy well below that of the β-relaxation. Our results also show the concomitant change of the crossover points and the NCL with aging and provide a cursory physical picture on how the NCL occurs, decays and evolves to the β- and a-relaxations in MGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been postulated that metallic glasses, in contrast to their crystalline counterparts, exhibit nano-scale structural heterogeneity which is crucial for understanding the long-standing issues of relaxations and deformation of glasses. We fabricate micrometer scale metallic glassy fibers (MGFs) with different diameters and structural configurations, and find that the thinner MGFs cooled down with faster cooling rates have smaller superconducting transition temperatures and wider transition widths. We show that the superconducting properties correlate with the heterogeneous microstructure of metallic glasses and can be used as a novel way to experimentally characterize the structural heterogeneity of metallic glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk metallic glasses have excellent thermoforming ability in their wide supercooled liquid region. We show that large-size metallic glass grating (∼8 × 8 mm2) with fine periodicity and ultra smooth surface feature can be readily fabricated by hot embossing. The method for fabrication of gratings is proved to be much cheaper, and requires low pressure and short time (less than 30 s). The metallic glass gratings exhibit comparable optical properties such as rainbow-like spectrum when shone by fluorescent lamp light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have successfully grown epitaxial CoFe2O4 (CFO) thin film on SrTiO3 by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. In order to understand the surface structure and its correlation with magnetic properties, CFO thin films were deposited at a range of deposition temperatures. As the deposition temperature is decreased, a huge effect on film morphology and surface roughness is observed, resulting from a change in the size and density of the crystal nuclei. These changes to grain structure and surface roughness modify the energy landscape of the films and are major contributors to the change in magnetic properties as a function of deposition temperature: the direction of the easy axis is aligned in-plane at lower deposition temperatures and lower anisotropy between different directions is observed in the rough films grown at high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies are conducted to explain the impact of the deposition temperature on the surface morphology, as well as the magnetic properties of the different epitaxial Co[Fe.sub.2][O.sub.4] thin films. A decrease in the deposition temperatures is shown to lead to a significant change in the size, as well as the density of the crystal nuclei.

Studies the pressure dependence of ultrasonic attenuation in Zr[sub 41]Ti[sub 14]Cu[sub 12.5]Ni[sub 10-x]Be[sub 22.5]C[sub x] bulk metallic glasses by using a pulse echo overlap method. Glass forming ability; Effects of carbon addition on changes of the alpha[1] and alpha[sub s].