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Biocellulose or bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biocompatible (nano) material produced with a three-dimensional network structure composed of microfibrils having nanometric diameters obtained by the Gluconacetobacter xylinus bacteria. BC membranes present relatively high porosity, allowing the incorporation or synthesis in situ of inorganic nanoparticles for multifunctional applications and have been used as flexible membranes for incorporation of magnetic nanocomposite. In this work, highly stable superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION), functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), with an average diameter of 5 nm and a saturation magnetization of 41 emu/g at 300 K were prepared. PEG-Fe2O3 hybrid was dispersed by mixing a pristine BC membrane in a stable aqueous dispersion of PEG-SPION. The PEG chains at PEG-SPION's surface provide a good permeability and strong affinity between the BC chains and SPION through hydrogen-bonding interactions. PEG-SPION also allow the incorporation of higher content of nanoparticles without compromising the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. Structural and magnetic properties of the composite have been characterized by XRD, SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), magnetization, Raman spectroscopy, and magnetic force microscopy.

In a recent paper based upon repeated magnetization studies done on the lungs of smokers and non‐smokers who have inhaled small quantities of iron oxide power, Cohen et al. claim that the dust clearance ability of the cigarette smoker’s lung is markedly impaired. A re‐interpretation of this data which casts doubt on the logic of Cohen’s conclusion was suggested by Sterling and is based upon the hypothesis that during the magnetization phase of Cohen’s experiment, iron oxide ’’clusters’’ were preferentially formed in the highly mucus‐filled environment of the smoker’s lung. In order to test the plausibility of this hypothesis, in‐vitro experiments have been performed to measure the mean ’’cluster’’ diameter of iron oxide powder in a mucus‐like liquid medium (methylcellulose) during and after magnetization as functions of the solution viscosity. Results of these measurements will be presented.

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials have attracted considerable attention because of their promising applications in spintronic devices. This paper reports on first-principles calculations of the electronic structure and ferromagnetism of Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6 with surface Ge vacancies. These vacancies are found to remove the bandgap and induce metallicity in Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6 that persists with decreasing Ge-vacancy concentration. Meanwhile, the Ge vacancies cause an unexpected sharp increase in the magnetic anisotropy energy compared to that of perfect Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6. More importantly, how thickness affects the magnetic anisotropy energy is studied to show that the latter oscillates upon increasing the number of layers, thereby switching between the out-of-plane and in-plane magnetization directions. The present findings regarding a surface-vacancy-tuned bandgap and magnetism controlled by the layer thickness in a two-dimensional van der Waals magnet could lead to potential applications in next-generation magnetic memory storage, sensors, and spintronics.Two-dimensional van der Waals materials have attracted considerable attention because of their promising applications in spintronic devices. This paper reports on first-principles calculations of the electronic structure and ferromagnetism of Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6 with surface Ge vacancies. These vacancies are found to remove the bandgap and induce metallicity in Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6 that persists with decreasing Ge-vacancy concentration. Meanwhile, the Ge vacancies cause an unexpected sharp increase in the magnetic anisotropy energy compared to that of perfect Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6. More importantly, how thickness affects the magnetic anisotropy energy is studied to show that the latter oscillates upon increasing the number of layers, thereby switching between the out-of-plane and in-plane magnetization directions. The present findings regarding a surface-vacancy-tuned bandgap and magnetism controlled by the layer thickness in a two-dimensional van der Waals magnet could lead to potential application...

A ferrimagnet (FiM) has small domains consisting of oppositely polarized and unequal magnetic moments. Oppositely polarized magnetic moments have strong exchange coupling between them resulting in robust torque in FiM called bulk torque. Due to the strong bulk torque, magnetic moments in FiM do not precess around the switching axis for a long time unlike ferromagnets (FMs) leading to faster switching speed compared to FM. In this paper, we propose and model the switching of FiM (CoTb) with spin current injection from heavy metal with strong spin Hall effect (SHE) such as Pt. We carry out ab initio calculation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) at the FiM(CoTb)/heavy metal(Pt) interface using spin polarized relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) Green’s function method. We compute the exchange coupling among the magnetic moments inside the CoTb layer and model how the spin-orbit torque (SOT) along with the bulk torque can efficiently switch the FiM. Then, we consider a ferrimagnet based magnetic tunnel junction (FMTJ) with SHE metal. We perform a comprehensive simulation and performance analysis of FiM(CoTb)/MgO/CoFeB and FiM(CoTb)/MgO/FiM(CoTb) FMTJs with Pt underlayer. Using non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism, we calculate the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) of the proposed FMTJs at room temperature. Furthermore, the importance of thickness in CoTb magnetization dynamics is shown using our FiM magnetization simulation framework. We analyze and show that the CoTb based FMTJ has large switching energy barrier to ensure thermal stability. Finally, we show the performance comparison (TMR, write performance and power consumption) between our proposed FMTJs and FM based MTJ and our simulation exhibits that for picosecond range switching speed, FMTJ is ∼25 times more energy efficient than FM based MTJ.A ferrimagnet (FiM) has small domains consisting of oppositely polarized and unequal magnetic moments. Oppositely polarized magnetic moments have strong exchange coupling between them resulting in robust torque in FiM called bulk torque. Due to the strong bulk torque, magnetic moments in FiM do not precess around the switching axis for a long time unlike ferromagnets (FMs) leading to faster switching speed compared to FM. In this paper, we propose and model the switching of FiM (CoTb) with spin current injection from heavy metal with strong spin Hall effect (SHE) such as Pt. We carry out ab initio calculation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) at the FiM(CoTb)/heavy metal(Pt) interface using spin polarized relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) Green’s function method. We compute the exchange coupling among the magnetic moments inside the CoTb layer and model how the spin-orbit torque (SOT) along with the bulk torque can efficiently switch the FiM. Then, we consider a ferrimagnet based magn...

This paper analyzes the magnetic properties of the emerging ferromagnetic chromium tri-iodide (CrI3) monolayer, under compressive and tensile biaxial strains. By combining first-principles density functional theory and Metropolis Monte Carlo methods, the multi-scale simulations are used to quantitatively analyze the strain-dependent magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, Heisenberg isotropic symmetric exchange effects, anisotropic symmetric exchange effects, magnetic moment, and Curie temperature (Tc). The Villari effect (or the inverse magnetostrictive effect) and the Nagaoka-Honda effect (or the inverse Barret effect) are unraveled. It is shown that a small strain (e.g., smaller than 1%) could change Tc by only less than 1 K. By contrast, a small strain can noticeably influence the hysteresis curve shape and significantly alter the coercive magnetic field (Bc), which offers one of the possible explanations of the large variation of Bc as measured on the strain-prone exfoliated CrI3 monolayers. This also indicates the importance to vanish strain to ensure small device-to-device variation of magnetic properties in the monolayer-based spintronics memory and logic devices. It is revealed that strain can induce changes on a series of key magnetic properties (e.g., the strain-induced magnetization direction flip, the strain-induced ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic transition, the strain-induced change of magnetic coercivity, etc.), which might be useful to enable monolayer-based sensor applications.This paper analyzes the magnetic properties of the emerging ferromagnetic chromium tri-iodide (CrI3) monolayer, under compressive and tensile biaxial strains. By combining first-principles density functional theory and Metropolis Monte Carlo methods, the multi-scale simulations are used to quantitatively analyze the strain-dependent magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, Heisenberg isotropic symmetric exchange effects, anisotropic symmetric exchange effects, magnetic moment, and Curie temperature (Tc). The Villari effect (or the inverse magnetostrictive effect) and the Nagaoka-Honda effect (or the inverse Barret effect) are unraveled. It is shown that a small strain (e.g., smaller than 1%) could change Tc by only less than 1 K. By contrast, a small strain can noticeably influence the hysteresis curve shape and significantly alter the coercive magnetic field (Bc), which offers one of the possible explanations of the large variation of Bc as measured on the strain-prone exfoliated CrI3 monolayers. This also ...

This paper is to study ramping turn-to-turn loss and magnetization loss of a no-insulation (NI) hightemperature superconductor (HTS) pancake coil wound with (RE)Ba2Cu3Ox (REBCO) conduc-tors. For insulated (INS) HTS coils, a magnetization loss occurs on superconducting layers during aramping operation. For the NI HTS coil, additional loss is generated by the “bypassing” current onthe turn-to-turn metallic contacts, which is called “turn-to-turn loss” in this study. Therefore, theNI coil’s ramping loss is much different from that of the INS coil, but few studies have beenreported on this aspect. To analyze the ramping losses of NI coils, a numerical method is developedby coupling an equivalent circuit network model and a H-formulation finite element method model.The former model is to calculate NI coil’s current distribution and turn-to-turn loss, and the lattermodel is to calculate the magnetization loss. A test NI pancake coil is wound with REBCO tapesand the reliability of this model is validated by experiments. Then the characteristics of the NIcoil’s ramping losses are studied using this coupling model. Results show that the turn-to-turn lossis much higher than the magnetization loss. The NI coil’s total ramping loss is much higher thanthat of its insulated counterpart, which has to be considered carefully in the design and operation ofNI applications. This paper also discusses the possibility to reduce NI coil’s ramping loss bydecreasing the ramping rate of power supply or increasing the coil’s turn-to-turn resistivity.

Variable inductors have a simple structure that consists of only magnetic core and primary dc and secondary ac windings, but can control effective inductance of the secondary ac winding by the primary dc current due to magnetic saturation effect. Hence, the variable inductors can be applied as a var compensator in electric power systems. In a previous paper, a lap-winding type three-phase variable inductor, which has the primary dc and secondary ac windings concentrically arranged on the same leg, was presented. It has a good controllability and low distortion current. This paper describes size and weight reduction of the lap-winding type three-phase variable inductor by focusing on the leg width. First, an initial design method of the leg width considering the influence of the dc-biased magnetization is presented. Next, a detailed design of the leg width for the size and weight reduction of the proposed variable inductor is described. Finally, characteristics of the size- and weight-reduced variable inductor were compared to those of the previous variable inductor. It is demonstrated that the core diameter is reduced by about 6% and the weight is decreased by about 50% in comparison with the previous variable inductor.

This paper introduces a wireless pump that uses magnetic wireless manipulation to pump blood in the legs. A compact size and sufficient hydrodynamic performance were the most important requirements. Because the bonded magnet technique allows for a complex shape and various magnetization orientations, we fabricated a magnetic impeller from magnetic SmFeN powder. The impellers demonstrated a magnetic moment of 2772.64 emu and coercive force of 7.55 kOe. Using the impeller, we developed a tiny blood pump with a diameter of 22 mm and height of 6 mm. The pump allows for a maximum flow rate of 2.7 l/min and maximum pump head of approximately 170 mm Hg at a rotating speed of 6000 rpm. This level of hydrodynamic performance is sufficient to circulate blood in the legs. In this paper, we present the magnetic properties of the magnetic impeller and the hydrodynamic performance with wireless operation.

This paper presents two-dimensional magnetostriction of electrical steel sheet under vector magnetic characteristic. In conventional measurement method using Single Sheet Tester, the magnetic flux density, the magnetic field strength, and the magnetostriction have been measured in one direction. However, an angle between the magnetic flux density vector and the magnetic field strength vector exists because the magnetic property is vector quantity. An angle between the magnetic flux density vector and the direction of maximum magnetostriction also exists. We developed a new measurement method, which enables measurement of these angles. The vector magnetic characteristic and the two-dimensional magnetostriction have been measured using the new measurement method. The BH and Bλ curves considering the angles are shown in this paper. The analyzed results considering the angles are also made clear.

This paper proposes the method to accurately predict the 180° basic domain width (Dw) in demagnetized states of the grooved Fe3%Si(110) single crystal with the tilt angle of [001] out of the sheet surface (β). The evaluation of Dw enables the estimation of the anomalous eddy current losses. In this paper, Dw is optimized to minimize the magnetic Gibbs free energy represented by vector potentials using the finite element method and the conjugate gradient method. The μ*-method is adopted to approximate the magnetization relaxation. The stray field energy generated by the magnetic charges occurring on both grooves cross section and sheet surfaces is considered in our proposed method. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed by comparison with the observed Dw. As a result, we could reveal the β dependence of Dw against the groove depth. Moreover, the theoretical threshold of the domain refinement due to the grooves has been suggested.

In this paper, we discuss a phenomenological approach for the numerical modeling of static hysteresis of grain oriented (GO) steels at macro-magnetic scale. The modeling is inspired to a generalization in 2-d of the Preisach model (this generalization can be easily extended in 3-d, but it is not necessary here), and the magnetization dependent state of the model parameters is represented by two distinct vectors, named the interaction field and the operative field, suitably defined. In this way, the very complex behavior of the GO steel circularly or linearly polarized is reproduced with accuracy, as shown in the numerical tests reported in the paper.

The characterization of magnetic memory effect is the primary task of the metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique used in quantitative evaluation, and it has been characterized by the Jiles-Atherton (J-A) model in recent papers. The feasibility of using the MMM field to characterize magnetization intensity M and the feasibility of using the J-A model in MMM detection are discussed in this paper to clarify the magnetic memory effect in the elastic stage. According to analysis with the J-A model and the results of a rotating bending fatigue experiment, the MMM field follows the law that the state approaches equilibrium under the action of cyclic stress. This is similar to what the J-A model shows, only with replacement of the global equilibrium state Man in the J-A model with the local equilibrium state M0. The expression of M0 is obtained by considering the energy balance in the process of magnetization. M0 changes with the pinning resistance, external field, and type of stress cycle. Additionally, the M0−σ curve is a loop around the Man−σ curve, which is consistent with experimental results. How the modified J-A model describes the variation in MMM field in the process of fatigue is also discussed. This paper shows that the J-A model can be used to analyze the magnetic memory effect in the process of fatigue after replacing Man with M0.

For materials with a particulate structure, Neel was the first to point out the importance of statistical fluctuations of the magnetic interaction fields. He has shown how they influence the material behavior and how reptation can be generated. These aspects are not taken into account by some classical hysteresis models, e.g., the Preisach model. A recent paper by Della Torre and Kadar [IEEE Trans. Magn. MAG‐23, 2820 (1987)] improved the Preisach model in order to consider the influence of fluctuations. Our paper presents an hysteresis model, based on the superposition of the elementary characteristics of single bistable particles. The interaction field is assumed to have a Gaussian statistic distribution, with a mean value and a standard deviation depending on the macroscopic magnetization. The spatial fluctuations of the field acting on the bistable particles are seen to enhance the mean‐field components. Being that the fluctuations are stronger when the material is macroscopically demagnetized, it is e...

In this paper we describe a new method for producing samples with large thin areas for Lorentz TEM observation of recorded magnetic domain patterns in production‐quality thin‐film rigid disks. In this method, as applied in this paper to the study of electroplated Co‐Ni‐P media, a strippable metal layer is introduced beneath the magnetic layer, along with plated Ni‐P which provides a sublayer for magnetic film growth comparable to the normal polished electroless nickel substrate. In this way one can produce a magnetic layer identical to that on a real disk, write data on the disk with a flying head, and then remove the magnetic layer for TEM analysis. We also describe some typical applications of the new method, including a comparison of magnetic domain structure at recorded transitions in high‐ and low‐noise media, and an illustration of the effect of head pole geometry on bit‐cell shape.

This paper presents the first report on Gd doping (0%–4%) of GaN thin films by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The Ga1−xGdxN films grown in this study were found to be of good crystalline quality, single-phase, and unstrained, with a high saturation magnetization strength of 20 emu/cm3 being obtained for GaN films doped with 2% Gd at room temperature. Furthermore, these films were found to be conductive with an enhanced n-type behavior suggesting that unintentional donors are responsible for stabilizing the ferromagnetic phase in as-grown Ga1−xGdxN. Additionally, it was found that this magnetization can be enhanced by n-(Si: 1018 cm−3) and p-(Mg: 1019 cm−3) doping to 110 emu/cm3 and ∼500 emu/cm3, respectively. This paper shows empirically that holes are more efficient in stabilizing the ferromagnetic phase as compared to electrons. Overall, this research has resulted in a room temperature ferromagnetic dilute magnetic semiconductor that is conductive and whose magnetic properties can be tuned by ...

It is well known that applied mechanical stresses could have a strong adverse effect on the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic media. In power devices, mechanical clamping mechanisms of core lamination stacks could, thus, alter their overall performance. This paper presents an automated approach through which field computation of nonlinear media subject to mechanical stress may be performed. In this approach, clamped zones are assumed to posses zero strain and magnetization induced stresses are deduced from prohibited magnetostriction. Details of the approach as well as simulation results are given in the paper.

In this paper we present a study of switching characteristics of a series of synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) structures using reversible susceptibility experiments. Three series of SAF samples were considered in our study with (t1, t2), the thickness of the FeCoB layers of (80nm, 80nm), (50nm, 50nm), and (80nm, 20nm) and with the interlayer of Ru ranging from 0to2nm. A vector vibrating sample magnetometer was used to measure the hysteresis loops along the different directions in the plane of the samples. The reversible susceptibility experiments were performed using a resonant method based on a tunnel diode oscillator. We showed that the switching peaks in the susceptibility versus field plots obtained for different orientations of the applied dc field can be used to construct the switching diagram of the SAF structure. The critical curve constitutes the fingerprint of the switching behavior and provides information about micromagnetic and structural properties of SAF which is an essential component of modern magnetic random access memories.In this paper we present a study of switching characteristics of a series of synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) structures using reversible susceptibility experiments. Three series of SAF samples were considered in our study with (t1, t2), the thickness of the FeCoB layers of (80nm, 80nm), (50nm, 50nm), and (80nm, 20nm) and with the interlayer of Ru ranging from 0to2nm. A vector vibrating sample magnetometer was used to measure the hysteresis loops along the different directions in the plane of the samples. The reversible susceptibility experiments were performed using a resonant method based on a tunnel diode oscillator. We showed that the switching peaks in the susceptibility versus field plots obtained for different orientations of the applied dc field can be used to construct the switching diagram of the SAF structure. The critical curve constitutes the fingerprint of the switching behavior and provides information about micromagnetic and structural properties of SAF which is an essential component of mo...

This paper discusses some aspects of practical modeling of spin-torque effects in current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) giant magnetoresistive magnetic multilayers, with emphasis on considerations of primary importance for sensor and/or read head applications of CPP spin valves (SVs). These include an extension of the well-known Valet-Fert transport model [Phys. Rev. B 48, 7099 (1993)] to the general case of noncollinear magnetization vectors in CPP multilayer of arbitrary layer structure as well as the application of the model to realistic CPP-SV structures. Simple analytical models for the angular dependence of spin-torque critical currents in CPP-SV devices are reviewed and compared with numerical simulations which include thermal fluctuations. Finally, the paper also contains some recent high frequency spectral measurements of spin-torque-induced noise in dual spin-valve sensors.This paper discusses some aspects of practical modeling of spin-torque effects in current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) giant magnetoresistive magnetic multilayers, with emphasis on considerations of primary importance for sensor and/or read head applications of CPP spin valves (SVs). These include an extension of the well-known Valet-Fert transport model [Phys. Rev. B 48, 7099 (1993)] to the general case of noncollinear magnetization vectors in CPP multilayer of arbitrary layer structure as well as the application of the model to realistic CPP-SV structures. Simple analytical models for the angular dependence of spin-torque critical currents in CPP-SV devices are reviewed and compared with numerical simulations which include thermal fluctuations. Finally, the paper also contains some recent high frequency spectral measurements of spin-torque-induced noise in dual spin-valve sensors.

Spintronic devices can realize multilevel state storage and mimic the properties of the synapse, which enables their potential application in the field of artificial neural networks. In this paper, we demonstrate the existence of a large intermediate transition zone in current-induced magnetization switching curves of Pt/Co–Tb/Ta structures, and the number of states in the transition zone that can be manipulated by changing the Co content. The magneto-optical Kerr microscope imaging indicates that this property is related to the constrained domain wall motion in the Co–Tb films with large Co content. We also demonstrate the multilevel state storage properties of the sample by applying a sequence of current pulses. The synaptic plasticity behaviors were mimicked in these samples through regulating the value of Hall resistance by current pulses. The constrained domain wall motion supplies a simple but effective way to achieve multilevel state storage and show potential applications in neuromorphic computing.

This paper describes a theoretical approach to calculate the permeability tensor of polycrystalline ferrites in various magnetization states, from the completely demagnetized state to saturation. Demagnetizing dynamic fields related to the magnetic domain and grain shapes are introduced in the initial equations to describe the interactions between domains in a grain and between grains. In this paper, we focus on the calculation of the initial permeability of polycrystalline ferrites. Results obtained from the model are compared in a completely demagnetized state to those given by the well-known Schloemann model and to experiments. In all the models given in the literature, an unusually high value of the damping factor must be introduced into the calculations to correctly describe the low-field loss region. Values of the damping factor comparable to those calculated from the measured resonance linewidth of ferrites permit the prediction of the spreading of the magnetic losses as a function of frequency exp...

The design concept of microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) using the flux control (FC) effect has been proposed as a technology for hard disk drives (HDDs). In this type of MAMR, the magnetization of an in-gap device (FC device) is reversed against the gap field by spin-transfer torque, enhancing the amplitude and gradient of the recording field. In this paper, we study the magnetization dynamics of an FC device fabricated in the write gap of an HDD write head. The operation of the FC device is analyzed by measuring the temporal resistance change in the sub-nanosecond region. Reversal of the FC device becomes faster as the bias current is increased and can be completed by 0.5 ns after the transition of the write current. The experimental results are reproduced by micromagnetic simulations using a head model, confirming that the simulations correctly describe the magnetization dynamics of the actual device. The simulations show that the recording field gain by the FC device appears with little delay after the rise of the recording field and that the FC device operates effectively even at a fast write rate of approximately 3 Gbit/s. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of boosting the bias current, which can realize both fast and reliable operation of the FC device. These results indicate that the FC device operates as designed and that MAMR using the FC effect is promising for extending the recording density of HDDs.

The magnetic memory non-destructive testing method can evaluate the early damage such as stress concentration based on the magneto-mechanical effect. Some magneto-mechanical models have been proposed and applied to the mechanism explanation and theoretical analysis of this non-destructive testing method. The present work constitutes a continuing study in questing for a new magneto-mechanical model that is very concise, accurate, and easy to calculate. By introducing a new magnetostrictive expression with a concise and clear physical meaning, a new magneto-mechanical model is proposed under a constant weak magnetic field based on the thermodynamic framework and approach law. Particularly, compared with existing models, an analytical expression of anhysteresis magnetization is obtained for the first time under a constant weak magnetic field, which greatly facilitates the understanding and application of the magneto-mechanical effect. In comparison with the classic Jiles's model, the prediction accuracy is improved greatly based on the present model, particularly for the compression case. A detailed study has also been performed to reveal the effect of cyclic loading on the magneto-mechanical behavior. The present theoretical model established in this paper is hopeful to improve quantitative understanding of magneto-mechanical effects for the magnetic memory method.

In a previous paper, we made a complete analysis of the interaction between the probe tip of a magnetic force scanning tunneling microscope (MFSTM) and the magnetic fields emanating from a typical recorded pattern. In this paper we show how the magnetization distribution in the recorded media can be determined from the measurements by obtaining expressions for the magnetic fields from a Fourier series expansion for the recorded magnetizations. We have used these techniques to find the magnetic fields from many different distributions, including all those we could find in the literature. The probe tip displacement, which is the quantity measured using the MFSTM, can be calculated using these magnetic fields. The results can then be compared to the experimental data. For one set of experiments on high density recording we have found that the best fit is with a magnetization that has a modified arctan transition. The modification eliminates the discontinuity in the slope of the transitions as they are joined together, giving a more realistic representation of the magnetic distribution. The transition width can then be used as an adjustable parameter to find the best fit to the data. The MFSTM can, therefore, be used as a quantitative tool to find the magnetic recording transition widths. These theoretical techniques are not necessarily restricted to the use of a MFSTM, but can be applied to other problems in magnetic recording. For instance, we show how the probe tip displacement corresponds to the flux picked up by a conventional read head. The response of the head as a function of different magnetization patterns can then be studied and compared to experimental results. The measurable quantities are expressed in Fourier series but we show how these series can be easily evaluated with a PC and the appropriate software.

The results of in situ studies of the magnetostructural transition occurring in single crystals of an Ni2.19Mn0.81Ga Heusler alloy are presented in this paper. The formation of martensitic twins on exposure to high magnetic fields up to 10 T in the magnetostructural transition regime was observed using an indigenously developed optical microscope. Experiments on magnetization were performed on single crystals of Ni2.19Mn0.81Ga in high magnetic fields, a phase diagram between magnetic field and temperature was constructed, and the isothermal entropy change was estimated. Based on the experimental data and the results from optical microscopic examination, the influence of magnetic field and thermal cycling on martensitic twins and, in turn, on the magnetocaloric effect, is discussed.

This paper reports a current-induced magnetization switching with a nanosecond-scale pulse current in a nanomagnet using a perpendicularly magnetized synthetic antiferromagnetic coupling (p-AFC) structure. The results indicate that the magnetization switching current in the p-AFC structure is less than that in the single-nanomagnet structure with perpendicular anisotropy when the differences in thickness and saturation magnetization between the upper and lower layers of the p-AFC structure are small and the Gilbert damping constant is also small. The results also show that the p-AFC structure can reduce the switching current when the pulse duration is short and its structure is effective for a high-speed switching. The results of this study shall be useful in the design of spin-transfer torque random access memory.

γMn-based alloys mainly possess an antiferromagnetic martensitic structure at room temperature, in which the type of crystal structure changes with the magnetic structure. Therefore, it is commonly believed that the cubic–tetragonal structural transformation is caused by the magnetic transition. Due to small transformation distortion and high magnetic field being required to present strong magnetism, the microstructure evolution of γMn-based alloys under an external magnetic field has rarely been experimentally revealed. In this paper, a phase-field model based on the related antiferromagnetic energies is proposed to investigate the microstructure evolution during magnetization. The simulated results show that the microstructure after martensitic transformation exhibits a self-accommodated twinning pattern. Upon magnetic loading, two transition stages, i.e., the reorientation stage of antiferromagnetic domains and the antiferromagnetic–ferromagnetic transition stage, would successively appear. External stress directly affects the relative stability among martensitic variants, thereby indirectly influencing the magnetization behavior, and the effect is related to the stress direction. Although the microstructure changes with the external condition, the interfacial migration of martensitic variant domain (or the martensitic twin boundary) and magnetic domain could keep in accordance with each other due to the strong magnetoelastic coupling.

This paper experimentally demonstrates the operating principles of a near-field multiferroic antenna. The antenna uses a piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate stack to apply a time varying strain to a magnetoelastic iron gallium Fe80.77Ga19.23 (FeGa) rod. The voltage induced strain controls the net magnetization of the FeGa rod to generate oscillating magnetic fields in free space surrounding the antenna. Direct experimental measurements of the mechanical force, strain, magnetic field, and magnetic flux inside the FeGa rod were collected and show a strong correlation with the dynamic magnetic field measured in free space. Additionally, an analytical dipole model is used to demonstrate that the free space signal originates from the changing magnetization in the FeGa rod, providing a clear multiferroic antenna proof-of-concept demonstration. Finally, analysis is provided to highlight the importance of device geometry and demagnetization fields when optimizing the antenna response.

The magnetic properties of the low-dimensional trirutile tantalates Co 1 − xMg xTa 2O 6 [ x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0] are reported in this paper. CoTa 2O 6 is an antiferromagnet with a transition temperature at T N = 6.6 K, while showing a very broad peak in the magnetic susceptibility at ≈12 K owing to the low dimensionality of the magnetic interactions. In our study, where Mg is introduced at the Co position, we see the disappearance of the broad transition for high values of x. For the x = 0.1 composition, three transitions are observed in the magnetization at 28 K, 6 K, and 3.3 K. Our analysis of magnetization data using the anisotropic Heisenberg and the Ising models for spin chains points out that the magnetic interactions in Co 1 − xMg xTa 2O 6 are indeed low dimensional. Field-induced metamagnetic transitions are observed in the case of x = 0 and x = 0.1 compositions of Co 1 − xMg xTa 2O 6, which are evident in the magnetization isotherms at T = 2 K. Interestingly, we find that with progressive doping up to x = 0.5 and 0.7, we obtain higher magnetization pointing to the possibility of weak-ferromagnetism. This might point toward the formation of single-chain magnets, which opens up a new possibility in low dimensional oxides for spintronics applications.

In the preceding paper [J. Appl. Phys. 57, 2110 (1985)], it was shown that the behavior of eddy current losses in ferromagnetic materials can be fully characterized, in general, in terms of two parameters, the effective number n0 of active magnetic objects present at low magnetizing frequency fm, and the field V0, determining the ability of the external field to increase the number of active objects with increasing fm. In this paper, the connection of n0, V0 with several microstructural and magnetic properties of iron‐based ferromagnetic alloys is investigated. It is shown that, in agreement with theoretical predictions, n0 is, in general, weakly dependent on other physical properties, attaining values ∼1 in most cases. Only the application of a tensile stress leads to a drastic increase of n0 above this limit. V0, on the contrary, turns out to be very sensitive to the type of material. It continuously decreases with decreasing degree of magnetic orientation, changing by about two orders of magnitude ...

During the service process of remanufactured components, the stress and crack may occur at the interface between coating and substrate due to their mechanical property mismatch. Based on the spontaneous magnetization phenomenon in ferromagnetic materials, the stress distribution and crack propagation length along the interface can be characterized. In this paper, the magnetomechanical constitutive model for interface is established according to Timoshenko beam theory and Jiles' stress-magnetization model. The distributions of stress and residual magnetization along the interface are analyzed under the effect of typical three-point bending (TPB) load. The results show that the interfacial residual magnetization Mr can reflect the stress distribution very well and its peak value at supporting seat Mr3 is closely related to interfacial crack propagation length. In order to verify the theoretical model, the metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique is used to collect the residual magnetic field along the interfac...

Magnetism has played a vital role in the development of basic concepts of solid‐state physics. Early research in magnetism was concerned largely with the reaction of the magnetization on external applied static and electro‐magnetic fields. Indeed, technological developments in magnetism have utilized such behavior highly successfully. Today's trend in basic magnetics research emphasizes the interrelation of magnetism with other physical properties of solids. For example, magneto‐electronic, ‐optical, and ‐electric properties of materials, the magnitude of the interaction, and how external fields coupled to the magnetization influence other properties is the subject of many of the basic papers in this Conference. This paper reviews current magnetics research with emphasis on the experimental observations. These effects provide a wealth of new material on which to base future technological applications.

Spin-ordered materials may exhibit a magnetic polarization which is proportional to an applied electric field and an electric polarization which is proportional to an applied magnetic field. In this paper a comprehensive discussion is given of the present knowledge of these magnetoelectric (ME) effects. The specific topics covered include the thermodynamic and magnetic symmetry considerations which are relevant to the ME effects and also to the piezomagnetic and piezomagnetoelectric effects. The major part of the paper is a review of the experimental and theoretical work on ME effects in Cr2O3 carried out by the present authors. This includes measurements of the anisotropy of the ME effects, theory of the temperature dependence and atomic mechanism of the ME effects, observation of the magnetically as well as of the electrically induced ME effect, experiments on magnetic annealing and other structure sensitive aspects of ME effects, and the role of antiferromagnetic domains in the interpretation of the results.

The general behavior of the domain structure in Nd2 Fe14 B as a function of temperature has been reported in an earlier paper [Y. Luo, N. Zhang, and X. Su, Acta Metall. Sin. 23, A136 (1987)]. In order to clarify some details of the temperature variation of domain structure in the basal plane of this material, we have now made observations on a single‐phase sample of Nd2 Fe14 B. We find that the optical contrast between antiparallel domains, using the Kerr effect for observation, is approximately proportional to the saturation magnetization; both decrease with increasing temperature. The main basal‐plane domains are unchanged by heating, but the supplementary closure domains (cone‐shaped reversal domains) change in size and shape, and may even disappear, when the sample is heated above 240 °C. Since the domain nucleation process is to some extent random, the domain pattern is different after each thermal demagnetization cycle above the Curie temperature.The general behavior of the domain structure in Nd2 Fe14 B as a function of temperature has been reported in an earlier paper [Y. Luo, N. Zhang, and X. Su, Acta Metall. Sin. 23, A136 (1987)]. In order to clarify some details of the temperature variation of domain structure in the basal plane of this material, we have now made observations on a single‐phase sample of Nd2 Fe14 B. We find that the optical contrast between antiparallel domains, using the Kerr effect for observation, is approximately proportional to the saturation magnetization; both decrease with increasing temperature. The main basal‐plane domains are unchanged by heating, but the supplementary closure domains (cone‐shaped reversal domains) change in size and shape, and may even disappear, when the sample is heated above 240 °C. Since the domain nucleation process is to some extent random, the domain pattern is different after each thermal demagnetization cycle above the Curie temperature.

This paper follows previous works which investigated the strength of dipolar coupling in two-magnet systems. While those works focused on qualitative analyses, this manuscript elucidates reversal through dipolar coupling culminating in analytical expressions for reversal reliability in identical two-magnet systems. The dipolar field generated by a mono-domain magnetic body can be represented by a tensor containing both longitudinal and perpendicular field components; this field changes orientation and magnitude based on the magnetization of neighboring nanomagnets. While the dipolar field does reduce to its longitudinal component at short time-scales, for slow magnetization reversals, the simple longitudinal field representation greatly underestimates the scope of parameters that ensure reliable coupling. For the first time, analytical models that map the geometric and material parameters required for reliable coupling in two-magnet systems are developed. It is shown that in biaxial nanomagnets, the x an...

This paper presents numerical and experimental data for dipole-dipole coupled Ni nanodots on a piezoelectric [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.68[PbTiO3]0.32 substrate. Simulation results show that the dipole coupling produces artificial ferromagnetic (parallel magnetization alignment in the nanodot arrays) behavior that can be modified to artificial antiferromagnetic behavior with an applied voltage. Experimental results show the trends in Mr and Hc predicted by the model, but discrepancies arise due to geometric defects present in the fabricated samples. Geometric defects are introduced into the Ni nanodot models, thus dramatically improving the correlation between experiments and analysis. This work shows, through numerical simulations, that artificial multiferroic nanostructures can be designed to produce switching from parallel (artificial ferromagnetic) to antiparallel (artificial antiferromagnetic) magnetization ordering by leveraging dipole coupling with voltage induced changes in magnetic anisotropy.

The measurement of MOKE (Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect) magnetization loops in a wide-field Kerr microscope offers the advantage that the relevant domain images along the loop can be readily recorded. As the microscope's objective lens is exposed to the magnetic field, the loops are usually strongly distorted by non-linear Faraday rotations of the polarized light that occur in the objective lens and that are superimposed to the MOKE signal. In this paper, an experimental method, based on a motorized analyzer, is introduced which allows to compensate the Faraday contributions, thus leading to pure MOKE loops. A wide field Kerr microscope, equipped with this technology, works well as a laser-based MOKE magnetometer, additionally offering domain images and thus providing the basis for loop interpretation.

This paper reports the effect of the film thickness on the magnetostrictive behavior of (Fe,Co) rich Tb-(Fe,Co) films grown on Si ⟨100⟩ by electron beam evaporation. Magnetostriction was found to decrease with an increase in film thicknesses. To understand the variation of magnetostriction with the film thickness, detailed structural, microstructural, magnetization, and magnetic microscopy studies were carried out. X-ray diffraction studies indicated the presence of two phases, viz., Tb2 (Fe, Co)17 and Fe-Co phases, for all the films. With the increase in the film thickness, the peak intensity of the Tb2 (Fe, Co)17 phase decreased and that of the Fe-Co phase increased. Magnetization studies showed the presence of strong in-plane anisotropy for all the films. In addition to this, the presence of the out-of-plane component of magnetization was also observed for the films grown with higher thicknesses. This anisotropic behavior was also validated through magnetic microscopy studies carried out along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions employing magneto-optic Kerr microscopy and magnetic force microscopy, respectively. The decrease in magnetostriction was explained on the basis of dual phase formation and complex interplay between the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic anisotropies present in the film.

This paper considers the response of the magnetization of a small ferrimagnetic ellipsoid to spatially uniform rf magnetic fields of one or more frequencies. Only a few pertient cases can be considered in this short paper. The analysis is applicable to other excitations and a more complete report will be published elsewhere. Some of the work presented here duplicates that of Pippin [Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. 44, 1054 (1956)], Jepsen, and others, but the approach to the problem is quite different and allows one to extend previous results, as well as to derive new ones.The effects of symmetry planes and anisotropy will be considered as well as the permeability tensor for the general ellipsoid when modulation terms of the magnetization are neglected.

While magnetization reversal in a large film sheet under uniform‐field excitation is determined by the macroscopic anisotropy property and microscopic magnetization ripple structure, the magnetization reversal in miniaturized multilayer devices, in addition, depends strongly on the geometry of the device structures. Earlier papers reported the study of coupled‐film strips using a nanosecond microscopic Kerr apparatus and simultaneous inductive and magneto‐optic‐measurement techniques. The present paper describes the reversal behavior in two coupled‐film structures, in which the easy axis of each Permalloy layer may be aligned parallel to the strip length (closed hard axis or CHA) or perpendicular to the strip length (closed easy axis or CEA). The Permalloy layers may also be mismatched in thickness. When a Permalloy backing is added to the external drive line as a keeper, the reversal phenomena in both the storage layers and the keeper have been observed.

Ising spin model is considered as an efficient computing method to solve combinatorial optimization problems based on its natural tendency of convergence towards low energy state. The underlying basic functions facilitating the Ising model can be categorized into two parts, “Annealing and Majority vote.” In this paper, we propose an Ising cell based on Spin Hall Effect (SHE) induced magnetization switching in a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ). The stochasticity of our proposed Ising cell based on SHE induced MTJ switching can implement the natural annealing process by preventing the system from being stuck in solutions with local minima. Further, by controlling the current through the Heavy-Metal (HM) underlying the MTJ, we can mimic the majority vote function which determines the next state of the individual spins. By solving coupled Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations, we demonstrate that our Ising cell can be replicated to map certain combinatorial problems. We present results for two representative probl...

In magnetic random access memory, free layers are used to store data bits as “0” or “1.” For free layers with slotted nanoring structures, the magnetization configuration of counterclockwise vortex state can be defined as “0” state, while clockwise vortex state as “1” state. It is important to have a controllable and stable state transition process to make sure that “0” state can switch to “1” state and vice versa. Up to now, it has seldom been reported that the transition process is heavily affected by the static anisotropy field Hk-stat of free layers. A sufficient Hk-stat will substantially reduce the probability of successful state transition. To increase the accuracy of writing data, the free layers must be prepared with a low anisotropy field. In this paper, we present a rotational sputtering method, which can finish the desired isotropic film preparation, and thus realize a stable state transition.

Following Paschen's law, electrical breakdown of gaps with small pd, where p is the gas pressure and d is the interelectrode gap, requires extremely high voltages. This means that the breakdown voltage for low-pressure microdischarges is of the order of a few kilovolts. This makes impractical the generation of low-pressure dc microdischarges. The application of dc magnetic field confines electrons in the cathode-anode gap. This leads to the significant decrease in the breakdown voltage because each electron experiences many collisions during its diffusion toward the anode. However, as was obtained experimentally, magnetized low-pressure microdischarges experience numerous instabilities whose nature is still not completely understood. In the present paper, we study the influence of the magnetic field on the low-pressure microdischarges. We use the self-consistent one-dimensional Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo collisions model, which takes into account the electron magnetization while ions remain unmagnetized...

Onsite magnetic moments through cation distribution and magnetocrystalline anisotropy studies of NiFe2−xRxO4 (R = Y and Lu; x = 0, 0.05, and 0.075) compounds were investigated, and the results are discussed and presented in this paper. All the compounds were prepared by solid state reaction, and the compounds formed in the cubic inverse spinel phase with the space group Fd 3 ¯ m. The cation distribution, bond lengths, u-parameter, etc. were estimated through the Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns. Increment in the lattice constant was observed upon partial substitution of Fe3+ by Y3+/Lu3+. The presence of all elements and their ionic states were confirmed from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. Analyses of Mossbauer spectra revealed that the hyperfine fields and the magnetic moments at the B-site (and hence net moment) decreased with increasing Y3+/Lu3+ occupancy and that the compounds exhibited a Neel-type, collinear ferrimagnetic structure. Magnetization measurements revealed that the magnetic m...

This paper presents an investigation of the mechanical response of a finite-thickness superconducting strip containing an elliptical cavity in oblique magnetic fields. After the Bean critical state model and the minimum magnetic energy variation procedure are employed, the dependency of the magnetic and mechanical properties on the aspect ratio of the strip and the tilt angles of the applied field and elliptical cavity is discussed. The results show that for a strip in an oblique magnetic field, the current front penetrates non-monotonically from the surface inwards in the initial stage. The magnetization of the strip and the applied field are not collinear, and the angle between them becomes smaller with increasing field. Simultaneously, the strip suffers from a torque produced by the electromagnetic force and then has a tendency to rotate. Compared with the defect-free case, the appearance of the elliptical cavity affects the magnetic property of the strip and further causes significant stress concentra...

This paper reports a simple and robust route to stabilize metastable ɛ-Fe2O3 as an epitaxial thin film using a GaFeO3 (GFO) buffer in pulsed laser deposition. The use of an isostructural GFO buffer widens the range of film growth, allowing for stabilization on a range of substrates even with different surface symmetries, such as Al2O3 (0001), SrTiO3 (111), and Y:ZrO2 (100). All films grown on these substrates were c-axis oriented with the characteristic in-plane domain structures. Magnetization of these buffered thin films showed considerable magnetic anisotropy at 350 K. In particular, in-plane magnetization was found to be relatively larger in the films grown on the Y:ZrO2 (100) compared to the other cases. Heterostructuring ɛ-Fe2O3 on GFO is promising in the applications of e-Fe2O3 for magnetic and multiferroic devices in that it provides a larger growth window and an effective means to optimize the film properties beyond the simple substitution of Fe with Ga.

This paper investigates the influence of dc magnetic field strength on the resolution of a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) thermometer, which employs the fundamental f0 and 2f0 harmonics of the MNP magnetization induced by ac and superimposed dc magnetic fields. In ac and parallel dc magnetic fields, the strength of dc magnetic field modulates the harmonics of the MNP magnetization, which affects their temperature sensitivities and measurement signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). A temperature-adjustable fluxgate-based magnetic particle spectrometer was used to measure the spectra of the MNP magnetization at different temperatures. To determine the temperature, the amplitudes of the measured f0 and 2f0 harmonics were modeled based on the static Langevin function. AC susceptibility measurements on a MNP sample demonstrate the applicability of the static Langevin function for the description of the MNP magnetization spectra at a low frequency ac magnetic field without taking into account the MNP dynamics. Our simulat...

The magnetic, Raman, ferroelectric, and in-field 57Fe Mossbauer studies of polycrystalline multiferroic Sr3Co2Fe24O41 are reported in this paper. From the magnetization studies, it is observed that the sample is soft magnetic in nature with low temperature magnetic spin transitions like longitudinal to transverse conical structure around 130 K and change in magnetic crystalline anisotropy from conical to planar structure at 250 K. Ferroelectric studies of the sample exhibit the spontaneous polarization at low temperature. Strong spin phonon and spin lattice coupling is observed through low temperature Raman spectroscopy. From the in-field 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy, spin up and spin down site occupations of Fe ions are calculated in the unit cell.

Magnetic shape memory (MSM) materials change their shape with the magnetic field. They can also be used in the reverse operation as sensors or voltage generators. The present paper demonstrates that large voltages are induced when the MSM material is mechanically compressed inside a MSM actuator. The experimental results reveal that voltages of close to 100 V were generated with a Ni–Mn–Ga MSM material subjected to short mechanical impulses, because of a change in its magnetization. The induced voltage depends on the geometrical and material parameters of the MSM actuator, as well as on the speed by which the MSM material changes its shape. A magnetic model for calculating the induced voltage is proposed and the measurement results from a MSM-type actuator are presented. The magnetic model demonstrates good accordance with the experimental results. The physical reason for the voltage signal is discussed and potential applications are proposed.

It has been recently shown that broad-band, thermally induced magnetization fluctuations in submicron magnetoresistive (MR) read sensors (used in all present and foreseeable magnetic hard-disk-drives), will serve as a fundamental limit to their achievable signal-to-noise ratio, independent of how large the intrinsic sensitivity parametrics, e.g., ΔR/R, may be. This type of magnetization noise may also be of consequence and/or interest for a broader class of future nanoscale magnetic devices. The foundation for understanding and quantitatively modeling this phenomenon on a practical device-physics level is the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). This paper develops a theoretical methodology for application of the FDT to the problem of micromagnetic modeling of thermal magnetization fluctuations in small, magnetically soft thin-film magnetic devices, using a generalized Gilbert formulation of magnetization dynamics with phenomenological damping.

An ingenious approach to acquire the absolute magnetization fields produced by polarized atoms has been presented in this paper. The method was based on detection of spin precession signal of the hyperpolarized helium-3 with ultra-sensitive atomic magnetometer of potassium by referring to time-domain analysis. At first, dynamic responses of the mixed spin ensembles in the presence of variant external magnetic fields have been analyzed by referring to the Bloch equation. Subsequently, the relevant equipment was established to achieve the functions of hyperpolarizing helium-3 and detecting the precession of spin-polarized noble gas. By analyzing the transient response of the magnetometer in time domain, we obtained the relevant damping ratio and natural frequency. When the value of damping ratio reached the maximum value of 0.0917, the combined atomic magnetometer was in equilibrium. We draw a conclusion from the steady response: the magnetization fields of the polarized electrons and the hyperpolarized nuclei were corresponding 16.12 nT and 90.74 nT. Under this situation, the nuclear magnetization field could offset disturbing magnetic fields perpendicular to the orientation of the electronic polarization, and it preserved the electronic spin staying in a stable axis. Therefore, the combined magnetometer was particularly attractive for inertial measurements.