1. Calculating and estimating second cancer risk from breast radiotherapy using Monte Carlo code with internal body scatter for each out-of-field organ
- Author
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Jun'ichi Kotoku, Kenshiro Shiraishi, Takenori Kobayashi, Shinobu Kumagai, Hiroshi Oba, Takeshi Takata, Takahide Okamoto, and Norikazu Arai
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Monte Carlo method ,Breast radiotherapy ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Breast cancer ,breast cancer ,second cancer risk ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiation Oncology Physics ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,low‐dose bath ,Radiation treatment planning ,Instrumentation ,Monte Carlo simulation ,radiotherapy ,Radiation ,business.industry ,Phantoms, Imaging ,Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ,Absolute risk reduction ,Second cancer ,Neoplasms, Second Primary ,Radiotherapy Dosage ,medicine.disease ,Radiation therapy ,Monte carlo code ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Female ,Radiology ,business ,Monte Carlo Method - Abstract
Out‐of‐field organs are not commonly designated as dose calculation targets during radiation therapy treatment planning, but they might entail risks of second cancer. Risk components include specific internal body scatter, which is a dominant source of out‐of‐field doses, and head leakage, which can be reduced by external shielding. Our simulation study quantifies out‐of‐field organ doses and estimates second cancer risks attributable to internal body scatter in whole‐breast radiotherapy (WBRT) with or without additional regional nodal radiotherapy (RNRT), respectively, for right and left breast cancer using Monte Carlo code PHITS. Simulations were conducted using a complete whole‐body female model. Second cancer risk was estimated using the calculated doses with a concept of excess absolute risk. Simulation results revealed marked differences between WBRT alone and WBRT plus RNRT in out‐of‐field organ doses. The ratios of mean doses between them were as large as 3.5–8.0 for the head and neck region and about 1.5–6.6 for the lower abdominal region. Potentially, most out‐of‐field organs had excess absolute risks of less than 1 per 10,000 persons‐year. Our study surveyed the respective contributions of internal body scatter to out‐of‐field organ doses and second cancer risks in breast radiotherapy on this intact female model.
- Published
- 2020