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This study used 10 pairs of microsatellites to analyze the genetic diversity of the Odontobutis obscurus population in Guangxi. Clear and stable amplified bands were obtained in samples from three Odontobutis obscurus populations in Qinzhou City (QZ), Hechi City (HC), and Liuzhou City (LZ), showing varying degrees of polymorphism. The effective alleles for 10 loci range from 0.926 6 to 4.2130, with an average of 2.162 1 and an expected heterozygosity of 0.106 8 to 0.843 1, with an average of 0.475 1, the observed heterozygosity is between 0.149 1 and 0.803 4, with an average of 0.486 8. The polymorphism information content is between 0.081 1 and 0.5984, with an average polymorphism infor- mation content of 0.311 0.The number of effective alleles in the three populations is HC>LZ>QZ, the observed heterozygosity value is HC>LZ> QZ, the expected heterozygosity value is HC>LZ>QZ, and the population polymorphism information content is HC>LZ>QZ.There is moderate genetic differentiation among the three different populations of HC, LZ, and QZ, with an average gene differentiation coefficient of 0.100 3, indi- cating that 10.03% of genetic differentiation comes from among the three different populations in the field, and 89.97% of genetic differentiation comes from within individuals of the Odontobutis obscurus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]