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We associate a square to any two-dimensional evolution algebra. This geometric object is uniquely determined, does not depend on the basis and describes the structure and the behavior of the algebra. We determine the identities of degrees at most four, as well as derivations and automorphisms. We look at the group of automorphisms as an algebraic group, getting in this form a new algebraic invariant. The study of associative representations of evolution algebras is also started and we get faithful representations for most two-dimensional evolution algebras. In some cases, we prove that faithful commutative and associative representations do not exist, giving rise to the class of what could be termed as “exceptional” evolution algebras (in the sense of not admitting a monomorphism to an associative algebra with deformed product).

In this paper is devoted to nilpotent finite-dimensional evolution algebras E with $dimE^2 = dimE-1$. We described Lie algebras associated with evolution algebras whose nilindex is maximal. Moreover, in terms of this Lie algebra we fully construct nilpotent evolution algebra with maximal index of nilpotency. Furthermore, this result allowed us fully characterize all local and 2-local derivations of the considered evolution algebras. All automorphisms and local automorphisms of the nilpotent evolution algebras with maximal nilindex are found., 23 pages

Evolution algebras are a new type of non-associative algebras which are inspired from biological phenomena. A special class of such algebras, called Markov evolution algebras, is strongly related to the theory of discrete time Markov chains. The winning of this relation is that many results coming from Probability Theory may be stated in the context of Abstract Algebra. In this paper we explore the connection between evolution algebras, random walks and graphs. More precisely, we study the relationships between the evolution algebra induced by a random walk on a graph and the evolution algebra determined by the same graph. Given that any Markov chain may be seen as a random walk on a graph we believe that our results may add a new landscape in the study of Markov evolution algebras., Comment: Improved version, to appear in Journal of Algebra and Its Applications

A digraph is attached to any evolution algebra. This graph leads to some new purely algebraic results on this class of algebras and allows for some new natural proofs of known results. Nilpotency of an evolution algebra will be proved to be equivalent to the nonexistence of oriented cycles in the graph. Besides, the automorphism group of any evolution algebra $E$ with $E=E^2$ will be shown to be always finite., Comment: 10 pages