1. Identification, synthesis, and safety assessment of forchlorfenuron (1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea) and its metabolites in kiwifruits
- Author
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Yuan Wang, Zhiwei Zhang, Kangquan Guo, Tianli Yue, Yu-Bin Bai, Laping Liu, Jing Dong, Yahong Yuan, and Zhenhong Gao
- Subjects
Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Cell Survival ,Pyridines ,Chinese hamster ovary cell ,Phenylurea Compounds ,Actinidia ,Sulforhodamine B ,General Chemistry ,CHO Cells ,Forchlorfenuron ,Mass spectrometry ,Mass Spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cricetulus ,Biotransformation ,Plant Growth Regulators ,Cricetinae ,Fruit ,Animals ,Ion trap ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Cytotoxicity ,IC50 - Abstract
Identification and evaluation of safety of forchlorfenuron ((1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea)), 1, metabolites after biotransformation in kiwifruit is the objective of this study. To elucidate properties of these metabolites, liquid chromatography hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) was applied, with MetID Solution and Formula Predictor Software in positive mode. Cytotoxicity of forchlorfenuron and its metabolites were tested through sulforhodamine B assays against normal Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). As deduced from characteristic fragment ions of forchlorfenuron, then confirmed by comparison with synthetic standards, as well as characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry techniques, results indicate the presence of 4-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron, 2, 3-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron, 3, and forchlorfenuron-4-O-β-D-glucoside, 5. Forchlorfenuron (IC50 = 12.12 ± 2.14 μM) and 4-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron (IC50 = 36.15 ± 1.59 μM), exhibits significant cytotoxicity against CHO, while 3-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron and forchlorfenuron-4-O-β-D-glucoside show no cytotoxicity.
- Published
- 2015