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Objective: To study the intervention effect of Peiyuan Huayu Decoction on the neuron damage in model rats with acute subdural hematoma (ASDH).Methods: 160 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, and the ASDH model rats were made by stereotactic autoblood injection, and sham operation group received craniotomy without blood injection. Sham operation group and model group were normally bred after model establishment, and 6 h after model establishment, the treatment group received intragastric administration of Peiyuan Huayu Decoction, and control group received intragastric administration of Piracetam Tablets, 1 time a day. On the 1d, 3d, 5d and 7d after model establishment, the general conditions of rats (activity, food intake and mental state) were observed, blood was collected via auricula dextra, ELISA method was used to determine peripheral plasma NSE and S100 β protein contents, routine HE staining was conducted after perfusion fixation, the neurons in blood injection side of brain tissue were counted, and the neuron damage was observed.Results: 26 rats were dead in the experiment. The general conditions of sham operation group were significantly better than those of other groups, treatment group was significantly better than model group and control group on the 5d group (P0.05); neuron count of sham operation group was basically stable, treatment group was not different from model group and control group on the 1d (P>0.05), treatment group was better than model group (P0.05) on the 3d, and treatment group was better than model group and control group on the 5d and 7d (P0.05), S100 β protein and NSE contents decreased significantly on the 3d, and treatment group was significantly different from model group and control group (P