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Aims at identifying the prominent personality characteristics of youthful females who have attempted suicide, examines these characteristics as they relate to the frequency of suicidal thought, and identifies the psychological complex that predisposes a young female to attempted suicide. (Author/RK)

Interpersonal behavior in psychopaths was explored using the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Various personality characteristics frequently cited as distinguishing psychopaths from others were operationalized and studied. (Editor)

Examines auditory speech discrimination under the conditions of normal, inverted, and postinverted vision. Its intention was also to further study the generality of the effects of inversion-induced conflict. (Author/RK)

Subjects selected on the basis of their drinking histories (alcoholics, heavy drinkers, and social drinkers, N=24) were tested on a series of tasks in order to assess organizational processes in memory. (Editor)

This investigation tested the validity of Loren Chapman's thoery of schizophrenic thought disorder. The vocabulary test from the Shipley-Hartford Scale served as the control task, and the multiple-choice vocabulary test used by Boland and Chapman to disclose a schizophrenic deficit related to thought disorder served as the experimental task. (Editor)

Assesses the effects of input and output interference on schizophrenic recall. Input interference is the interference resulting from the interpolation of items between presentation and recall of the probed item. Output interference is the interference resulting from the interpolation of responses between the presentation and recall of the probed item. (Author/RK)

Two differing explanations of schizophrenic processing deficit were examined: Chapman and McGhie's and Yates'. Thirty-two schizophrenics, classified on the acute-chronic and paranoid-nonparanoid dimensions, and eight neurotics were tested on two dichotic listening tasks. (Editor)

In 1954 Osgood and Luria reported a blind analysis of a case of triple personality, popularly known as "The Three Faces of Eve," that had been analyzed by Thigpen and Cleckley. Here they combined with Robert Jeans to do a similar blind analysis of a case Jeans was treating in the late 1960s. (Editor/RK)

Attempts to determine whether children at risk for schizophrenia manifest attentional impairments similar to those of adult schizophrenics. Surveys the performance of offspring of schizophrenic mothers relative to the performances of foster and community control samples on a battery of eight attention-demanding tasks. (Author/RK)

Examines the effects of unhappy thoughts on mood and corrugator EMG (electromyographic activity) in depressed patients. Its purpose was to obtain evidence relevant to cognitive models of depression and to examine the usefulness of corrugator EMG as an indicator of depressed mood. (Author/RK)

The performance of hospitalized paranoid schizophrenics, nonparanoids, and hospitalized controls was compared on motor, perceptual, and cognitive tasks of increasing complexity. The data were examined within the context of comparing differential predictions made by input and central processing theories of information-processing deficit. (Editor)

Aspects of recent behavioral and cognitive theories of depression were evaluated. Social-skill concepts were conceived as involving two component processes, termed "receptive" and "expressive" communication, and the ability of depressed subjects to engage in these behaviors was studied within a nonverbal communication paradigm. (Editor)

Three theoretical viewpoints have dominated the recent empirically oriented literature on depression: Beck's cognitive view, Seligman's helplessness model, and Lewinsohn's theory implicating a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement. Here each theory is evaluated individually interms of its empirical support and adequacy as a theory and all three are contrasted and compared with one another. (Editor/RK)

Aggressive and normal boys from 77 to 97 months of age were compared on measures of verbal ability, types of self-guiding speech, nonverbal intelligence, reading achievement, impulsivity, ability to inhibit responses, and response modulation following overt and covery commands. It is hypothesized that both learning and behavior problems in aggressive boys may be symptomatic of an ineffective linguistic control system. nEditor/RK)

Attribution theory holds that perceived arousal may cause a person to draw an inference about his emotions and base his subsequent behavior on that inference. Recent research suggests, however, that this account does not entirely explain the influence of false arousal feedback on simultaneously occurring avoidance behavior. Proposes a behavior model based on self-awareness theory. (Editor/RK)

Although descriptive and etiological approaches to psychopathology have made notable advances, they seem to have reached a plateau. After reviewing the six approaches to etiology that now preempt the field--ecological, developmental, learning, genetic, internal environment, and neurophysiological models--a second-order model, vulnerability, is proposed as the common denominator and in the hope of revitalizing the field. (Editor/RK)

Tests three proposed attentional mechanisms as possible behavioral strategies by which schizophrenics could prevent relevant information from registering and considers whether stimulation coming through the visual or the auditory channels is differentially susceptible to motivated attempts to disattend to relevant information. (Author/RK)

This research espouses the term "uniqueness" to circumvent the connotative qualities of abnormality and deviance, i.e., to convey a positive striving for being different relative to other people. The theoretical underpinning of the uniqueness motivation construct and the development and validation of a scale measuring desire for uniqueness are described. (Author/RK)

The process of short-term memory scanning and recognition of common English words in 16 schizophrenics, 16 nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients, and 16 normals was investigated using the Sternberg item recognition procedure. This procedure has proved effective in isolating and clarifying the processes underlying mnemonic information processing. (Editor/RK)

Examines certain theoretical explanations of attention disorders in chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics that have been presented by several authors in the context of interference theory. Attempts to clarify divergencies in their theoretical assumptions by replicating and extending their research findings. (Author/RK)

A visual-spatial approach to the study of attention dysfunction was presented. The hypotheses of broadened and narrowed attention were tested by comparing peripheral visual discrimination of acute schizophrenic, chronic schizophrenic, and normal subjects within two regions of the functional visual field. (Editor)

Tests the hypothesis that depressed subjects would exhibit greater psychophysiological arousal than nondepressed subjects following negative feedback but not after positive feedback. (Author/RK)

This study was designed to test two sets of hypotheses derived from cognitive-behavioral theories of depression. Discusses the implications of the results for cognitive and behavioral theories of depression. (Editor/RK)

Two independent studies were conducted to examine the expectancy behavior of unselected hypnotic, task-motivated, and control-imagination subjects on a slide task requiring response to ambiguous visual information. Results showed that hypnotic subjects consistently demonstrated expectancy behavior, whereas nonhypnotic subjects did not. (Editor/RK)

Using Quay's typology, three equal groups (n=12) of adolescent psychopathic, neurotic, and subcultural delinquent males and a matched nondelinquent control group were individually administered Kohlberg's structured moral dilemmas, two Piagetian tasks of cognitive development (pendulum and balance), and an adaptation of Flavell's role-taking task. Findings provide further evidence against viewing delinquency as a unitary syndrome of deviance. (Editor/RK)

An experiment assessed the verbal conditioning of middle and lower socioeconomic class schizophrenics and normals under conditions of social reinforcement. Results are interpreted in terms of Bateson, Jackson, Haley, and Weakland's double-bind theory, which views schizophrenic behavior as a response acquired after prolonged exposure to inconsistent patterns of verbal and nonverbal communication. (Editor/RK)

Explores whether it is possible to isolate some of the traditional cognitive controls in a group of seriously disturbed psychiatric patients then evaluates whether various diagnostic groups differ from each other and from normals with respect to these cognitive controls. (Author/RK)

Explores the association between the relatively passive, sitting meditation and absorption and anxiety using a cross-sectional design. (Author/RK)

This research attempted to differentiate adolescent poor sleepers from other emotionally disturbed adolescents. (Author/RK)

Examined the relationship between the physiologically measured sexual response, sexual imagery (Thematic Apperception Test), and other subjective measures of sexual arousal. (Author/RK)

The question raised in this study was whether schizophrenics' recall deficit can be ameliorated if appropriate encoding behaviors are experimentally induced. (Editor)

An attempt was made to uncover dysfunctions in any of the mechanisms in selective attention, as well as any unusual allocation policy, which possibly exist in schizophrenia. (Author/RK)

Examined the reaction of others to the behavior of depressed persons. More specifically, it was hypothesized that depressed persons induce depression and hostility in others, and consequently are rejected socially. (Author/RK)

This study compared the effects of contextual constraint, "the extent to which the choice of a particular word depends upon the words that precede it" (Miller and Selfridge, 1950), and list length on short-term recall of word lists by 24 chronic schizophrenics and 120 normal subjects. (Editor/RK)

This paper is written to propose and describe a set of four criteria for the empirical evaluation of psychiatric classification. (Author)

This study was undertaken to extend the learned helplessness phenomenon to a clinical population and to test the competing hypotheses of Seligman and Lewinsohn. 96 male hospitalized psychiatric and medical patients were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions. Results replicate the learned helplessness phenomenon in a group of clinical depressives and support Seligman's model of depression. (Editor/RK)

The effects of recalling past successes on the deficits in learned helplessness and depression were examined and, for learned helplessness, compared with those of real success. Results suggest real success does not have its therapeutic effects by modifying attributions for failure toward external factors. (Editor)

The learned helplessness model of depression predicts that any effective treatment for reactive depression should also reverse performance deficits associated with experimentally induced helplessness, and vice versa. This study tests that prediction with college students who were exposed to experimental manipulations designed to induce helplessness or who scored above a group mean on the Beck Depression Inventory. (Editor/RK)

Examines three issues that are important in extending the learned helplessness model to clinical depressive disorders: first, the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations inherent in the depressive disorders, second, the process of constructing models for clinical depressive groups, and third, the problems involved in defining and identifying depressed college student subjects in analogue research. (Author/RK)

The reformulated learned helplessness model of depression (Abramson, Seligman, Teasdale 1978) was examined. Argues that unless it is possible to specify the conditions under which a given attribution will be made, the model becomes circular and lacks predictive power. Discusses Abramson et al.'s suggestions for therapy and prevention. (Editor/RK)

Two cognitive models of depression have attracted considerable attention recently: Seligman's (1975) learned helplessness model and Beck's (1967) cognitive schema approach. Describes each model and, in two studies, evaluates the assumption that depression is associated with systematic distortion in cognition regarding causal and controlling relations between one's behavior and consequent events, and also examines the different predictions on the precise nature of the distortion. (Author/RK)

Three studies, testing predictions derived from Seligman's helplessness model of depression and generally supported by earlier research, are reported. The first addressed the finding that depressed individuals evidence a perception of noncontingency, the second tested the prediction that undergraduates in whom helplessness had been induced would evidence a perception of noncontingency, the third examined the finding that depressed individuals experience a diminution of learning and problem solving. (Editor/RK)

Six laboratory experiments on learned helplessness and depression in humans reported by Seligman and his colleagues were critically reviewed. A number of methodological and conceptual problems were discussed. Suggests that it is important for psychologists to scrutinize psychological theories in order to assess their conceptual clarity and plausibility before embarking on an extensive series of empirical tests. (Editor/RK)

Definitional problems surrounding the terms "hyperactivity" and "learning disabilities" cannot be fully resolved unless dimensions of behavior (intercorrelated core characteristics) can be independently identified that correspond in some way with these terms. This research utilizes a broad item pool supposedly related to learning disabilities and hyperactivity and extracts independent factors that might be given these labels. (Editor/RK)

This research examines different types of encoding strategies, in addition to semantic and organizational encodings, and their effects on schizophrenics' remembering. Based on Craik and Lockhart (1972), i.e., memory performance is a function of depth of encoding processing, this analysis compares schizophrenics' encoding processing with that of normals and nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients. (Author/RK)

In an effort to investigate interpersonal consequences of depressed behavior, telephone interactions were conducted between same- and opposite-sex pairs. In each pair, one person enacted a depressed or nondepressed role. Responses of others to depressed individuals are discussed with respect to their implications for conceptualizing and treating depression. (Editor/RK)

Examines the effect of stressful and nonstressful experimental situations upon the processing capacity of each cerebral hemisphere, through observing the differential performance tasks presented to right and left visual half-fields (VHFs). Also examines attentional bias and lateral eye movements. (Author/RK)

Four experiments were carried out in which "subliminal psychodynamic activation" effects, used for studying the relationship between psychopathology and unconscious conflict, were sought out from male college students. Results were discussed for their bearing on subliminal research and research in personality. (Editor/RK)