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Objective: This study investigated the psychosocial aspects of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in Japan., Methods: The subjects were 16 patients who underwent risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy at the Cancer Institute Hospital. Worry about cancer, emotional state and cancer-specific distress level were evaluated using a four-point Likert scale, the Profile of Mood States-Short Form and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, respectively, before and 1 year after the surgery. In addition, the subjects were interviewed regarding their expectation for the risk-reducing surgery, the effects of the surgery, and the recovery from surgery, before the surgery and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the surgery. A t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for the analysis, and literal analects were prepared for the interview and the answers were organized per question item using NVIVO10., Results: The results revealed that the total score for worry about breast cancer and ovarian cancer (P = 0.021) as well as the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (P = 0.021) were significantly lower 1 year after surgery, compared with the values before the surgery. Regarding the preoperative expectations for the surgery, the expectation for reducing the cancer risk was the highest. The reported effects of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy on life included the appearance of menopausal symptoms, a loss of motivation and poor concentration; more effects were reported at 1 year after surgery than at 6 months after surgery., Conclusions: These results suggest that risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy can be effective for reducing worry about breast cancer and ovarian cancer and cancer-specific distress as well as contributing to a reduction in mortality from fallopian tube and ovarian related cancer., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The positive correlation between smoking and cancer risk is well estimated in sporadic colorectal cancer, whereas little is known with regard to Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal cancer. A total of 118 familial colorectal cancer patients from the Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Registry and Genetic Testing Project of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum, were assessed to determine whether smoking alters the incidence of multiple colorectal cancers. In male patients with Lynch syndrome (n = 29), the incidence of multiple colorectal cancers in patients who had ever smoked (smoking duration: median of 19 years) was higher than that in those who never smoked (58.8% vs. 10.0%, P = 0.02). The cumulative risk for metachronous colorectal cancer was significantly higher in male Lynch syndrome patients who had previously smoked than in those who had never smoked (P = 0.03). Our data suggest that long-term cigarette smoking might be a strong risk factor for the development of multiple colorectal cancers in male Lynch syndrome patients., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)