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世界的な環境保護運動の高まりから製紙業界では他産業に先駆けて省資源，省エネルギーに取り組んできた。その一環が古紙利用率のアップであり，当初の62％という目標を達成した本年，新たにこれからの5年間で64％の古紙利用率にチャレンジすることになった。省資源，省エネルギーは製紙業界のみならず，全ての産業に要求されている。そのような背景から製紙業界ではリサイクルアップに取り組んできている。今までは古紙利用率として目標を設定し，前倒しで実現してきた。実際に本年は62．5％と言う高い古紙利用率を達成できている。そこで次の5年間での目標を64％としたことから各社達成するための対策が必要になった。実際には，今後の全紙・板紙の生産量が本年と同じと仮定すると1，147BDT／Dの古紙を今まで以上に再利用しなければならなくなる。しかし板紙に関しては既に92．8％再利用していて限界に近いことから，DIPを中心とした利用率のアップが求められることになる。このような背景から既に限界にきていると考えられている古紙を再利用するための新しい技術が求められる。そこで本稿では最新の古紙利用技術を紹介する。

近年地球環境保護が叫ばれている中，紙パルプ産業においてもCO2排出量削減は非常に重要な課題となっている。原料調整工程では非常に大きな電力を消費しているので，省エネルギーを達成することは発電に使用される化石燃料使用量を削減することに大きく貢献する。特に板紙古紙処理原質工程に関しては，大きな動力を使用しているパルパー，スクリーン及び叩解機があり，省エネルギー技術が重要となってきている。本稿では特に叩解工程において省エネルギーを達成出きる最新機種と粘状叩解に優れた超Low Intensity叩解用刃物による省エネルギー効果を中心に，パルパー，スクリーンでの最新技術を紹介する。

八戸工場では，一品色上古紙を主原料とした高白色度のパルプ（以下，I―DIPと省略）を製造しているが，古紙価格の高騰等の煽りを受け，一品色上の調達量が不十分になってきたことから，ケントや雑誌古紙等を幅広く原料として使用せざるを得ない状況となっている。原料品質の低下に対応し，離解工程での粘着物微細化を抑制に関する取り組み，粗選工程での除塵強化に関するスクリーンバスケットの見直し，離解工程および白水処理工程からアプローチした有色夾雑物除去の取り組み，白色度低下抑制のための漂白条件の見直し等を行うことで製品品質を安定させてきた。今回報告する内容は検討過程のものもあり，古紙は常に状況が変化しているものと捉え，製品品質の安定化，向上に向けて努力を継続していく。

As an international environmental protection movement rising, power saving has been one of the major subjects to be concerned for the stock preparation field for paper board and de-inking in these several years. And today, there is an another strong requirement of power saving according to the background of the international agreement for CO2 reduction, and also for improvement of cost reduction in order to cope with global price competition and so on. For the waste paper treatment, as el known that the screening process occupies a large portion of energy consumption. It is estimated that the power consumption of screen process is 3 to 3.5kW/ton for the stock preparation of the paper board. and 4 to 6kW/ton for the deinking plant. This paper reports about new screens, which are called as “Screen-One, Two and Three”, “GFD GranFlow” and “CanisterScreen” With these screens, the screening system is simplified and dramatic power saving can be achieved.

The deinking process, which was started as a substitute for mechanical pulp along with the energy-saving activity after the former oil crisis and enhancement of action for environmental protection in recent years, has made great strides to the white grade DIP production in place of Bleached Kraft Pulp recently.Differently from the waste paper treatment for paper board, the latest deinking process which requires high quality, becomes more complex in order to achieve complete ink detachment with the help of chemicals, removal of hard-to-deink material and stickies. As just described, by reason that technical investigation is necessary in wide-ranging fields, designing of deinking process has given a difficult image for us. In paper making industry, however, the recycling of waste paper stock have been approached since a long time ago by nature, so we can say that the deinking process is a product that has been built from accumulation of these technologies. It is possible to consolidate the process to three ones, that is Pulping, Contaminant Removal, and Upgrading. I think that deinking technology seems to be complicated but it will be understood relatively easy in bringing together these processes by the key word, “Specification Technology”. With that, I will describe the latest technology of waste paper deinking on the basis of “Separation” in this study.

RPF (Refuse Paper & Plastic Fuel) is a fuel made of waste paper and plastics, and is attracting interest by its ecological character. Waste paper and waste plastics are reclaimed from big factories with great care on their sources. They are disintegrated separately to about 40 mm in size. Then, with a certain blending ratio, they are formed into pellets (8 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length). Its heat value is 6, 000-8, 000 kcal. These pellets are used as a solid fuel for boilers. The present monthly production is 10, 000 tons, and capacity expansion projects are in sight. The demand is expected to be about 600, 000 tons a year in 2005. The paper gives an outline on its production system.

Pulp and paper industry is aiming to raise the percentage of waste paper recycling to 60% by 2005 and makes efforts to reach this target. Under these circumstances, developed deinking technology is severely required. The deinking is indeed one of the process industries and is mainly consisted of ink releasing and ink rejecting. To control the ink particle size in each process is very important in order to obtain the good deinked pulp. For example, in the ink rejecting process, more than 95% of larger ink particles than 4 um is easily rejected by the flotation cells. This means smaller ink particles than 4 um are hardly rejected. Residual small inks make the deinked pulp grayer and result in poor printability. Coagulation of the small ink particles decides the deinkability in flotation. On the other hand. ink releasing relates to the penetration of the chemistry into the waste papers. Therefore, the phenomena in each deinking process can be understood by surface science and the deinking agent controls these phenomena.To achieve the above-mentioned target, lower grade waste papers, such as old magazines, which have not been used as a furnish will be deinked and for these waste paper deinking, developed deinking agents which have better ink releasing and sticky removing abilities will be needed. Based on surface science, we have developed the new deinking agent whose ink releasing ability is improved 20%. The special surfactant has been also developed to reduce the sticky. By using this surfactant, the sticky is removed 1.2 times as much as the conventional deinking agent.A deinking agent has been thought as a ink removing agent. From now on, concerning the pulp quality as a furnish, we are going to continue to develop the deinking agent as a pulp recycling agent to produce the better deinked pulp.

The Japan Paper Association implemented “Recycle 56 Plan” in 1995, in which 56% of waste paper utilization rate was set as a target to be achieved by the end of 2000. We successfully achieved it one year before the target date. Then, the Paper Recycle Engineering Committee has reviewed related issues such as limit of utilization rate, impact on natural environment, cost, and gap between recovery rate and utilization rate in order to decide a new target for 2005.As a result of the review, we found out that the technically possible highest utilization rate for the current paper product mix in Japan is approximately 65%. However, taking possible recovery rate in 2005 into consideration, we can say that upper limit of utilization rate in 2005 will be about 60%. We also found out that at the level of 60%, impact on natural environment will be also improved. However, it is also true that not so many paper mills can financially justify investment in DIP capacity expansion even though today's market price of waste paper is the lowest in the history. We set the new target of60% of waste paper utilization rate for 2005 last December. but we still have to tackle many challenges to achieve it.

Commercial bleached kraft pulps were treated by ozone. Changes in the total halogen and ethanol extractable organic halogen of these pulps as well as brightness, viscosity and the water retention value were investigated during the ozone treatment.The effects of the ozone treatment on the total halogen and ethanol extractable organic halogen of the waste paper were also studied using toner-printed copy paper.The ozone treatments of the chlorine-bleached pulps and the waste copy paper were carried out at a 4 %(or 30%) pulp consistency and at lot for 5, 10 and 20 min. respectively.The total halogen and the ethanol extractable organic halogen of the chlorine-bleached pulps were much higher than those of the elemental chlorine-free pulps. The ozone treatment substantially reduced both the total halogen and the ethanol extractable organic halogen of the chlorine-bleached pulps. The ozone-treated pulps from the waste copy paper resulted in a lower total halogen compared with the usual deinked pulp.The hardwood bleached pulp with a lower brightness showed some increase in brightness after the ozone treatment. Although the pulp viscosity significantly decreased during the ozone treatment. the strength properties of the handsheet from the ozone-treated pulps were slightly changed.

最近一般新聞紙面にも，たびたび古紙に関する記事が登場する様になってきた。3年程前からは主要商品品目のうちデフレ基調下の経済状況の中で，古紙の値上がり率が前年対比で30％以上も値上がりしたことが注目された。その後，古紙価格の上昇によって新たに古紙回収を手掛ける人が増え，それらの人が，行政が企画した古紙回収を無断で古紙集積場から抜き取る行為や町内会等が実地している集団回収の古紙持寄場から古紙を持ち去る行為が頻繁に行われたため，住民から多くの苦情が寄せられた。これ等の現状は一般紙に多く取り上げられた。各自冶体では抜き取り行為を防止するため条例を制定し罰則を設けた市もかなりの数にのぼった。最近の古紙を取り巻く環境は以前とどう変化してきたのだろうか。主に古紙回収，古紙消費，古紙価格に関する推移と国際化してきた古紙マーケットの動向について述べる。

The tendency of the progress of highly utilization of recycled waste paper and closed system in the pulp and paper industries of Japan is growing bad to worse for the condition of paper machines. As such a worse condition, it is hard to get the effective performance for paper strength agent. As the countermeasures, it is important to clear the factor that influence on improvement of paper strength and select effective total system on efficiency of strength agents.In this paper, the situation of development on dry strength agents, the optimum condition of papermaking and finally, more effective application of paper strength agents are summarized.

The utilization of waste paper becomes important issue from the environmental point of view. But there are several technical problems to extend it, such as high COD loadin the effluent, sticky contaminants, and low productivity at paper machine. These problems would be due to a conventional alkaline deinking process. Although the utilization of an enzyme into deinking process has been reported to solve some of these problems, an enzyme can not be used for deinking because of its cost. In order to improve the cost performance and apply it into an actual process, first of all we have studied the deinking mechanism of toner printed paper by the enzyme. Several treatment enzymatic deinking trials have been done under the different condition of the enzyme dosage and mechanical force.The treatment with a strong force could separate ink at the floatation efficiently. It could be due to the enzymatic action to separate fibers and the toner. We observed two types of hairy toner, surface hairy toner which stuck fibers on its surface, and internal hairy toner which contained fibers inside. By this treatment only surface hairy toner was modified into clean toner. However the enzymatic treatment without mechanical force could not change the form of the toner, and decreased the efficiency to separate ink at the floatation. We observed the similar result when a higher charge of the enzyme and the strong mechanical force were used. When toner size and the fiber characteristics were checked to see the reason of this phenomenon, the size was not changed, but most of fibrils on the surface of fibers and fines in slury were disappeared. It would be concluded that the floatation of the hairy toner could be difficult because of the enzymatic removal of fibrils on fibers and fines and of the less physical contact between the toner and the bubbles.

Increase in the utility rate of waste paper is one of the most important subjects that is proposed as “Recycle target 56” by JPA (Japan Paper Association).Deinkability of prohibitive materials for recycling was examined with carbon paper. We evaluated the deinkabilities of old newspaper/carbon paper mixture, woodfree paper/carbon paper mixture and 100% carbon paper. In conclusion, we have found that following three technical conditions enable the deinkability of carbon paper to emerge.1. Control of ink particle size in pulper stage2. Increasing of foam volume with foaming agents or air blow3. Improvement in washing stage and water treatment stage

I. New Pulp Bale Feeding SystemA modern Pulp Bale Handling System has to meet the following requirements : * Highest Efficiency/Feasibility* Best Raw Material Preparation* Quality Assurance, Independent from Personnel* Safety of Work (Personnel) * Safety of Down-stream Equipment after PulperII. Automatic Waste Paper Bale Dewiring and Pulper Feed SystemsThe erection of Waste Paper recycling lines in the Paper and Board Industry with production capacities up to and above 1, 000 t/d is calling for highest standards and challenges for mechanical engineering. Paper manufacturing, based on Waste Paper, is looking nowadays for most economic and customised turnkey solutions for optimal material handling and processing in front of conventional Pulpers or Pulping Drums.FMW solutions include also approved machinery and equipment with highest efficiency for Automatic Waste Paper Bale Dewiring, wire treatment and reject handling systems.

Quality requirement of recycling pulp is recently getting stricter, and on the contrary, quality of waste paper as a raw material is getting worse rapidly. Accordingly screen processes of recycling paper treatment plant are faced to be more complicate for the purpose of improvement of contaminant removal. As the result, the required power ratio of screening processes has become large portion against total power consumption of the system, for instances, about 20 to 30% in case of deinking plant and 40 to 50% in case of brown grade waste paper plant. The “Gran Flow” is a newly developed screen, which can reduce the power consumption by about half. Not only power saving, but also dramatic sticky removal will be achieved. We believe the common sense for screening technology shall be changed rapidly with the new technology of the “Gran Flow”.

RPF is a pelletized product, which consists of waste paper and plastics, and is used as fuel for boilers. We are producing 3, 500 tons every month at our 4 plants in two mills.We started to develop this RPF thirteen years ago, aiming to utilize waste laminated paper products which were incinerated or disposed without any return.The problem in general is that the business of utilizing waste materials is not free and is regulated with various laws relating to industrial waste handling. Our business was ap-proved as a first case supported by a new energy development law in last December. We think it a meaningful step forward.

In case of operation for Corrugating paper and Jute Liner board machine, corrugated waste paper and magazine waste paper are using, as main raw materials. In latest tendency, the content of waste paper are gradually increasing, and in almost Corrugating paper machine, they are keeping perfectly 100% waste paper. In component of waste paper, each kind of Hot Melt, Wax, Gum type materials and Film etc. are generally mixing.Owing to thease environment, winder operation for above system machine, are having some trouble with pitch sticking to surface of present Rider roll (made by steelpipe), and in some factory, they are much suffering from noise pollution, cause by pitch sticking.In consideration of above mentioned condition, and customer's request for resisting trouble with pitch sticking, our company have decided to make project for settlement of trouble. By means of repeating several test, for resisting pitch sticking, we have succeeded with developments of new materials for outside cover of Rider roll.

Domestic paperboard utilizes waste paper at the rate of 87.6% and this high utilizing rate has been achieved by the technical innovation of respective equipment in the stock preparation process.Firstly, this paper reports chronologically the recycling process and its advancement, referring to our recycling process of waste corrugated fiberboard.1) LIP System at the first generation (1975-1984) 2) UP/US Screen system and Hydrapurge at the second generation (1985-1994) 3) MFC/MF Screen system at nowadaysThen, this paper introduces the technical features and application examples of MF Screen, to which 1996's Sasaki Prize and Minister Prize of MITI have been awarded. The MF Screen united the screen with the defibering device, and achieved high fineness and low reject rate by elimination of internal cascades, resulting in the enhanced simplification of the screen system in the stock preparation process.

Aspects of the global utilization of nonwood plant fiber pulp are reviewed compared with that of woodpulp and waste paper, referring the data from FAO Yearbook 1994 and PPI July 1995. The ratio of nonwood pulp produced in the world attained to ca. 12% of all pulp produced in 1994. Characteristic differences between nonwood pulp and wood pulp, which are important to paper making use of them, are also reviewed on the point of morphological features of component cells and chemical composition of each pulp.

This report summarized the physical and chemical property of hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide bleaching condition of pulp for the people working in the field of pulp industry.The recent environmental movement requires the pulp industry to increase the use of Waste paper and the use of non-chlorine bleaching chemicals for KP bleaching.Hydrogen peroxide is suitable for solving such environment problems. Because hydrogen peroxide is clean enough to produce only oxygen and water after reacting in pulp bleaching process.In the future, we hope that the usage of hydrogen peroxide will be increased in many field.

Recycling of white grade waste-paper is one of the important criteria in paper recycling. The fiber length distribution of the deinked pulp is very similar to that of hardwood bleached Kraft pulp (L-BKP). The ink was efficiently removed during flotation process and the brightness of the pulp was about 80% after final washing. The strengths of pulp are lower than that of L-BKP but it is strong enough to blend this pulp to various grades. This plant is also equipped with white water treatment device which allows the less fresh water usage for whole process.

In order to keep the natural resources, it is very important for us to recycle broke and waste paper more, but, some kinds of broke and waste paper are difficult to defiber and not suitable for recycling.This report presents the Research and Field data for repulping the broke and waste paper hard to defiber with minimum expenses.

Many major Japanese pulp and paper manufacturing companies recently issued their voluntary plan regarding what they can do to improve the global environment. Wastepaper utilization is an important item in the plan.This paper will introduce the Japanese municipal solid waste problem, waste paper utilization and a general ONP deinking process. Also, the effect of wastepaper utilization on the environment from the view point of energy consumption, carbon dioxide load and effluent loads will be discussed.

Recently, many new products have been appeared in the field of waste paper treatment and deinking.Following three new products are introduced in this paper. S-screen having unique S-rotor is high consistency screen for various virgin and waste pulp screening.Bel-Wave basket is cost effective, rebuildable basket having unique corrugated sections and bolted construction in corse screening applications.Dynamic washer is a pressure driven process by which a finely perforated filter separates the ink and fillers from stock.

Our company locates in the northern part of the main island. and produces linerboard (320 tons day), newsprint (45 tons day) and deodorant. As it is a small mill, we have been intending to he environmentally friendly and promoting fiber recycling.Now. our linerboard is completely made of recycled fibers. As for newsprint, we use MCP (recycled fiber from milk carton waste) in replacement to NBKP, and we have been operating with 70% recycled fiber for these 10 years.We understand that an efficient recycling system is indispensable to us, and have developed NPR 100 System which enable to use old newsprint more efficiently.We are also working on a project. supported by the government, of using office waste paper more effectively which is mostly incinerated at the moment.

With the growing environmental concerns facing the pulp and paper industry, saving energy, an effective use of resources, utilization of waste paper and lightweight paper and paperboard come to tay as countermeasures. Use of recycled waste water and progress in closed system increasingly worsen water for papermaking.The contribution to environmental concerns and new application to a coating chemical with the new PAM strength agent are outlined as compared to starch which brings disadvantage, for instance the complicated process of cooking, a declining rate of increase in strength at high addition levels and a rise in waste water load (COD).Additionally, Neu Size 770, which can compare alkaline sizing agents (AKD, ASA) in sizing efficiency in neutral as well as alkaline paper making conditions without deposits and/or slippage problems, is summarized.

The waste paper as raw materials for paper has generally extremely wide fiber length spectrum, and it is desirable to process it selectively for long and short fibers. The fractionating equipment available today to achieve this are screens with variety of concepts. The tendency in application of such technology in Europe is described herein, with comparison of hole and slot screens as well as comparison of selective partial flow treatment and full flow processing.

With the progress of an “information-based” society, the popularity of various OA equipment has become wide-spread, and consequently, significant volumes of information forms and paper are used and wasted.Efficient use of recycled paper for information forms and paper faced with a strng demand from the perspective of environmental preservation and garbage disposal problems.There has been an advance in the technology to process waste paper for reuse, and organization of a recycling system is already under way.Recently, apart from recycling of paper itself, many reports have been made which concern the use of reversible recording media.This report introduces the general and technical trends for the use of reversible recording media as one possible replacement to information forms and paper, and briefly discusses future hopes in this aspect.

Aikawa has had rich experiences for waste paper treatment plant of Board Paper. One of the important factors which determine the quality of finished stock in the waste paper treatment plant is the rejects treatment in the screening process. The basic of the waste paper processing system is to produce high quality recycled pulp as much yield as possible. It is required for accomplishing this target to simplify the rejects processing system and to eliminate circulated the foreign materials from the system. In this article, Aikawa can recommend an example of succeeded reject processing system in commercial line.And another subject we introduce is the application example of High Consistency Mixer Pulper for deflaking any materials at over 30% consistency.