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Energy efficiency is an important issue in the proposed next-generation wireless communications as it severely affects human life on the earth. Two factors have mainly become an energy concern in the past decade: global warming due to CO2 emission and sea-level rise. Further, this issue has become a graver concern due to the ever increasing demand for data rates, spectral efficiency and quality of service combined with massive IoT communications. Therefore, there is a need for developing green mobile communications by 2020, which can ensure reduced energy consumption and increased battery life, besides increased capacity to enable massive deployment of small cell base stations. The proposed wireless communication network with the above features is referred to as an energy-efficient green mobile communication (5G). The paper surveys various technologies for realization of green mobile communication. Various technologies proposed for the realization of 5G are simultaneous wireless power and information transfer, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), millimeter waves and beamforming. An analysis has also been carried out in the case of the proposed massive MIMO antennas and beamforming technique as a case study of energy-efficient architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telecom services signify the social and economic development of a nation. The telecommunications sector is one of the prime sectors required for the transformation and development of a nation. The Indian telecommunications sector has undergone a major process of evolution and progression. The National Telecom Policy was declared in 1994, and was subsequently reformed and carried forward under the National Telecom Policy, 1999. The Indian telecom sector is a spectator to the complete revolutionary transformation due to reformation of various policies in the last decade. It has achieved a phenomenal escalation during the last few years and is poised to take a big leap in the future. This growth has resulted in some adverse effects like accumulation of Green House Gases (GHG), issues in spectrum management and paucity of energy. Increasing public demand for corporate social responsibility and an authentic desire to effect positive change in the environment are leading the telecommunications service providers and their suppliers to diminish their carbon footprint. There are many emerging issues in the management of spectrum like reform of previous regulatory framework, streamlining the Standing Advisory Committee on Frequency Allocation (SACFA) clearances, delicensing spectrum bands for broadband services, spectrum trading and the lack of unique global unified standard. Many industries and institutions are carrying out research for efficient telecommunication infrastructure. This paper focuses on the issues related to energy, environment, spectrum as well as remedies to overcome the challenges. Use of renewable energy resources, effective and transparent spectrum management and one unified standard with convergence of different technologies can be future prospects for the betterment of service providers as well as subscribers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]