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Post-COVID-19 conditions (long COVID) has impacted many individuals, yet risk factors for this condition are poorly understood. This retrospective analysis of 88,943 COVID-19 patients at a multi-state US health system compares phenotypes, laboratory tests, medication orders, and outcomes for 1,086 long-COVID patients and their matched controls. We found that history of chronic pulmonary disease (CPD) (odds ratio: 1.9, 95% CI: [1.5, 2.6]), migraine (OR: 2.2, [1.6, 3.1]), and fibromyalgia (OR: 2.3, [1.3, 3.8]) were more common for long-COVID patients. During the acute infection phase long COVID patients exhibited high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and a high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; and were more likely hospitalized (5% vs. 1%). Our findings suggest severity of acute infection and history of CPD, migraine, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), or fibromyalgia as risk factors for long COVID. These results suggest that suppressing acute disease severity proactively, especially in patients at high risk, can reduce incidence of long COVID., Competing Interests: P.G. was an employee of nference and is a current employee of ConcertAI and has financial interests in these companies and the successful application of this research. M.N., C.P., H.B., U.Y., P.L., P.K., M.N., J.R., S.A., and A.V. are employees of nference and have financial interests in the company and in the successful application of this research. V.S. is an employee of nference and Anumana and has financial interests in these companies and in the successful application of this research. J.O. has received small grants from nference, Inc., and personal consulting fees from Bates College and Elsevier Inc. All of these activities are outside of the present work. R.H. has received a small grant from nference, Inc. and Zealand Pharmaceuticals, and consulting fees from Nestle Nutrition. C.R. acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health (1OT2HL162096-01). A.T. is an employee and shareholder of Vir Biotechnology Inc., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Patients with COVID-19 can experience symptoms and complications after viral clearance. It is important to identify clinical features of patients who are likely to experience these prolonged effects. We conducted a retrospective study to compare longitudinal laboratory test measurements (hemoglobin, hematocrit, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen) in patients rehospitalized after PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 clearance (n = 104) versus patients not rehospitalized after viral clearance (n = 278). Rehospitalized patients had lower median hemoglobin levels in the year prior to COVID-19 diagnosis (Cohen's D = -0.50; p = 1.2 × 10 -3 ) and during their active SARS-CoV-2 infection (Cohen's D = -0.71; p = 4.6 × 10 -8 ). Rehospitalized patients were also more likely to be diagnosed with moderate or severe anemia during their active infection (Odds Ratio = 4.07; p = 4.99 × 10 -9 ). These findings suggest that anemia-related laboratory tests should be considered in risk stratification algorithms for patients with COVID-19., Competing Interests: P.J.L., E.R., A.J.V., G.B., R.M., and V.S. are employees of nference and have financial interests in the company. J.C.O. receives personal fees from Elsevier and 10.13039/100016444Bates College, and receives small grants from nference, Inc, outside the submitted work. A.D.B. is a consultant for Abbvie, is on scientific advisory boards for nference and Zentalis, and is founder and President of Splissen therapeutics. J.C.O., W.M., J.H., and A.D.B. are employees of the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic may stand to gain financially from the successful outcome of the research., (© 2021.)