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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate to high-intensity aerobic exercise on HbA1c (Glycated hemoglobin), FBS (fasting blood sugar) and cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment prediabetes patients. Materials and Methods: Seventeen elderly mild cognitive impairment (age 55-70) men and women were selected and were randomly divided into 2 groups as aerobic (n=10) and control (n=10). Six subjects were excluded during the study. Finally, 14 subjects were continued the exercise program. Assessments were done at baseline and 12 weeks after intervention. The 12-weeks aerobic exercise program consisted of 90 min sessions in length 3 days per week under the supervision of the exercise specialist. Cognitive function, HbA1c, and FBS were evaluated. The differences in all variables (one way ANOVA), correlation (Pearson single correlation) and relative changes between baseline and 12 weeks (paired T-tests) were investigated. Results: HbA1c, FBS decreased significantly in the aerobic group whereas cognitive function increased significantly after 12 weeks aerobic (P-value< 0.05 for all). Also, the change of cognitive function was significantly associated with a change of FBS (r= -0.84) after a 12-week aerobic exercise (P-value: 0.011). Differences between groups in HbA1c, FBS and cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination) were not significant. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise may improve HbA1c, FBS and subsequently cognitive function in prediabetes elderly subjects. Therefore, a decrease in glycemic indicators could lead to improve cognitive function.

Objective: The use of non-enzymatic antioxidants in the form of dietary supplements has a positive effect on reducing oxidative stress, and preventing apoptosis as they interrupt free radicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the aerobic exercise and L-carnitine consumption impacts on diabetes induced apoptosis, oxidative stress factors, and mitochondrial enzymes in rats. Materials and Methods: In this Clinical trial study, 45 male Wistar rats (200-300 g) were divided into six groups including sham, healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic & L-carnitine, diabetic & aerobic exercise, diabetic receiving L-carnitine & aerobic exercise . The rats attained a diabetic state with a single dose of STZ intraperitoneal injection (55 mg/kg body weight) and receiving L-carnitine 100 mg per day. The aerobic exercise protocol including five sessions per week was administered. The heart tissues of the dependent variables were measured by ELISA 24 hours after the last session of the exercise program. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at P-value< 0.05 were used to analyze the data. Results: result show that aerobic exercise and L-carnitine consumption have a significant effect on BAX (P-value= 0.001), Bcl-2 (P-value= 0.001), and SOD (P-value= 0.001) in diabetic rats. Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm the role of aerobic exercise and L-carnitine in improving the indices of apoptosis and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats

Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks high intensity interval (HIIT) and sub-maximal continuous trainings on plasma betatrophin level in diabetic rats treated with metformin. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 42 diabetic wistar rats were divided into six groups (n=7): diabetic control (C), diabetic control + metformin consumption(C+M), diabetic HIIT, diabetic HIIT + metformin (HIIT+M), diabetic sub-maximal continuous training (SMCT), and diabetic sub-maximal continuous training + metformin (SMCT+M). Metformin was given 150 mg/kg/day by gavage every day, 48 hours after the end of the last training session, the rats were sacrificed. Then blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured. One-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The level of plasma betatrophin was significantly different in the HIIT (P-value= 0.01) and C+M (P-value= 0.001) groups compared to C group. Blood glucose was significantly decreased in all training groups with or without betatrophin compared with the diabetic control group (P-value= 0.001). However, there were no significant changes between glucose levels in HIIT, HIIT+M, SMCT, and SMCT+M groups but SMCT showed most reduction in blood glucose. Conclusion: Treatment with metformin did not change blood glucose but two types of exercise training with high and moderate intensity reduced blood glucose thus exercise can be a good alternative modality rather than taking medicine.

Objective: Type2 diabetes (T2DM) as a metabolic disease is associated with absolute or relative insulin deficiency, increased blood glucose and carbohydrate metabolism disorders which is considered as risk factors of other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on lipid profile (TG, LDL and HDL), glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Materials and Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy, diabetic, diabetic + metformin, healthy + training, diabetic + training and diabetic + training + Metformin. The training groups performed eight weeks of HIIT. Metformin was given 150 mg / kg to the rats by gavage every day. T2DM was induced by injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin and 48 hours after the end of last training session, the rats were sacrificed. Then lipid profile, blood glucose and HbA1c were measured. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results of this study showed that TG levels were low in diabetic training and diabetic + training + metformin groups compared to the diabetic group (P-value: 0.0001). There weren't any significant differences between total cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c levels between groups. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in diabetic + training and diabetic + training + metformin groups compared to diabetic controls (P-value: 0.0001). HbA1c levels were significantly lower in diabetic + training and diabetic + training + metformin than in diabetic group (P-value: 0.0001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that severe periodic exercise can be considered as an important strategy for improving lipid profiles and blood glucose control in T2DM patients.