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Fluid dynamic field is frequently classified and designated into two which are hydrodynamics and aerodynamics. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has been exerted to many flow problems in a broad range. PIV application to the measurement of velocity distributions in fluid flow is represented by the Stokes number. PIV can be executed to practically for any sort of flow if the fluid is transparent to allow suspended particles image. The purpose of this paper is to present some examples of application of PIV in general cases. In the midst of numerous applications of PIV, turbulent flows are the most comprehensively demanding because of their three-dimensionality, naturally large ranges of length and unsteadiness. Sudden flow field measurements of PIV method can be applied for the demotion of turbulence quantities and mean velocities.

The increasing consumption of fisheries product causes large amount of wastewater produced from fish processing industry. General wastewater treatment includes the use of harmful chemical such as chlorine. This research opens a new platform to treat wastewater by using ionic cupric copper which is also known as copper nanoparticles (CuNP). Copper nanoparticles are synthesized through chemical reduction method by using Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) as precursor and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as reducing agent. The physical characterizations of CuNP are carried out by using SEM and the chemical characterizations are carried out by using XRD and FTIR. The efficiency of CuNP to treat wastewater from fish processing industry are determined by the removal of COD, Total coliform and E.Coli. The optimum concentration to reduce COD is 1000mg/L which causes 59.4% percentage removal of COD. The optimum concentration for COD removal is used to determine the volume of CuNP needed to remove total coliform and E.Coli. The optimum volume for removal of total coliform and E.Coli are 40µL and 30 µL respectively.

Concerns of microorganisms growth in fish processing plants are crucial to the operation of the fish processing facilities. The presence of toxic microorganisms in the effluent could bring detrimental effects to the environmental and public health as several disease outbreaks could possibly take place with the release of infectious wastewater from the facilities. Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009 published by Department of Environment Malaysia has clearly stated that the discharge limit of total coliform into water bodies that are safe for marine life, fisheries and human consumption must be not exceeded 600MPN/100 mL while for E.coli is not more than 400MPN/100mL. To cope with the laws and regulations, the industry has practiced several methods on disinfecting the effluent such as chlorination or ultraviolet treatment. However, the excessive use of such methods can cause deterioration to the environment as the by-products get released from the effluent are usually harmful to the natural systems of the environment. This paper aims to summarize recent progress on disinfectant methods that have been reported and published in the literature.

In this study, the influence of manganese substitution on the photocatalytic activity of heterogeneous Fe3-xMnxO4 catalyst were investigated. The Fe3-xMnxO4 catalysts were synthesized through co-precipitation method at varies manganese (Mn) substitution ratio (x) of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of the resultant catalysts were tested in photo Fenton-like degradation of AOII dye in the presence of 22Mm H2O2 at initial pH of 3. Interestingly, discoloration of 95.9% AOII was achieved at optimized x value of 0.3. Enhancement of nearly 98% was observed compared to pristine catalyst (x=0) which was able to degrade up to 48.4% only. In addition, it also demonstrated that the AOII degradation kinetic using Fe3-xMnxO4 catalyst at x=0.3 by photo Fenton-like reaction was fitted well with the first order reaction kinetic (k = 0.018 min-1 and R2 = 0.9862). Thus, it can be suggested that the substitution of Mn into the matrix of iron oxide provides a positive influence in enhancing the overall photocatalytic peformance of heterogeneous Fe3-xMnxO4 catalyst during the photo Fenton-like reaction.

38,000 tonnes of waste is generated per day in Malaysia and 15,000 tonnes of that are food wastes. This waste should be recovered to produce a new valuable product that brings benefits such as fertiliser because it contains various nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates. This study aims to determine the effects of thermal treatment on the macronutrient of food waste that collected from cafeteria of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Hot water bath was employed as thermal treatment of food waste with five different temperatures (60 °C to 100 °C) with two reaction time (30 min and 60 min). The results have demonstrated increases in the percentage of nitrogen (N) and concentration of phosphorous (P) however for the concentration of potassium (K) shows inversely related after subjected to hot water bath. Thermal treatment showed the untreated sample only consists 2.13 % of N and 31.53 mg/L of P, and after the treatment resulted in an increase in N and P by 0.22 % - 3.39 % and 0.33 mg/L - 21.40 mg/L respectively. On the other hand, the concentration of K in the untreated sample is 0.4915 ppm and after treatment it decreases to 0.1051 ppm - 0.2052 ppm. Based on the range of macronutrient in organic fertilisers in Malaysia, only N was in the range and can directly employ as organic fertiliser while for P and K should undergo further treatment.

Stabilized landfill leachate often contains higher organic fractions than the young one. The organics require several sequential treatments to render the leachate parameters concentrations to permissible discharge limits before being discharged to receiving water. This study focused on the application of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) as coagulant agent followed with microfiltration of 0.45 µm pore size under different condition of landfill leachates. The results indicated that the sludge volume index (SVI), soluble COD and turbidity concentrations were inter-related to each other when compared under different ZnSO4 dosages. However, that was not the case when correlation between stabilized and young leachate were compared side by side. To conform the finding, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted and the results were further explained by the adequacy and significant of confidence interval. Finally, it was proven that, soluble and particulate COD had significant CI of 95% applicable for stabilized leachate alone.

Plastic associates products based have been considered as the world most consumer packaging solution. However, substantial quantities of plastic consumption have led to exponential increase of plastic derived waste. Recycling of plastic waste as valued added product such as concrete appears as one of promising solution for alternative use of plastic waste. This paper summarized recent progress on the development of concrete mixture which incorporates plastic wastes as partial aggregate replacement during concrete manufacturing. A collection of data from previous studies that have been researched which employed plastic waste in concrete mixtures were evaluated and conclusions are drawn based on the laboratory results of all the mentioned research papers studied.

In physico-chemical treatment, the separation of suspended particles from the liquid phase is usually accomplished by coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation. Coagulation-flocculation processes have been widely used as alternative treatment to remove leachate pollutants such as BOD, COD, TSS, heavy metals, colour, and nitrogen compounds prior to other treatment methods. It is often coupled with treatment methods like biological process, chemical oxidation, adsorption or filtration to achieve desirable effluent quality. In spite of being economical, the dewatering and disposal of the precipitated sludge could be laborious and time-consuming. In this manuscript, brief discussions on coagulant and coagulants aid in landfill leachate treatment is discussed with respect to their mechanism.