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Collagens are an important and ubiquitous family of proteins. They have many functions in the human body and similarly have found numerous, potent applications in various industries including the manufacture of biomaterials. The ever-increasing demand for collagen has made necessary the exploration of alternative sources such as bacterial collagen-like proteins which have a triple-helical domain of Gly-X-Y amino acid repeats. Detection and quantification of native collagens have been well-established. However, collagen-like proteins differ in their composition and do not have the unique abundance of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine found in vertebrate collagens. Thus, this poses a problem in the detection and quantification of collagen-like proteins. This paper evaluates reports on the detection and quantification of collagens and collagen-like proteins. A systematic search of the PubMed database was conducted in May 2021, to which five additional papers were added. The 310 unique search results were then subjected to a screening and elimination process, at the end of which 22 papers were included in the study. The findings were summarized and presented in a table that highlights progress in this field. While novel methods have been developed for the detection and quantitation of collagens in general, mainly using enzyme digestion, hybridization, and fluorescence, there is a need for a rapid, one-step method that selectively and sensitively detects and quantitates collagen and collagen-like protein samples with ease.

The functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is extremely important to increase their solubility. This study reported the efficient functionalization of MWCNTs via acid treatment introducing carboxyl group at the side wall of MWCNTs by mixing the concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid. Plant esterase enzyme extracted from wheat flour called alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) was immobilized onto functionalized MWCNTs via covalent attachment of amine group in ANAE and carboxyl group of functionalized MWCNTs. In order to characterize the functionalization of MWCNTs and immobilization of enzyme, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been used to confirm the existence of these functional groups. The FTIR spectrums revealed that the several peaks formed at 1992.39, 2324.14, 2880.85 and 3029.51 cm−1 which can be assigned to the C=O symmetric stretching, O−H stretch from strongly hydrogen-bonded –COOH, H−C stretch modes of H−C=O in the carboxyl group, and O-H stretch from carboxyl groups (O=C−OH and C−OH) respectively. The immobilization of ANAE on functionalized MWCNTs confirmed by observation of the peak at 3646.81 cm−1 and 3850.91 cm−1 introduced the strong amide linkages between carboxylic acid groups and amine group on the MWCNTs. This proposed framework can be applied for fabrication of screen printed electrode as biosensor for detection of pesticide.

Euthynnusaffinis is one of tuna species that distributed throughout the world. Their visceral accounts for approximate less than 20% of body weight and its value are still underutilized. This study screened four the potential individual visceral organ to produce protease and lipase enzyme viz. spleen, stomach, pancreas, and liver. Among the individual visceral organ, liver exhibited the highest source for protease activity (57.786 U/ml), while pancreas revealed as the best source for lipase activity (69.425 U/ml). Therefore, the finding of alternative sources for protease and lipase in this study might converted visceral waste by product to generate protease and lipase enzyme that may be applied in biotechnological process.