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Had been successfully synthesized rPP/DVB/PP-AA/rNR/KF//Hall+ZB smart composite in solution reactive processes with various recycled Natural Rubber (rNR) bio-compatibilizer concentration. The addition of rNR bio-compatibilizer improved the total capacity loading (Hall and KF) filler to reach the optimum concentration. The addition of 3% rNR is capable to increase capacity of total loading filler KF and Hall up to 46% as the optimum condition (KH4). At optimum conditions it can increase the Tensile Strength (TS) and Elongation (Elo) up to 16% and 17% respectively, and decrease the Young Modulus (YM) to 1% compared to that the composites without rNR (KH1). The rNR plasticizer serves as a bio-compatibilizer that can increase the loading filler capacity and well interaction, finally, it can increase the TS properties. The increase of total loading filler KF and Hall to 46% (KH4) can also improve the inflammability of the composites. The Heat combustion (Hg) of KH1 without rNR was 42.3 kJ/g and at optimum condition the Hg of KH4 increases 4.8%, compared to that of KH1. The time to Ignition (TTI) increases by 6.9%, Burning Rate (BR) decreases by 3.7% and the Heat Release (HR) increases by 2.1% compared to that of the composites without rNR (KH1).

Packaging used edible film is one of the food preservation techniques. Many studies have proven that edible films can extend the shelf life and improve the quality of food products. Edible film from ginger starch and chitosan with glycerin as plasticizer has been successfully prepared and characterized. The purpose of this research was to produce and characterized of the mechanical properties of edible film from ginger starch, chitosan, and glycerin as plasticizer. Edible film was characterized by UTM, TGA, FTIR and Water Uptake Test. The results of tensile strength test of edible film is 0.67125 MPa and elongation up to 15.67%. The thermal degradation of material reached 176.9695°C, water uptake of edible film up to 2.5%, and FTIR data shows an interaction between ginger starch, chitosan, and glycerin. It concluded that edible film from ginger starch, chitosan, and glycerin as plasticizer has good mechanical properties and has potential as a packaging.

Had been synthesized PP/rRG/MMt+ZB smart material composite in solution reactive processes with various rRG concentration. The addition of rRG plasticizers will improve the deflection properties and increase the filler capacity MMt loading to reach the optimum concentration. The addition of 3% rRG is capable of loading filler capacity MMt to 23% as the optimum condition. At the optimum conditions it can increase the deflection (Defl) and flexural strength (FS) up to 16% and 15% respectively compared to that of the composites without rRG. The rRG plasticizer serves as a bio-compatibilizer that can reduce surface tension of the mixture and leads to decrease the Defl., follow by the increase of loading filler capacity and well interaction finally can increase the FS properties. The increase of loading filler MMt up to 23% can also improve the inflammability of the composites. Time to Ignition (TTI) increase by 5% and Burning Rate (BR) decrease by 4.5% compared to that of the composites which is containing MMt 20% without rRG.

The synthesis of chitosan-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene acid was done with DIC (N, N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide) as the coupling agent. The structural analysis of the chitosan-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene acid was conducted by spectrophotometer Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Meanwhile, the surface area was investigated by Surface Area Analysis, the Scanning Electrone Microscope (SEM) analysed the surface morphology, and also the melting point temperature was determined. FTIR analysis on Chitosan-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene provides an overlapped absorption of -OH and -NH groups at 3438.26 cm-1. Meanwhile, a C = C aromatic bond present at 1480.43 cm-1. XRD analysis shows some broaden peaks due to the amorphous phase of the prepared material. The prepared material is a brownish yellow solid, odorless and porous. The melting point, surface area, and the average pore radius are above 300 °C, 9.42 m2 / g, and 52.5938 A, respectively.

This research aims to assess the use of chitosan -linked p-t-buthylcalix[4]arene as an adsorbent of Cd2+. Adsorption was done with the batch method in the variation of acidity (pH), contact time and initial concentration of Cd2+. The experimental results showed that the optimum pH of adsorption was pH 6 for the adsorbent chitosan and 8 for chitosan -linked p-t-buthylcalix[4]arene adsorbent. The optimum adsorption contact time was 240 minutes for the both adsorbent. Study of adsorption kinetics revealed that the adsorption of Cd for two adsorbents followed the kinetics model Ho, pseudo-order 2, with adsorption rate constant 1.037x10-2 and 1.777x10-2 g mg-1 min-1 respectively. Study of adsorption isotherm presented that the using chitosan adsorbent tends to follow the Langmuir isotherm, while the adsorbent chitosan- linked p-t-buthylcalix[4]arene tend to follow Freundlich isotherm. The maximum capacity of the adsorption using chitosan and chitosan- linked p-t-buthylcalix[4]arene adsorbent 30.19 and 21.67 mol/g, with the adsorption energy 41.459 and 28.627 KJ/mol respectively.

The research aims to examine the physicochemical properties of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biosurfactant was produced in whey tofu media containing 8 g/L nutrient broth and 5 g/L NaCl which was fermented for 2 days at room temperature. Biosurfactant was identified as rhamnolipids which had critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 638 mg/L and surface tension of 54 mN/m. The biosurfactant had water in oil (w/o) emulsion type. The biosurfactant was able to decrease the interfacial tension more than 40% for emulsion of water with hexane, pentane, benzene, lubricants or kerosene. The stable emulsions were reached up to 30 days with the E24 value of about 50% when paraffin, toluene, lubricants or palm oil was used as an immiscible compound. Commercial surfactants, such as Triton X-100 and Tween-80 were investigated to compare their emulsification activities and emulsion stabilities with the produced biosurfactant.

Silanizing of chitosan has been prepared using the solution-casting method. The silanizing agent is 3-glycydiloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The compounding of chitosan/GPTMS was conducted for 1 hour at 80°C by varying GPTMS compound (5-20 wt %) and the final product is referred as Cs/GPTMS. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation and young modulus were tested according to ASTM D882-02. The addition of 15 % of GPTMS was able to improve the tensile strength value up to 55.66%. However, the elongation decreased to 64.89 %. Moreover, the water adsorption and swelling area properties were studied in this research to evaluate the material ability. Both of water adsorption and swelling area properties decreased by the presence of GPTMS in chitosan. The Cs/GPTMS materials to be promising candidate materials for plastic engineering due to their properties meet the requirement.

Growing consciousness for an eco-friendly environment has revived the interest to develop composite fibers from biobased products. In this study, flammability, mechanical, water absorption and biodegradability properties of chitosan filled biocomposite waste polypropylene (wPP) reinforced with pseudo-stem banana fiber (PBF) and montmorillonite (MMt) biocomposites has been conducted investigate. It was successfully processed in solution method. Chitosan was chemically treated with glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to improve interfacial adhesion between chitosan and wPP. The chitosan treated with GPTMS content in the biocomposites were varied from 0 to 7% (dry wt. basis). Flammability, tensile strength and water absorption index of biocomposites were measured according to ASTM D635, ASTM D638, and ASTM D570 respectively. To study the nature of its biodegradability, the biocomposites were technically buried in garbage dump land. The results show that the addition of treated chitosan 3-GPTMS has improved thermal properties such as Time to Ignition (TTi), Burning Rate (BR), and Heat release (HR) of treated biocomposites compared with neat PP and untreated biocomposite with treated chitosan. The treated biocomposites exhibit higher tensile strength and Young's modulus, but lower elongation at break compared with neat PP and untreated biocomposites with treated chitosan. The biocomposites show a reduction in the rate of water uptake with higher loading of CH.

This research has successfully synthesized six hybrid laminate composites (HLC). These HLC consist of two layers skin composites and one layer of core PP/KF composites. There are sticked with epoxy adhesive by using cold press method. In this research 6 types of skin are used, namely the rPP (recycled polypropylene, HC1); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF (HC2); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall (HC3); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall+ZB (HC4); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall (HC5) and rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall+ZB (HC6) composites. The mechanical properties assessment tensile strength (TS) of various HLC before and after cyclical thermal (CT) was done by ASTM D638. While testing the flame retardant: such as time to ignition (TTI) and burning rate (BR) was done by ASTM D635. Heat stability of HLC can be recognized by conducting the CT treatment. It is to determine the effect of fluctuating heat loads on mechanical properties of HLC materials. The TS result of five HLCs (HC2, HC3, HC4, HC5 and HC6) before CT treatment were higher than HC1 (blank HLC). Those five HLC are also able to increase the TTI and reduce the BR compared to HC1. The CT treatment conditions performed at 45 oC as much as 125 times. After CT treatment, the TS values only slightly decline compared to before CT treatment.

Chitosan-liked p-t-butylcalix[4]arene can be applied as an adsorbent of dye Remazol Yellow FG because it has an active group of hydroxy (-OH) and amine (-NH2). Adsorption had done by comparing to chitosan. Adsorption was carried out in a batch system. Several variables including pH, contact time, and initial concentration of dye Remazol Yellow FG were determined. The optimum adsorption conditions of dye Remazol Yellow FG by chitosan dan chitosan-liked p-t-butylcalix[4]arene occurred at pH 4 and a contact time of 135 minutes. The adsorption kinetics of dye Remazol Yellow FG using chitosan and chitosan-liked p-t- butylcalix[4]arene followed Ho kinetics model, pseudo-second order and the rate constant of adsorption was 2.42 x 10-4 g/mg.menit and 3.63 x 10-4 g/mg.menit. The isothermal study showed that adsorption of dye Remazol Yellow FG using chitosan and chitosan-liked p-t- butylcalix[4]arene tends to follow the Langmuir isotherm, with adsorption energy was 24.92 kJ/mol and 32.21 kJ/mol.

Ca-Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxides (Ca-Mg-Al-LDH) compounds were successfully synthesized from brine water and AlCl3.6H2O as the starting materials by coprecipitation method. The product result was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The effects of the reaction time and the molar ratios of the raw material on the crystallinity of Ca-Mg-Al-LDH were examining. Results show that increasing reaction time (30; 60 and 90 min.) could improve the crystallinity and monodispersity of layered double hydroxide compounds particles. The well-defined Ca-Mg- Al-LDH could be prepared with (Ca+Mg)/Al molar ratios 0.5.

Ethyl-2-(3,5-dihidroxyfenol) based phloroglucinol compounds have been synthesized. Ethyl-2-(3,5-dihidroksifenol) were synthesized by reacting phloroglucinol with ethyl 2-chloro acetate in excess. Phloroglucinol reaction using 2-chloro ethyl acetate was carried out under reflux for 24 hours at a temperature of 56 oC. The reaction products were identified by a thin layer chromatography and were characterized by melting point test. Analysis of the structure of the products was obtained by FTIR spectrophotometer, H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The result of the reaction between phloroglucinol and 2-chloro ethyl acetate was brownish black solid, and has a melting point of 191 oC. Based on the structural analysis by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, the reaction product was a mixture of compounds which is ethyl 2- (3,5-dihidroksifenol) acetate, ethyl-2-(2,4,6-trioxocyclohexyl) acetate, and the rest of phloroglucinol which can not react.