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When rubber is subjected to a load, deformation will occur. Microscopically, the rubber bond structure is transformed from one equilibrium corresponds to the unloaded rubber that corresponds to the loaded rubber. As with any other transformation process, this process will take time. This paper experimentally demonstrates the relaxation time dependence on the mass of load observed at a constant temperature. The experiment was carried out by inserting the fiber sensor was into a silicon rubber bar. As the rubber bar was loaded, the intensity of light coming out of the fiber decreases exponentially with time. It is shown that the relaxation time increases with the increase of mass loaded on the fiber. By knowing this, the results of the fiber sensor can be adjusted according to the time-based review of rubber deformation.

Glasses with composition (in mol%): 60TeO2-(30-x)ZnO-10PbO-xTiO2 (TZPb:Ti) (where x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) have been fabricated and characterised in order to study their physical and optical properties. Density and refractive index of glasses were measured at room temperature by applying Archimedes’s principle and Brewster’s angle method, respectively. Absorption spectra within range of UV-VIS-NIR were measured at room temperature using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer while those at IR range using FTIR. We have shown that density decreases with the increase of TiO2 while refractive index and optical energy band gap behave conversely.

Modal characterization carried out reported in this paper was aimed determining the refractive index and thickness profile of Ag+/Na+ Ion Exchanged planar waveguides formed in Soda Lime Glass. Modal characterization was carried out using prism coupling technique and applied to all waveguides fabricated at temperature of 240 °C, 260 °C and 280 °C and processed for different duration. It was shown that the number of modes tends to increase with the increase of both temperature and duration of ion exchange process.

IThe risk of accidents in the railway, especially on unmanned railroad crossing, are still high. A train arrival on railroad crossing warning system is indispensable. The warning system will detect train arrival on the railroad crossing and issue a warning to the crossers. A sensor based on optical fiber Weight in Motion (WIM) is proposed. This paper presents a design of a railroad crossing warning system based on WIM sensor. The sensor placed under the railroad tracks and detects vibrations footprints transmitted along those rails. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to process the signal pattern of the WIM system output. By using ANN, the vibration footprint pattern was classified and used as on-sensor train detection. As the train detected, the arrival time of the train on the raiload crossing was estimated. The result is a warning system which can detect train arrival on the railroad crossing and issue a warning signal.

This paper presents the effect of TiO2 addition on the physical and optical properties of TeO2-ZnO-Na2O glasses. For this study, glasses with the compositions of 63.16TeO2 - (31.57-x) ZnO – 5.26 Na2O – xTiO2 (where x = 1.06, 2.11, 3.16, and 4.22 mol%) were prepared with melt quenching technique. Glasses were characterized in order to obtained glass density, refractive index, and absorption spectra ranging from UV to IR regions. From these basic data, we have evaluated the values of molar volume, oxygen packed density, polaron radius, inter-ionic distance, field strength, and optical band gap. It was observed that incorporating TiO2 into the glasses to substitute ZnO have resulted in decreasing the values of density, inter-ionic distance, and field strength; and yet increasing molar volume, oxygen packed density and polaron radius. The structural units building the glass networks have also been evaluated.

An optical fiber sensor based on evanescent wave absorption designed for measuring glucose solution consentration was proposed. The sensor was made to detect absorbance of various wavelength in the glucose solution. The sensing element was fabricated by side polishing of multimode polymer optical fiber to form a D-shape. The sensing element was immersed in different concentration of glucoce solution. As light propagated through the optical fiber, the evanescent wave interacted with the glucose solution. Light was absorbed by the glucose solution. The larger concentration the glucose solution has, the more the evanescent wave was absorbed in particular wavelenght. Here in this paper, light absorbtion as function of glucose concentration was measured as function of wavelength (the color of LED). We have shown that the proposed sensor can demonstrated an increase of light absorption as function of glucose concentration.

A fiber optic sensor is to detect the cholesterol content in blood serum-based biosensor using plastic optical fiber that has been designed. The fiber optic sensor designed with sensing area was a fiber optic grated by 5 scratches then given bending treatment by 5 cm. The first test was by UV-Vis spectrometer with linearity of 0.96. The second test was by light spectrometer with linearity in white LED of 0.94. Optical fiber sensors were made to work well on a range of blood serum concentration of 140 mg/dL to 250 mg/dL.

Evanescent wave field has been studied for the purpose of tailoring fiber sensor capable of detecting lindane concentration in a solution. The mounted fiber was optically polished such that part of the fiber clad is stripped off. To study the evanescent wave field absorption in lindane solution, the unclad fiber was immersed in the solution. Light coming out of the fiber was studied at different wavelength each for different lindane concentration. It was shown that evanescent wave field absorption is stronger at wavelength corresponding to lindane absorption band as has been shown from absorption studies lindane in UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer.

A reflective optical fiber sensor designed for measuring refractive index and sugar concentration of aqueous solutions is described. Two strains of parallel polymer optical fibers (POF) were wrapped in a bundle such that one of their fiber's end cross-sections had the same distance to the mirror surface. The light coming out from one strain of the fiber was reflected by the mirror to the second fiber. Sugar concentration of the aqueous solution filling the space between the fiber ends and the mirror was varied (1.0 M, 1.5 M, 2.0 M, 2.5 M, 3.0 M, 4.0 M, and 5.0 M). It was shown from the experiment that light intensity detected by photo-detector is linearly related to the percentage of the dissolved sugar in the solution as well as the variation of the sugar solution refractive index (R2 = 0.987).

Physical and optical properties of lead telluride (Pb:TZBN) glasses with composition 55TeO2-(41-x)ZnO-2Bi2O3-2Na2O-xPbO where x = 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5% mol are presented. UV-VIS-NIR spectra of the glasses in the range of 300 - 800 nm along with their densities and refractive indices at 746 nm were recorded at room temperature. The optical bandgap energy (Eg) has been calculated from the fitting of Tauc plot. On the basis of these results we found that with the increase of Pb2+ content, their refractive indices are increased while their optical bandgaps are decreased. From this experiment, no distinct relationship between the Pb2+ content variation and the electronic polarizability (αO2-) as well as their optical basicity values (A) were observed.