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This study aimed to determine the biomass potential of Trigona sp honey bees in Bontotiro subdistrict as well as its carbon stock and carbon sequestration. The research was carried out for two months starting from May to June 2021, located in the sub district of Bontotiro, district of Bulukumba. The biomass measurement was carried out by making 11 plots with a size of 20 x 20 for the tree level, 10 m x 10 m for the poles level, and 5 m x 5 m for the sapling level. Tree biomass was calcula ted using allometric equations. Measurement of carbon stocks was carried out by multiplying the total biomass with the percentage value of carbon content of 0.47, while the carbon sequestration was calculated by multiplying the average annual growth of biomass with the conversion rate of 1.4667 obtained from the photosynthesis equation. The results showed that the potential of biomass of tree, poles, and sapling levels were 4.5, 1.4, and 0.3 tons/year, respectively. The carbon stocks of the tree, poles, and sapling levels were 68.6, 13.7, and 1.8 tons/year, respectively. The carbon sequestration of the tree, poles, and sapling were 6.6, 2.1, and 0.56 tons/year, respectively.

The purpose of the study was to determine the species vegetation and carbon stock assessment derived from abandoned aquaculture ponds. Analysis of plant (tree, sapling, and seedling) was performed at Pulau Sembilan, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The stage of the seedlings, saplings, and trees was analyzed from four transects. Each transect contained 100 m in length. Each estimated plot of a total of four transects comprised of 30 plots. The abandoned pond was dominated by Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera parviflora, the lowest on the species of Morinda citrifolia and Rhizophora mucronata. The diversity index of Shannon-Weiner was 1.44-1.72. The total biomass in the pond was 4,557.43 k/ha with a carbon potential of 2.10 tons/ha.

Mangrove forests are a unique coastal ecosystem with trees adapted to a constantly fluctuating and sometimes extreme physical environment. Mangrove forests provide important ecosystem services that benefit local people and all of us in terms of climate regulation through the storage of greenhouse gasses in biomass. This research reports carbon stock, wood volume, tree density, and biodiversity indices for two mangrove forest areas in Langsa City Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The two sites represent and inland area and an ocean-exposed area within a large mangrove forest ecosystem complex. The results of the analysis show that these two tracts are quite similar in terms of carbon stock and biodiversity even though they occupy different locations within the larger tract of mangrove habitat. The study confirms these are healthy forest areas with relatively high carbon stocks.

Litter plays an important role in the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems incorporating significant amount of carbon as a result of annual partial die-off of the biomass and releasing it during complex multistage processes of organic matter decomposition. The balance of these processes in the forests of permafrost zone significantly shifts towards the accumulation of dead organic matter. That makes the assessment of litter stock in these ecosystems particularly relevant, especially in relation to the predicted consequences of climate change in the study region. On the territory of middle taiga of Central Siberia, 14 sampling plots were established in the various landforms (slopes of different exposition, lowlands and uplands). The carbon stock in litter of the main forest types of the studied area varied from 0.47 to 4.46 kgC/m2. Also, the paper considers composition of litter accumulated in these ecosystems, including the ratio between fresh litterfall, fermented and humified plant residues, and dead roots. Our results demonstrated that fermented plant residues prevailed in the litter composition in most types of studied forest ecosystems due to specificity of hydrothermal regime and quality of litterfall. The results obtained might be applied to refine the carbon budget of Siberian forests.

Previous research has not discussed about the prediction method of carbon stock changes using open-source software. This research aims to fill the gap by using QGIS as open-source software in. The method used is Support Vector Machine and Cellular Automata, which is only found in QGIS software, including QGIS 3.8.0 and QGIS 2.18.24 with Pip-Python 3. The results show that SVM and Cellular Automata algorithms in QGIS software successfully predicted land cover in the context of carbon stock change. This study shows the prediction of carbon stock changes due to land cover conversion in Salatiga City for the period 2019-2029 decreased by 9,202.77 tons C, where carbon emission was 10,313.47 tons C and carbon sequestration was 1,110.70 tons C. The prediction of carbon stock changes in Salatiga City is needed to reference local governments to formulate mitigation and adaptation efforts to global climate change.

This study aimed to determine changes in litter biomass and the effect of changes in litter biomass on carbon stock changes in Permanent Sample Plots of primary and secondary forest in the Protection Forest of Soya Village, Ambon City, for three years of measurement. This study used a sampling method with harvesting/collection and using laboratory analysis, where the working procedure used the SNI: 7724 guidelines. The data taken includes the water content of litter, total wet weight, dry weight of the sample, and wet weight of the sample to calculate the range of biomass or organic matter and carbon content of litter organic matter. The results showed that the average value of water content in both primary and secondary forests decreased. The depletion degree was higher in the first year than the second and third year. The biomass content of litter in primary forests decreased from year to year for three years of measurement. It causes a decrease in the carbon content in the primary forest. In contrast, the biomass content in secondary forests increased from year to year and increased carbon content from year to year for three years of measurement.

Cocoa as one of the most developed plantation commodities in Indonesia has a strategic position in efforts to increase carbon absorption to reduce the rate of global warming. As a woody plant, cocoa can absorb CO2 from the air and store it in the form of carbon (C) in its body (biomass). The absorption process of CO2 also affects the rate of photosynthesis in plants as the main ingredient in the breakdown of carbon in the plant body, especially cocoa. This research was conducted in Gantarangkeke District, Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling method on the basis of consideration of the type, density and cropping system applied. The estimation of biomass used a non-destructive method by measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH 1.3 m) and the height of the cocoa. Carbon storage in cocoa is differentiated by several plant ages, namely 5 years and 10 years. The results showed that the carbon stock in Bantaeng Regency was 27.05 tons/Ha.

This study aimed to determine the amount of carbon storage of various mangrove zonation formed on Marsegu Island, West Seram, Maluku. Marsegu Island is a Raised Coral Island which has 46.75% mangrove vegetation (112.29 ha) with the area of each zonation is 32.12 ha (proximal zone), 39.00 ha (middle zone) and 41.17 ha (distal zone). The calculation of stored carbon stocks of various mangrove zonation in Marsegu island used SNI guidelines (Indonesian National Standard) 7724:2011. Field measurements for estimation of forest carbon stocks (ground-based forest carbon accounting). The estimations of above-ground carbon stored in the proximal zone, middle zone and distal zone are as follows: 52.11 t/ha, 70.50 t/ha and 140.13 t/ha. Meanwhile, the below-ground (root) carbon storage is 10.62 t/ha, 13.48 t/ha and 24.36 t/ha. The potential amount of carbon of above and below ground plus dead trees and dead-wood (necromass), with estimation soil carbon storage up to 20 cm depth, are 234.07 t/ha for the proximal zone, 317.47 t/ha for middle zone and 406.58 t/ha for the distal zone. The estimated total carbon stock in Mangrove Forest of Marsegu Island is 36,637.02 tonnes.

The Petungkriyono forest covers 53.88 km2 at Pekalongan Regency with 54.6% composition of mixed forest (29.43 km2). This study aimed to estimate above-ground biomass and carbon stocks from five villages; Tlogopakis, Tlogohendro, Kayupuring, Yosorejo and Kasimpar. Non-destructive samples of 30 plots were conducted by designing plots with 0.04 ha and stand inventory involving diameter at breast height, height and number of trees. The result showed that the total estimated biomass from five villages was 3,006.10 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks were 1,442.93 Mg C ha-1. The averages of biomass and carbon stocks were 601.22 Mg Ha-1 and 288.59 Mg C ha-1. This indicates that 2,943 ha area of Petungkriyono mixed forest has carbon stocks capacity up to 1,769,390.46 Mg C. The highest above-ground biomass contribution 59% tree compared with 41% poles. The significantly higher above-ground biomass describes higher carbon stocks long term storage of CO2 to either mitigate or defer global warming. Climate change mitigation from carbon stocks can be obtained from CO2 equivalents if well managed. Petungkriyono mixed forest may have considerable potential for mitigating climate change by carbon sequestration.

Changes in land cover determine the decrease or increase in carbon storage in a landscape. This study aimed to determine the amount of carbon storage in each type of land cover and determine the effect of land cover type on the carbon storage amount in each carbon pool. This research was conducted in Rantau research forest with three main land coverage, they were: plantation forest, secondary forest, and grassland. The survey was carried out by measuring five carbon pools, namely vegetation, litter, understorey, necromass, and soil carbon, carried out on the land cover types of grassland, plantation forests, and secondary forest. The effect of land coverage to carbon storage was determined by using analysis of variance. The results showed that carbon storage was mostly deposited in vegetation carbon and soil carbon. The secondary forest has the largest carbon storage, namely 135.1 Mg/Ha, followed by plantation forest at 107.4 Mg/Ha, and Grassland at 83.3 Mg/ha. Changes in land cover from secondary forest to cogon grass caused the largest carbon storage reduction by 34%. This change decreased in the cover of the plantation forest to grassland by 20.5%. The implication is that an increase in carbon storage can be achieved by planting in grassland so that the cover becomes secondary forest or plants.

This study aimed to identify the species composition and measure the carbon stock estimation from the secondary mangrove forest. Analysis of vegetation (tree, sapling, and seedling) was carried out at Pulau Sembilan, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The development of the seedlings, saplings, and trees was determined from four transect lines. Each transect had 100 m length. Each measured plot of total four transects contained 30 plots. The result showed that Rhizophora apiculata predominated vegetation types of seedlings, saplings, and trees in the mangrove forest, with the highest importance value index (116.13%). On the other hand, Bruguiera parviflora had the highest IVI (71.37%) of saplings, while at seedlings and tree levels were dominated by R. apiculata with IVI, 65.30%, and 75.48%, respectively. The diversity index of Shannon-Weiner ranged 1.11-1.49 at the secondary mangrove forest. In secondary mangrove forests had total biomass of trees at 51,589.83 kg/ha with a carbon potential of 23.73 tons/ha. This study provided a basis for rehabilitation, mangrove management and enrichment information in secondary mangrove forests.

Tidal peatlands in Numfor and Supiori Island, Papua are unique because it accumulates above coral limestone on the tidal environment. The substratum layer is solid coral limestone (lithic contact). The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics and carbon stocks in these areas. The soil samples were collected from each horizon for chemical and physical analysis. Carbon stocks estimation was calculated by multiplying peat thickness, area, bulk density, and organic C content in each soil map unit. The results showed that tidal peat soil reaction was acid to neutral (pH H2O 4.9 to 7.3), while soil salinity was very high (8.32 to 22.3 dS m−1). The cation content is very high in the order of dominance of Na> Ca> Mg> K. Peat thickness varied from shallow to deep (50 to −3. The average of carbon stock in each peat soil map unit was 1.151 to 1.314 t ha−1. Peat soils deposited on coral limestone in this region should be preserved as conservation areas due to its functions as a carbon sink and part of a tidal hydrological unit.

Wonogiri Regency is a cashew crop center in Central Java. Cashew is planting in dryland at an elevation of 100 to 400 m above sea level with a monoculture and multicultural pattern. Cashew plants are cultivated as people plantations, planted regularly on each plot or as a fence on the ownership limits of dry land, plots, and mounds. Cashew plants are evergreen, have a tight canopy with sympodial branching patterns, flowering all the time so they can cover the surface of the soil. Such plant patterns provide acceptance for households and protect the environment. Research to reveal the contribution of household income, land cover rates, and carbon stocks has been carried out by survey methods. Data collection techniques were carried out by interviewing the head of the household and the measurement of cashew land. The results showed that the B / C ratio > 1 and increased with the age of the plant, it contributed to the acceptance of household income. Canopy cover and carbon stock increase every year so that it is beneficial to maintain soil fertility.

The diversity of plant in some land uses at East Luwu Regency has potential to absorb and store carbon, which varies due to the plant different constituent. The differences of carbon stored of each land cover need to calculate in order to find the amount of carbon stock available. This study aims to estimate carbon stocks in the land cover of secondary forest, agroforestry, oil palm plantation and rice fields. The research use sample plot size 20 × 50 that taken 9 times for each land cover. Biomass data was collected using non-destructive sampling, since for undergrowth and necromass using destructive sampling by cutting and taking all the undergrowth and litter that are in a 1 × 1 meter quadrant. There are two kinds of soil sampling that collected; disturbed soil and intact soil. The results showed that the highest estimated carbon stock is secondary forest with carbon stock value of 265.86 tons / ha, as for agroforestry the carbon stock value of 131.31 tons / ha, while oil palm with a carbon stock value of 100.89 tons / ha and the lowest is paddy fields with carbon stock value of 70.50 tons / ha.

Segara Anakan Cilacap, being the largest mangrove area in Java Island, is one example of a degraded area which is mostly caused by land conversion to farming lands, ponds, housing, and industrial properties affecting the mangrove community in various ways. The objective of this research is to know the diversity and carbon stock of mangroves in different types of environmental change in Segara Anakan, Cilacap, as well as to know the correlation between environmental factors in various types of environmental change with diversity and carbon stock of mangroves in Segara Anakan, Cilacap. This research was conducted using clustered sampling from 8 stations located at the ex rice field, ex shrimp pond, illegal cutting area, and forest. The highest diversity and carbon stock value belong to stations with forest habitats with a total of 34 tons/ha of carbon stock and the highest diversity of saplings in station F1 (1.80). Correlation values between diversity and environmental factors ranged from 0.172–0.449, whereas results between carbon stock and environmental factors range from 0.065-0.724.

The Bagek Kembar mangrove ecotourism area, Sekotong, West Lombok has been designated as one of the mangrove essential ecosystem areas in West Nusa Tenggara. One of the ecological services of a mangrove ecosystem is carbon storage. Mangrove forests can store carbon four times higher than the world’s tropical rainforest. This study aimed to assess the amount of carbon stored in mangrove stands in the Bagek Kembar mangrove ecotourism area, Sekotong West Lombok. This study uses a random sampling method, which is the placement of random plots in each mangrove zoning. The mangrove zoning is divided based on the distance from the sea and the river starting from 50 meters, 100 meters, 150 meters, 200 meters, 250 meters, and 300 meters. In addition, the mangrove area was divided into two mangrove statuses, which are natural mangrove succession and rehabilitation, and 10% of the 5x5 meter observation plot sample was taken. So that there were 286 observation plots obtained. Calculation of mangrove biomass using allometric equations. The results of the estimation study of carbon deposits on mangrove stand biomass in the Bagek Kembar Mangrove Ecotourism area of a average of 6 zonings amounted to 10,738.49 kg/ha2.

The authors study influence of foliar liquid top dressing and growth stimulants on carbon stocks formation of spring rape plant matter. A significant increase in carbon stocks of phytomass and rapeseed roots with the simultaneous use of Reggy preparations (1.2 l/ha) + Beres-8 (0.2 l/ha) + Ultramag Combi (2 l/ha) was shown, the increase in relation to the control was 63.2%. Methods of intensification did not significantly affect the carbon stocks of underground mortmass.

A preliminary inventory on the above ground biomass and carbon stock of liana associated with landscape-scale fragmentation induced by the Pergau dam along the watershed area of Sungai Long II intake in Jeli, Kelantan was executed. A total of 67 liana individuals (≥1 cm dbh) was enumerated in 0.15 ha of surveyed plot. Lianas with dbh range between 0.06 to 0.95cm were found to be dominant in the inventory site, comprising 41.8% of the proportional abundance followed by 40.3% of lianas with dbh in the range of 1.05 to 1.94cm. The least encountered dbh of lianas were 3.82cm and 4.14cm respectively (1.5%). The total above ground biomass was estimated 37.9 t ha−1 within the inventory site. The contribution of liana biomass to total above ground biomass has been estimated 6.5%, extremely lower than the total above ground biomass contributed by the thirteen host trees (545.3 t ha−1). Carbon sequestration by lianas was estimated 19.8 t C ha−1, contributing 6.8% in response to level off high CO2 whilst the carbon stock of the host trees was estimated 272.6 t C ha−1. It could be suggested that ecosystems along the Sungai Long II in Pergau, Kelantan have been disturbed and this was based on the high abundance of liana. Although the above ground biomass of lianas was lesser than the host trees, the liana population size should be controlled and in equilibrium within the ecosystem. To ensure the stability of the ecosystem, regular silviculture treatment should be executed in the highly liana infected area.

Green open space is an open area to grow plants that functions as a balancer to urban ecosystems. Unfortunately, the condition of the green open space has declined and impact on human health at a certain level. This study aims to measure the value of ecosystem services for carbon sequestration and stock based on Cost of Illness (COI). The study was conducted at Tegalega, sub area of Bandung City, which is the most populous area in Bandung. Data collection was carried out in two activites. The tree data collection was done by sampling as much as 15%. On the other hand, the health problem data collection was done through interviews with COI method. The results showed that the potential of green open space in absorbing carbon was 126,321.96 kg CO2.hectare−1.year−1 and carbon stocks in current green open space were 47,319 kg.hectare−1. The value of COI from the availability of curent green open space is IDR 288,777,324,987 per year. This value shows the high costs of health that caused by carbon pollution to human in a certain area. The average value of one tree with the service of absorbing and storing carbon is IDR 1,236,566,136.

Carbon stock estimation is becoming an important component for fighting against global warming. Assessment of biomass can give an idea of the amount of CO2 that can be removed from the atmosphere by forests and other plantations. Geo-Spatial technologies, including Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), offer the mean to enable rapid assessment of terrestrial biomass over large areas in a timely and cost-effective manner, allowing for the estimation of above and below ground biomass. Hence, the deployment of an integrating RS-GIS approach for precision carbon management is of high significance. This article provides a review of various RS and GIS techniques used in forest aboveground biomass mapping and monitoring as well as highpoints the associated challenges and opportunities. The review concluded that the use of RS and GIS in large-scale forest aboveground biomass assessment provides a sound alternative when compared to the use of conventional approaches. It was noted that the freely available moderate resolution optical sensors could be used reliably for estimating forest carbon stock. Furthermore, the integration of multi-sensor data in a GIS environment increased the accuracy of the estimation results. This study helps contributing to the topic in a way that it illustrates the growing developments using geospatial technologies by identifying most sensitive RS variables to measurable biophysical parameters. Furthermore, it demonstrates the usefulness of geospatial technologies for estimating terrestrial carbon sequestered. Finally, gaps, limitations and the need for further studies are underlined.

Research on plant biodiversity and carbon stock estimation are highlighted due to global issue on climate change. Therefore, this study was conducted to record plant diversity and estimate carbon stock in Kuningan Botanical Garden (KBG). Nested plots 20m × 20m were placed systematically with random start sampling to record tree species and to estimate carbon stock. Poles were recorded in subplots 10m × 10m; shrubs and sapling in subplots 5m × 5m; while seedling and herbaceous plants in subplots 2m × 2m. Data were analyzed to calculate Shannon Wiener diversity index and important value index (IVI). Destructive method was used to estimate soil carbon content, meanwhile tree carbon content was estimated by using allometric method. Biodiversity index in KBG is 2.8 with dominant trees were S. wallichii (IVI: 46.22%) and Gmelina arborea (IVI: 30.24%); S. wallichii (IVI: 65.87%) and Gnetum gnemon (IVI: 39.11%) in pole stage; Adenanthera Pavonina (IV: 41.56%) and G. gnemon (IV: 41.56%) in seedling stage. Dominant shrubs were Mimosa invisa (IVI: 59.42%) and Mimosa pudica (IVI: 42.90%); Centrocema pubescens (IVI: 26.52%) and Paspalum cartilagineum (IVI: 25.91%) as dominant herb in KGB. Plant composition in this area depicted human activity (plantation) changed natural forest composition. Carbon stock in tree stands is 25.45 tonC/ha (11.06%); understorey is 11.29 tonC/ha (4.9%); litter is 6.32 tonC / ha (2.75 %); necromass is 0.17 tonC/ha (0.07%); and soil organic carbon is 186.85 tonC/ha (81.21%). Therefore, we can estimate that total carbon stock in Kuningan Botanical Garden (156.4 ha) is 35985 tons.

Mangroves are recognized as an ecosystem that grow and dominate the coastal areas of tropical and sub-tropical regions across the world. They not only provide ecological and socio-economic support, but also play a pivotal role in offsetting an excess of carbon from the atmosphere. Despite the crucial roles provided by mangroves, the ecosystem has degraded at an alarming rate mainly due to anthropogenic activities. Remote sensing technology provides a new dimensional perspective in monitoring and estimating tree biomass and carbon stocks. Therefore, this study aimed at (1) estimating the carbon stocks of mangroves in Kedah, Malaysia, (2) investigating the relationships between mangrove stand parameters with spectral reflectance recorded from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data, and (3) developing predictive models for estimating the carbon stocks of mangroves by combining the ground and Landsat 8 (OLI) data. For the purpose of this study, a total of 81 mangrove stand data sets measuring at 100 m × 100 m were collected throughout Kedah, Malaysia. Within the stand, seven randomly selected plots were established and all individual mangroves parameter (diameter at breast height (DBH) and height) were measured. The 81 stands were split into two independent data sets for developing and validating the models (56 and 25 stands, respectively). Multiple regression technique with least square approach was used in the model development process. From several good candidate models, a model consists of four predictive variables (bands 3 and 6, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and simple ratio seems to be predicting reasonably well based on its simplicity and practicality (p≤0.001, R2 = 0.56). Validation of the model has resulted in Mallow’s prediction criterion (Cp) value of 4.28 and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 4.11 Mg/ha. The information from this study may provide useful input for future research and can be crucial tools for the government and stakeholders in future decision making for the sustainability of mangrove resources.

Seagrass is a marine plant that can reduce carbon dioxide by storing carbon and can bind carbon in thousands of years. The ability of seagrass beds as a carbon sink can be determined by calculating carbon stocks. The purpose of this study was to analyze the carbon stock of seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii. This research took place at Tanjung Tiram Coastal Waters, Poka Village, Ambon Island on June 2019. The study was conducted at two different stations, namely station one on mixed sand and gravel substrates and station two on mixed sand and mud substrates. Carbon content was analyzed by using the Walkley and Black method. The results of the study showed that carbon stock of E. acoroides ranged from 78.89 gC.m-2 to 107.42 gC.m-2 and was higher than T. hemprichii, which ranges from 50.04 gC.m-2 to 64.75 gC.m-2. The carbon stock was higher in the bellow ground component, especially in rhizome which was 46.94 gC.m-2 - 61 gC.m-2 (E. acoroides) and 25.74 gC.m-2 - 33.59 gC.m-2 (T. hemprichii). Seagrass beds in the mixed sand and mud substrates have a higher carbon stock and can store more carbon.

In an effort to control carbon emissions in the air, steps taken are improving forest vegetation and protecting natural forest vegetation as the biggest absorber of carbon gas emissions. Cocoa as the largest plantation crop in Indonesia is expected to be able to absorb CO2 gas emissions in the air due to its ability to absorb carbon. A carbon analysis study was carried out on cacao plantation to determine the level of carbon uptake in each cropping system in South Sulawesi. Hence, the results of the analysis can be a reference in climate change mitigation efforts. Three regencies, each with 3 districts were selected as study locations, namely East Luwu Regency (Burau, Wotu and Mumpangana Districts), Pinrang Regency (Patampanua, Batulappa and Lembang Districts), and Bantaeng Regency (Gantarangkeke, Tompobulu, and Eremerasa Districts). Carbon stored measurements was conducted using allometric formula. Measurements were carried out on 200 m2 observation plot. Results show that carbon sequestration levels were 33.19 tons C/Ha, 25.52 tons C/Ha, 32.07 tons C/Ha in East Luwu, Pinrang and Bantaeng regencies, respectively. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed in East Luwu Regency was 57.46 t/Ha, Pinrang Regency 67.12 t/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 60.07 t/Ha. The CO2 content based on the composition of land cover in East Luwu Regency was 121.81 tons CO2/Ha, Pinrang Regency 93.69 tons CO2/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 117.70 tons CO2/Ha.

Global warming is very closely related to carbon stored in an ecosystem. This research aimed to determine the amount of carbon storage in cocoa plantations in East Luwu Regency. The research was carried out in cacao plantation in three districts namely Burau, Wotu and Mangkutana. Measurement of carbon storage was conducted using the allometric formula on an observation plot of 200 m2. Six sampling points were selected consisted of four location with shading trees planted in multistrata agroforestry planting system and two locations with a monoculture planting system. The results of measurements on cocoa plants show that carbon storage increased with the variety of plant species that exist in the cocoa farm. The size of the carbon stocks depends on the planting system. Cacao plantation with multistrata shades system showed carbon absorption of 148.92 tons/Ha that was greater than the amount of carbon absorption in cocoa plantation with monoculture shades system of 50.24 tons/Ha. The level of carbon uptake in East Luwu Regency is 33.19 tons C/Ha. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed is 57.46 t/Ha. CO2 content with the composition of existing land cover in East Luwu Regency is 121.81 tons CO2/Ha.

Research has been conducted in March to July 2013 in the Mangrove Ecosystem Pancer Cengkrong, Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia. The objective was to obtain composition of mangrove vegetation and potential carbon stocks. There were three stations for composition of vegetation analysis. Potential carbon stock was calculated by allometric equations. The total of 26 species were identified (17 true mangroves and 9 association mangroves). The vegetation dominated by Sonneratia alba with an average density of 596 trees/ha, followed by Rhizophora apiculata (221 trees/ha) and Avicennia alba (149 trees/ha). The Saplings and seedlings dominated by Ceriops tagal (with average density of 1,745 Saplings/ha; 34,745 seedlings/ha). More than 75 % stand structure of mangrove have tree diameter of 4–9.9 cm. Total biomass and carbon stocks were 400.45 ton/ha and 185.81 ton/ha (equivalent to the total amount of CO2 uptake by 681.91 ton/ha). Sonneratia alba was tree that contribute the largest carbon storage.

Mangrove ecosystems are one of the blue carbon ecosystems in the coastal region. Mangroves can assimilate high carbon and can save carbon in the long term. Settlements and various centres of community activities have developed on the coast of Kendari Bay, which drastically decreased mangrove vegetation. Research on blue carbon placed in mangrove forests is vital to be carried out to determine changes in regional conditions in the coastal region. Spatial modelling is used to estimate the degradation of blue carbon stocks. A remote sensing data is required for producing spatial and temporal maps. InVEST (Integrated Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Sacrifices) can be used for mapping and modelling total carbon stock changes based on land cover changing in Kendari Bay. Carbon stocks can be calculated through spatial and temporal mapping in InVEST with past, present and future scenarios. Spatial dan temporal maps form InVEST can be considered in determining policies related to mangrove management and making more appropriate decisions in managing Kendari Bay area.

Research on carbon uptake and stock potency in Tunda Island mangrove ecosystem was conducted from April to June 2016. The aims of the present study were to analyze carbon stock and uptake, identify the mangrove species most able to take up and store carbon, and estimate the carbon price of Tunda Island mangrove ecosystem. Transects were established at six stations, representative of the southern and eastern areas of mangrove vegetation in Tunda Island. Results show that the biomass of Tunda Island mangrove ecosystem was 196.76 ton/ha, the carbon stock was 91.48 ton/ha, and carbon uptake was 335.06 ton/ha. At the tree and sapling level, the greatest carbon stock and uptake value was found in Excoecaria agallocha species with 107.47 ton/ha and 392.23 ton/ha, respectively. Tunda Island mangrove ecosystem has an estimated total carbon price of Rp. 88,690,382–Rp. 221,725,955 per hectare.

Peatlands can be used for crop cultivation with various combination patterns both agroforestry and monoculture systems. Utilization of these lands not only produces high economic value products, but also contributes in providing environmental services, including carbon sequestration. This study aims to measure aboveground carbon stock of agroforestry and agricultural monoculture systems in Rasau Jaya, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The agroforestry system observed is divided based on the level of peat depth, which are 0-2 m and 3-4 m. The pattern of agroforestry at a depth of 0-2 m is a combination of timber and non timber tree species and agricultural crops, while the pattern of agroforestry at a depth of 3-4 m is a combination of timber and non-timber tree species and plantation crops. Timber tree species are Pulai (Alstonia pneumatohara) and Gerunggang (Cratoxylon arborescens Bl); the non-timber tree species is jelutung (Dyera costulata); and plantation crop species are Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) and Pinang (Areca catechu); and the agricultural crops are peanuts, cayenne pepper, tomatoes, bitter melon and eggplant. Observations were also conductedon the agricultural monoculture pattern, including the eggplant, chili, bitter melon and tomato. The components of measured carbon stocks are plant biomass (trees and lower plants), wooden necromasses, non-woody necromasses, and wild plant biomass. The measurement results show a shallow peat agroforestry system (0-2 m) with a combination of one year old trees and agricultural crops contributing to carbon stock of 0.8 tons/ha. Deep peat agroforestry systems (3-4m) with a combination of timber trees, non-timber trees and plantation crops contribute to carbon stocks of 3 tons/ha. While the monoculture system of agricultural crops produce an average carbon stock of 1.1 tons/ha. Contribution of tree component in the agroforestry system are still relatively small, which is 2.6% of total carbon stock. However, it is estimated that the carbon stocks will continue to increase with increasing age.

This study was conducted to determine the species diversity and carbon stock potential of the one-hectare Indigenous Tree Farm at Bohol Island State University-Bilar in the province of Bohol, Philippines. Following its establishment in 2014, trees within the project area have been monitored for species richness and growth rates. Growth rates were calculated using basal diameter, diameter at breast height, and total height. An allometric equation utilizing species presence and growth data was used to calculate projected carbon sequestering potential within the next five years. Forty-four species of trees, including endangered and vulnerable species, were identified within the project site. The species diversity within the site was found to be 2.90 (moderate). There were a total of 1,342 individual trees whose combined carbon load was calculated to be 9.21 tons.

Java’s North Coast National Road also known as Jalur Pantura is a primary transportation corridor connecting Indonesian capital city of Jakarta and eastern part of Java Island. Interestingly, the road’s greenbelt is located in Karawang Regency planted with various trees. From its diameter breast height (DBH) and height, above ground biomass (ABG) from these trees were estimated and then compared with four vegetation indices namely NDVI, SAVI, EVI and tasseled cap extracted from SPOT-7 satellite image. Furthermore, this study used predicted ABG values to generate carbon stock and carbon absorption ability. In addition, data from daily vehicle traffic observation will be employed to predict carbon emission. Estimated vehicle carbon emission then compared with carbon absorption ability for each road segment to observe how big trees can store carbon emission from vehicle. The information of carbon balance in each road segment, in form of comparison between carbon absorption ability with vehicle carbon emission, can be useful for road authority to increase vegetation especially in the areas of low carbon absorption.

Mangrove forest is a unique ecosystem that plays important roles to climate change control, as carbon sink and CO2 absorbing from the atmosphere. This research was aimed to estimate the potential of above-ground biomass and carbon stocks of Ciletuh mangrove forest, West Java, Indonesia. Mangrove forest area and occupation of dominant species were mapped using Geographical Information System, meanwhile species composition and forest structure was sampled using 198 plots (20 m × 20 m each) systematically spread out at studied forest area. Vegetation analysis data were used to estimate the potential of above-ground biomass and carbon stocks. Above-ground biomass and carbon stock of mangrove species was estimated using allometric models that already available. The results showed that mangrove forest in Ciletuh covered an area amounted to 8 ha. There were 18 tree mangrove species dominated by species of non-Rhizophoraceae belonging to 14 genera of 11 families. Above-ground biomass of Ciletuh mangrove forest was estimated at 31.78 t ha−1, carbon stock at 14.93 t C ha−1, and CO2 absorption at 54.68 t ha−1.

One of the land cover type in the Sembilang Dangku Landscape is oil palm plantation, which is developed by changing the type of previous land covers. Land cover change causes changes in carbon stock. If the carbon stock increase in an area, it means the area acts as a carbon sinker, whereas if the carbon stock decrease, inconsequently the area is a carbon emitter. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamics of carbon stock changes in 1997-2007 and 2007-2017. The research was carried out on six private oil palm plantations. Carbon stocks were estimated based on the type of land cover interpreted from Landsat 5 imagery with the unsupervised method by using Las Palmas QGIS 2.18.0 Software. Determination of land cover in 1997 was based on the year when oil palm plantation began. Carbon stock of oil palm plantation was estimated based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with the equation: Y = 638.13 X - 242.65 (Y = carbon stock, X = NDVI). The value of carbon sequestration or carbon emission were based on carbon stock changes. The types of land cover in 1997 and 2007 were in the form of shrub swamp, oil palm plantation, undisturbed peat swamp forest, disturbed peat swamp forest; while in 2017 land cover was dominated by oil palm plantation. The results showed respectively that carbon stocks in 1997, 2007 and 2017 were 3,333,549.6 tonC, 1,541,825.5 tonC, and 1,626, 951.8 tonC. In 1997-2007, carbon stock encountered a decrease, resulting in carbon emission of 18.68 tonCO2-eq/ha/year. However, in 2007-2017, carbon stock encountered an increase, leading in carbon sequestration of 0.89 tonCO2-eq/ha/year.

In the field experiment in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the influence of resource-saving technologies on the physical state of agrochernozem and the carbon reserves of organic substance is studied. It is shown that the productive moisture reserves are satisfactory, in the subsoil layer there is a tendency to increase the moisture reserves by 2-5 mm on the minimum and zero background compared with plowing. Moldboard plowing and minimal tillage by fluffy consistency determined the greatest degree of differentiation of the humus horizon. Resource-saving technologies of main tillage contributed to an increase in bulk density by 0.05-0.08 g/cc while retaining the optimal parameters. The method of the main tillage determined the stocks of the above-ground mortmass. The stock of plant residues on the soil surface at the minimal background increased 1.4 times, at zero - 2.1 times compared with plowing. Stocks of phytomass, roots and underground mortmass were not identified by crop cultivation. The stock rations of carbon in mobile humus of agrochernozem increased 1.4-1.5 times against the background of resource-saving technologies due to newly formed humic acids and water-soluble organic matter.

Pollution has resulted degradation that affects carbon stocks and mangrove composition and structure. Ecologically this relationship creates conditions that are interrelated with each other. This research has been conducted along in the shores of Jakarta Bay, from Tangerang (Banten Province)-North Jakarta (DKI Jakarta)- Muara Bendera (Bekasi-West Java province). The purpose of this research is to design the relationship between mangrove community structure and carbon stock. The method used vegetation analysis, allometric, Pearson correlation, and system dynamic. The result is the average of import value index at tree level is 113.57%, at tillers level is 92.03%, and the seedling levels is 80.6%. The average coverage for all levels was 38.62%, and according to regulation ministry of environment and forestry (MoEF) number 201 in years 2004, it was put into damaged criteria. Dominant species are performed by Avicennia marina, Avicennia lanata, Rhizophora aviculata, Soneratia caseolaris, and Soneratia alba. The average of carbon stock was 204.25 grC.m-2 with an average of 454.04 grC.m-2 biomass, an average litter of 271.59 grC.m-2, an average sediment of 206.31 grC.m-2, an average of roots of 45.4 grC.m-2, and average of nekromassa of 43.88 grC.m-2. Carbon stocks in above of soil surface was 67% of the total, and in below ground level was 33% of the total. The result of Pearson correlation showed a negative relationship between mangrove community structure and carbon stocks. This linear relationship shows the interplay between them. The low value of the mangrove community structure causes a low value in carbon stocks, and they were trying to balance in ecosystem. This is strengthening the hypothetic that the degradation occupied the mangrove forest and occurred for a long time. By looking at the ecological design which is explains their relationship, it is predicted that the Jakarta Bay will lose mangrove forest in the next around 40’s years, if the habitat condition remains the same as it is today.

There has been a large increase in understanding the relationship between aboveground forest biomass and climate change in recent years. Aboveground Biomass (AGB) estimation is very important in understanding the contribution of forests to the regional carbon cycle. AGB in tropical forest areas is often carried out by utilizing the transformation of the vegetation index because the value obtained is a combination of several channels in the image to highlight the appearance of vegetation. Difficulties in field surveys due to tropical forest field conditions transform the vegetation index calculation is an effective alternative approach to estimate biomass. The purpose of this study is to estimate biomass by utilizing remote sensing data to estimate carbon stock. The study was conducted on tropical forests in Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province. The method used is calculating the surface biomass content with the index value of each transformation of the vegetation index type. The results of this study show the level of accuracy and total carbon content of each transformation of the vegetation index type (NDVI, TNDVI, RVI, TRVI). NDVI is the best accuracy for estimating biomass density with R2 of 60%. The surface biomass estimates in Solok Regency as 115.6 tons/ha. The amount of stored surface biomass varies, depending on the level of greenness and the age of the vegetation.

Coastal ecosystems such as seagrass beds can store large amounts of carbon over a relatively long period of time, so a special study is needed for the seagrass ecosystem. Nirwana Beach located in Padang City presents an overview of extensive seagrass ecosystem. The carbon stock is estimated by utilizing Planet imagery with spatial resolution 3m with band ratio transformation method. Band ratio used are band ratio Green / Blue, Green / Red, and Blue / Red. Data processing is done based on correlation analysis and regression analysis between band ratio pixel value on image with value of carbon stock in field. The results show that band ratio of Green / Red has the highest r2 indicating a strong correlation relationship. The carbon stock in Nirwana Beach with total carbon 3,776,42 gC / m2 or or 3,78 kgC / m2. Accuracy test is done with standard estimate error where the highest accuracy value is obtained through the Green / Red band ratio with accuracy percent 59.98%. This research shows that the carbon stock estimation in Nirwana Beach is underestimate.

Mangroves have important roles in the coastal environment. They enrich coastal waters with nutrient, protect coastlines from abrasion and sea level rise as well as support coastal fisheries. Another function of mangroves that are less known is their role in carbon (C) sequestration and storage. Previous studies reveal that mangrove forests contain some of the highest carbon stocks per unit area compared to other forest types. However, that information is not widely available, particularly in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine distribution and community structure of mangroves ecosystem and to estimate carbon stock stored in the mangrove forest of Paliat Island Sumenep East Java. The data collection was conducted on the island, starting from July to September 2017 using harvesting sampling method. Furthermore, to discriminate carbon stock from different parts of mangrove vegetation, One Way ANOVA statistical analysis was employed. The results showed that there were 4 dominant mangrove species on the island namely Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora apiculata. The total mangrove biomass of the study area was approximately 21.59 ton/Ha with an estimated carbon stock around 10.80 ton/Ha. Further analysis explained that there was a significant difference in carbon stock between various parts of mangrove vegetation (One Way ANOVA, F = 220, df1=4, df2=85, p