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Zooplankton are primary consumers and serves as a crucial connection between primary producers and consumers in the aquatic food chain and higher consumers. Plankton is consumed by more than 75% of fish species at some point throughout their life. Supply of live feed cultures is critical to the expansion of aquaculture enterprises, particularly the larviculture sector, which generates fish and crustacean seeds for grow-out businesses. However, zooplankton is rarely farmed in high enough densities to be commercially viable on a large scale. This is owing to dynamic changes in physicochemical conditions in the culture system, which would normally result in a shift in the reproduction pathway from parthenogenetic to sexual, which creates resting eggs and reduces overall live feed output. The density of these live feed organisms can alter in response to environmental conditions such as eutrophication due to an excess of nutrients, acidification, pollution, salinity intrusion, and other factors that occur within the system. The water quality and food supply in the system have a big impact on zooplankton population dynamics, especially in a culture environment. The goal of this review is to have a better understanding of the many strategies for growing zooplankton utilizing various fertilization methods in order to maintain a constant population density. This review focusing on the density of zooplankton, the biological responses of live feed to fertilization, and common challenges that farmers face in the culture. In particular, we (i) examine the many zooplankton culture techniques that have been developed over time, (ii) explain the biological reactions of zooplankton to changes in culture conditions, and (iii) show the frequent issues as-sociated with live feed culture.

Artemia is a type of brine shrimp that can provide good nutrients and a well digested fish larva with high potential live feed. Therefore, Artemia is readily contained in capsulated cysts that have been preserved for a long period of time. In the industrial, however, there is a lack of knowledge and technique regarding the handling of suitable life feed as first feed for fish larvae. The study is to observe the growth and survival rate of Angelfish larvae (Pterophyllum scalare) with various types of enriched Artemia. Three types enrichment are used (Tetraselmis sp., Chlorella sp., and mixed diet; Tetraselmis sp. + Chlorella sp.). This experiment was performed for 35 days, and the growth (SGR), survival and nutritional analysis were reported to assess the effect of the larvae of Angelfish. Specific growth rate (SGR) of Angelfish larvae (11.49 ± 0.63%), and survival rate (81.0 ± 1.92%). Angelfish larvae had the highest growth and survival rate on mixed diet fed (Tetraselmis sp. + Chlorella sp.) compared to other enrichments, Tetraselmis sp. (9.56 ± 0.08%, 70.00 ± 0.00%) and sp. (10.03 ± 0.13%, 74.0 ± 2.03%), this was related while examining the protein and lipids. The mean value of the mixed diet protein and lipid analysis (57.91 ± 0.27%, 7.31 ± 1.35%) is the highest as compared to other enrichments, Tetraselmis sp. (44.73 ± 0.73%, 4.85 ± 0.60%), and Chlorella sp. (49.76 ± 1.19%, 7.31± 5.05%). As the conclusion, mixed diet is more successful diet for growth performances and survival rate to fish larvae. This study applies if the Artemia can be culture in the future without the technique of decapsulation cysts to reduce cost in using Artemia.

Marine biodiversity contains various unique life in the sea, from taxa to the ecosystem and provides valuable food sources and ecosystem services to humans and the environment. Climate change impacts towards marine biodiversity and ecosystem services have been done previously by various authors and countries. However, there is limited evidence on its impacts, especially in the form of scientometric study. The current study aimed to give an overview on the impact of climate change towards global marine biodiversity and ecosystem services. A scientometric methodology was implemented using the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database for the period from January 1970 to May 2021. Based on articles retrieved from the WoS, we found that the search query retrieved 2161 documents within the research area climate change, marine biodiversity and ecosystem services. A total of 60,051 times cited the total publication (i.e. 2161) with the h-index of 104 (i.e. 104 publications have received a minimum of 104 citations each) and an average of 27.79 citation per article (i.e. item). Research on this area has seen contributions from 3159 organisations worldwide with a huge number of authors involved, 10,319 in total.