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Nowadays, demand of the pulp and paper production increases quickly. That increasing demand has led to demanding of eucalyptus plantation. That is why eucalyptus plantation has rapidly expanded and became the most planted tree species across the world over the last century. Not only because its unique characteristics, increasing of eucalyptus plantation also happened because its growing gives a socio-economic benefits, industrial benefits, and environmental impacts. However, increasing demand of eucalyptus certainly make availability of eucalyptus being determined, known as limited supply chain. Due to the increasing demand and limited supply chain, the eucalyptus wood supply should managed, by integrated the supply chain well. In this research study, the supply chain of eucalyptus wood for pulp and paper industry was diagnosed and divided into three degree, there are direct supply chain, extended supply chain, and ultimate supply chain. Four main stakeholders in this chain identified consisted of the eucalyptus seedling developers and sellers, the suppliers, the distribution centers, and the pulp and paper production plants.

In order to improve the permeability of low permeability coal seam, improve the gas drainage efficiency of + 450m bedding boreholes in Gaohe mine, and ensure the safe and rapid excavation of + 450m level north wing air inlet roadway, ZGF-100 (a) type ultra-high pressure hydraulic slotting device suitable for the characteristics of 3 coal seam in Gaohe mine is developed. The feasibility and implementation scheme of high pressure water drilling and slotting integration technology are studied, and the slotting effect is preliminarily analyzed investigate. The research shows that the technology of using ultra-high pressure water to cut coal seam to cause cracks and increase permeability can effectively conduct the original cracks in the coal body, increase the gas drainage effect of boreholes along the seam, increase the drainage pure quantity by 1.8 ∼ 3.6 times, increase the effective drainage radius from 1.3m to 2.4m, and reduce the drilling engineering quantity by more than 50%. Hydraulic cutting technology can effectively improve the gas drainage efficiency of low permeability coal seam, which is worthy of promotion.

The lightning activity is frequent in Hunan, and frequent lightning activities seriously affect the safe and stable operation of distribution network equipment. The statistical analysis of lightning trip-out in Hunan distribution line is made in this paper. According to the current situation of lightning protection in Hunan distribution lines, the differentiated lightning protection management strategy is proposed, which takes into account the ground flash density and special landform factors. And the field application in the past year shows that the effect of lightning protection is good. However, there are also corresponding management and technical problems in the implementation process. The corresponding solution ideas and suggestions are put forward in this paper based on the fully investigation and the experimentation simulation, which has the certain reference value for further improving the lightning withstand level of hunan distribution lines.

Utilizing waste biomass as a reserve energy source can play an essential role in reducing expanding fossil fuel’s environmental impact. This paper presented an analysis of physical, chemical, morphological, calorific values and porosity of biomass from coconut shell waste (CSW) as an alternative for biofuel feedstock. The physical properties of CSW biomass were dominated by volatile matter and fixed carbon content of 73.8 and 22.7 (wt.%, DB), respectively. The calorific value is 20.39 MJ/kg, giving a significant energy effect when the biomass is burned. The chemical properties of CSW biomass were dominated by C and O content of 41.04 and 57.47 (wt.%), respectively, contributing most of the oxygen to the thermal process. However, most elements of chemical properties contributed to the formation of ash in the combustor, including minor and major elements (S, K, Si, Al, P, Cl, Ca, Mg, and Fe). Besides, they had a negative effect in the form of slagging in the combustion residue. The porosity analysis of CSW biomass was 67.30 – 72.92%, which was able to increase the size of char particles during the thermal process. The analysis of physicochemical properties and porosity of CSW biomass confirmed that this material could be beneficial as an alternative energy reserve in the future.

Asphalt quality improvement efforts starts from the construction of buildings, infrastructure and roads continue to be developed. This development will increase the need for material used. This study aims to (1) determine the effect of bagasse ash filler with concrete waste as a coarse aggregate on Marshall characteristics on asphalt concrete mixture, in terms of density, VIM (void in the mix), VMA (voids in mineral aggregates), VFA (void filled with asphalt), stability, flow (melting), and MQ (Marshall quotient). (2) As well as knowing the suitability of the Marshall test results with the requirements of Bina Marga 2010. This study uses an experimental testing method implemented by making test specimens following existing standards and conditions, as well as the use of bagasse ash as filler material and concrete waste as a substitute for coarse aggregate in asphalt mixture, with a variation of the percentage using bagasse ash filler with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% content. For each treatment, three samples were made. The results of testing the concrete asphalt mixture are: (1) density 2.16 gr/cc, VIM 11.56%, VMA 17.39%, VFA 33.91%, stability 3263.92 kg, flow (melting) 2.03 mm, MQ 2353.70 kg / mm. (2) Test results for all specimens, with the addition of bagasse ash filler as asphalt mixture filler, have met the 2010 Bina Marga requirements, as a minimum requirement for the highway, with stability values of more than 800 kg and flow values between 2 mm to 4 mm.

The composition of livestock and human feces are relatively complex. In addition to being rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, there are also a large number of pathogenic bacteria, parasite eggs, antibiotics, and large doses of heavy metal additives. Livestock and human feces are good organic fertilizers, but if they are used without effective treatment, they will cause great damage to the environment. Because heat pumps have the advantages of low power consumption, environmental friendliness, easy automatic control, good quality of dried products, and saving drying time, heat pumps have been used to dry seafood, grains, and other materials. This paper set chicken manure as the research object, designed a set of heat pump drying devices to reduce and harmlessly treat the chicken manure, and used FLUENT software to simulate the drying oven, and drew the conclusion that the chicken manure can be dried evenly according to the set conditions in the drying oven.

Nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBPs) has always been one of the most concerned disinfection by-products (DBPs) in recent years. The toxicity of regulated DBPs is generally less than that of N-DBPs, which have been widely detected in finished drinking water. Despite the fact that N-DBPs are highly toxic, there are currently no N-DBPS species officially regulated by governments around the world. This paper provides a review of the formation mechanism and precursors of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products in drinking water treatment. Also, the spcieces and inducing factors of N-DBPs were summarized. The data were mainly collected from 2000-2002 and 2006-2007 US Survey in effluents of US WTPs. Because nitrogen source is a prerequisite for the formation of nitrogen-DBP in drinking water, the occurrence of N-DBPS may increase due to the influence of sewage and algae blooms on water sources. Chloramine disinfection are used in most of developed countries for preferred secondary disinfection to reduce the formation of chlorine-related by-products, but this increases the formation potential of N-DBPs. Furthermore, the safety control of N-DBPs and suggestions for the further exploration of for efficient drinking water are discussed. Coagulation and filtration are not very effective in removing precursors (such as amino acids) of N-DBPs and the precursors need to be removed before disinfection.

Phosphate is a naturally occurring chemical found in large quantities on the Earth’s surface that causes eutrophication when deposited into rivers. A number of studies have been conducted to assess the ability of various treatments to remove phosphates from sewage. Lately, it has been discovered that phosphorus recovery may be accomplished by filtering the water. The cost of the filtering materials, on the other hand, is prohibitively expensive. As a result, current research has concentrated on utilising low-cost ones to minimise the expense of filtering. Steel production residues, such as kiln bottom ashes, are being utilised in this study to recover phosphates from contaminated wastewater. A variety of operational settings have been investigated in order to obtain the highest possible extraction efficiency at the lowest feasible cost. Bottom ashes were demonstrated to be an effective substitute for phosphorus extraction. The highest phosphorus extraction was 90.1 percent after 40 minutes, with a starting concentration of 5 mg/L and an ash dose of 530 mg/L. The findings were used to create a prediction model with a high degree of reliability.

Experiments were carried out by treating the waste samples with electrocoagulation technology. This is done to determine the effectiveness of the removal of the electrocoagulation device against textile waste. The sample used is a synthetic sample with a concentration of 1091 mg/L Pt-Co units. The research was conducted twice with the first experiment being conducted to determine the most effective electrical voltage to remove the existing COD and color pollutants while the second experiment was conducted to determine the type of anode and cathode that was most effective in removing COD, Color, and heavy metal pollutants. In the first experiment, it was found that the electric voltage that could produce the best removal was 4 amperes and in the second experiment, the anode-cathode type with the highest % removal was Fe-Fe with % COD removal of 64.09639% and % color removal of 60.00619%. It was concluded that electrocoagulation method could effectively remove color and COD in waste water.

The oil and gas industry consumes tons of water, and the water produced from this industry contains harmful substances such as petroleum products and heavy metals that negatively affect humans and the environment. The objective of this research is to know the efficiency of the conventional wastewater treatment technologies (chemical by adding Alum, biological with aeration, and physical by filtration) to treat oily wastewater and the effect of the quantity of Alum on the treatment efficiency by using jar test and laboratory analysis beside modify the system to reuse the treated water in various activities. The treatment results showed a decrease of COD by 27%, BOD by 26.5%, oil and grease by 55%, and heavy metals by 95%, and the final results are compatible with the Egyptian standards. It is found that the optimum alum quantity that can be used is 15 mg/L which can remove 48% of oil and grease. Despite the simplicity and low cost of conventional methods for industrial wastewater treatment compared to advanced methods, they still give acceptable results. Reusing the treated water and sludge saves money, encouraging many industries to use it instead of discharging it.

The problem of using wood materials in residential premises is closely related to the issues of forestry. This is due to the fact that the wood subsequently processed into materials and products emits a gas harmful to humans - formaldehyde. In Russia, there are strict requirements for the permissible level of formaldehyde in the air (0.01 mg/m3) both in residential premises and in the atmosphere. The environmentally friendly wood emits formaldehyde. The emission of formaldehyde may exceed the permissible level up to 10 times when obtaining chipboards using urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins. Such an excess of the permissible level of formaldehyde is especially characteristic for chipboards. Moreover, a much larger amount of formaldehyde is emitted from urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins during their hot curing than it is in the liquid resin in its free form. Therefore, much attention in this work is paid to the curing process of urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde resins in relation to the manufacturing conditions of chipboards. The study of this process was based on the models related to the manufacturing conditions of chipboards using the microscopy method. It was found that some formaldehyde is preserved in vapor-gas bubbles and eventually moves out the chipboards.

Agricultural runoff is non-point source pollution that is unpredictable and difficult to control. Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Low Impact Development (LID) has been utilized as a method to manage agricultural runoff. Treatment train systems are LID-BMPs arranged in a series that aims to treat and manage agricultural runoff. This study focuses on the use of treatment train systems to reduce the concentration of BOD in agricultural runoff. A treatment train system was set up with three varying configurations to evaluate the efficiency of BOD removal. The three configurations consisted of no vegetation set which acts as the control, vegetated set, and vegetated set with the saturated zone. All three configurations showed good final removal rates of BOD at 56% for the control and 75% and 85% for both vegetated sets without and with the saturated zone. The control is classified classifying it as Class III according to Water Quality Standards, while both vegetated set without and with saturated zone had classified both sets as Class II and I, respectively. The performance of the treatment train system was compared to the use of a single bioretention system.

The article analyzes the synthesis of higher fatty acids based on local secondary oil products of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the influence of various factors on their synthesis. The highest yield of fractional acids C10 - C17 during paraffin processing is observed as a result of paraffin oxidation with a boiling point of 260-350 °C. The fractional composition of the obtained fatty acids was analyzed by gas chromosome spectroscopy. The effect of the catalyst on the oxidation process on the duration of oxidation and the change in acid, ether and carbonyl numbers has been studied.

Herein, pristine BiFeO3 and Pd-incorporated BiFeO3 (Pd-BiFeO3) composite were synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis method. The physiochemical and optical properties of the synthesized materials were investigated using numerous techniques. The Pd-BiFeO3 composite significantly enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of sunset yellow (SSY) dye in comparison with the pristine BiFeO3 under visible light irradiation. The enhanced photoactivity was credited to the improved photogenerated charge carrier separation, which was in accordance with the photoelectrochemical measurements. Moreover, the Pd-BiFeO3 composite can be recycled for seven consecutive runs without sufficient loss of photocatalytic activity. Radical trapping studies suggested that the hydroxyl radical (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hole (h+) were the key reactive oxidizing species. A possible photocatalytic enhancement mechanism of Pd-BiFeO3 composite was stated. Finally, for the first time, the Pd-BiFeO3 composite was also applied towards the effective degradation of industrial textile wastewater.

Ammonia-N (NH3-N) and Phosphorus (P) pollutions remain highly challenging pollutants to the Saudi environment. The sewerage treatment plant can be one of the main contributors to NH3-N and P pollutants. The main aim of this study is to investigate the concentration of NH3-N and P released from the Al Khumrah wastewater treatment plant in Jeddah. The treatment process used in this treatment plant consists of screening, aerated grit removal chambers, surface aeration, sedimentation and sludge thickening and de-watering via belt filter presses. For this study, primary data of N and P is obtained from the Ministry of Environment & Agriculture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data is collected from the wastewater treatment plant of Al Khumrah, Jeddah. A total of 101 data is collected for NH3-N and P within a period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020. Descriptive statistic was used to analyse the data. It was found that the highest mean concentration of NH3-N and P in the effluent are 4.2 mg/L and 1.7 mg/L respectively. The concentration of NH3-N and PO4 3- in the influent exceeded the maximum limit of 1.0 mg/L stated in General Environmental Regulations and Rules for Implementation (2001) provided by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Presidency of Meteorology and Environment. A low effluent concentration is set up by the authorities to meet the requirement of water reuse and recycling. The result has shown that the removal efficiency of NH3-N during the treatment is 55%. However, the removal efficiency of PO4 3- is very inconsistent with the percentage removal varied from 0%-61.5 %. This finding demonstrated that the treatment plant will continuously not be able to comply with the standard discharge limit especially if a higher concentration of NH3-N and PO4 3- entering the treatment plant. In this case, the changes of the current treatment process or addition of tertiary treatment would be needed to ensure the discharge wastewater met the reuse and recycling requirement.

Asphalt is one of the non-renewable natural resources. It is necessary to conduct various studies regarding alternative materials can be used as a substitute for asphalt. Crude palm oil (CPO) has almost the same texture and properties as asphalt, when it is heated it will melt so it can be substituted as a binding agent in the AC-WC layer. Based on the background, this study aims to analyze the effect of 50% CPO substitution and 50% pen 60/70 on the AC-WC layer. This research is based on the Public Works Department General specifications in 2010 using the marshall method by varying 50% CPO and 50% pen 60/70. Variation of 50% CPO and 50% 60/70 pen get Asphalt Optimum Content (AOC) value of 4.5% from the test results of 15 test specimens and 6 specimens using AOC. The results of the test with a 30-minute immersion (stability) all the characteristics meet the marshall parameters that are implied, namely: a stability value of 842 kg, a Flow of 3.1 mm, a VIM of 4.64%, a VMA of 15.30%, a VFB of 69, 67% and the MQ value of 271.51 kg / mm. Marshall testing with a 24-hour immersion (durability) did not meet the specifications required so that this pavement is not durable.

Super-absorbent polymer (SAP) is able to absorb water by multiple times more than its own weight. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) raw material has been excessively produced as a byproduct in sugar factory. The synthesis of SAP from SCB creates a balance between the utilization of industrial by-product and the resulted environmentally friendly material. In oil production water might be a troublesome, thus minimizing water production while extracting oil is essential. Besides, diversion of the flow in heterogeneous reservoir optimizes the oil production. SCB-SAP might have the potential to act as a water absorbing agent and flow diverter by taking the advantage of SAP high swelling ratio characteristic. This study provides the information of SCB-SAP synthesis methods and highlights the current application of SAP in oil industry, including the laboratory studies and field tests.

This study reports the redesign of a laboratory-scale pilot plant for textile wastewater treatment, especially in the pH neutralization process. The goal was to improve the plant structure, to facilitate more efficient process control. The result was a modular wastewater treatment plant that easy to operate and more efficient. A microcontroller controlled the plant. The plant was equipped with sensors and actuators to enable process monitoring and control in real-time. The control system was able to maintain the waste pH close to the setpoint (pH 8.5) despite the process disturbances.

This work aimed to investigate the mycotoxins’ distribution in the soy sauce brewing environment. Monitoring the total dust and respirable dust to evaluate the biological exposure of the workers in the brewing environment. This research conducted sampling in the soy sauce brewery. The brewing operating area is divided into raw material storage area, pre-work area, processing area, and packaging area according to the brewing processes. In each area, the total suspended dust and respirable dust are sampled and then carried out measurement of mycotoxin concentrations. The analyses showed that the aflatoxin concentration of total dust and respirable dust are between 36.35-191.00 ng/m3 and 25.69-95.19 ng/m3 respectively. And the ochratoxin A concentration of total duct and respirable duct are between 29.46-87.18 ng/m3 and 18.12-43.63 ng/m3 respectively. The results showed that the pre-work area has the highest concentration of mycotoxin. Therefore, this work suggested the local exhausting equipment should be regarded to increase ventilation rate, and the workers should wear personal protective equipment for ensuring occupational health.

The small islands are suitable as Aquaculture location for Sandfishes Holothuria scabra, because of the pristine water conditions. The harvested Sandfishes sometimes marketed dried, but most of it marketed fresh because the drying process took a long time using the sun heat, and needs fully standby if use heat from firewood. Both methods have conditions that depend on nature; if in rainy weather, the sun heat is unavailable and firewood becomes wet, that makes fire unavailable so that the drying process should stop. The alternative energy sources on the small island potentially used for drying the Sandfishes are the communal electricity, which commonly operates for 12 hours, and the Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) 3 Kg that is regularly using for daily cooking purposes. Using electric energy and LPG for drying can apply to an oven. Drying experiment results at a temperature of 50 °C for 12 hours in an electric oven gained average weight shrinkage of 83.9%, and LPG gained an average weight loss of 87.8% were significantly different based on the Independent Samples t-Test. Cost for 12 hours of electricity consumption is IDR 3,960 lower than the LPG consumption, which is IDR 5,833. Oven production capacity is 32 fresh Sandfishes weight of 500 g, which produces Sandfishes dry weight around 2 kg within the selling price class of IDR 2.2 million/kg.

In hotel design, there are 7 aspects of consideration, one of which is the use of cost-effective and efficient local materials, so that the design of this hotel implements the use of local materials which are chosen in the form of bamboo, where bamboo is the largest non-timber forest product in Indonesia. The research used a qualitative method of literature study. Data analysis was carried out based on the selection of the type of bamboo and the choice of space to be used by bamboo in the interior. The result of this research is the use of bamboo for the interior walls of the hotel.

The black tea powder extract produced through the spray drying technique is an alternative to tea steeping or brewing in the industry. The production of black tea powder extract using the 2-stage spray dry method still has problems such as different colour, product swelling or inflate and blocking. To determine the source of the problem, this study used varied outlet temperatures 105°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C and total soluble solids (TSS) 31.3, 35.2, 37.2, 43.9, 44.1, 47.4. Spraying through 2-stage spray dryer with combi fluid bed and high nozzle pressure atomizer model SC 40 SDX III by Delavan. The results show a significant difference between the outlet chamber temperatures with the flowrates, the pressures, and the densities. An increase in outlet temperatures by a multiple of 10°C can significantly reduce the pressure and the flow rate, while the temperatures multiple of 20°C can significantly reduce the densities, but not for the moisture contents and the powder colours. Changes in the outlet temperatures did not have a 0.2% effect on the steeping colours but were affected by TSS. The higher TSS’s value gives an increase in flow rate, pressure, moisture content and steeped powder colours of 0.2%

The purpose of this study is to investigate the suitability of date palm tree’s different parts residues for char production. There is a arising interest in producing renewable energy form different type of waste, one of the most important sources are agriculture waste since it’s a continuously demand-based industry with a future insight. Iraq is one of the leading countries that contain the highest number of date palm trees, which lead to a high amount of unused waste. Different parts of the date palm tree were analysed to understand its potential availability for energy use. The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were estimated for the different date palm tree parts. Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen were also determined and carbon percentage found to promising in all the parts. FTIR and TGA were done with the different parts to detect its chemical bounds and how the mass material changes when applied to heat in a different atmosphere, the thermal decomposition was observed to 600 C. Heating value was found up to 20.3 MJ/kg. The volatile matter had a range of 75.2 – 82.1 %. According to the data gathered and the tests were done it was found that date palm trunk and stones might be a sustainable source for energy productions.

Run-of-mine (ROM) coal and rice straw (RS) were upgraded by co-hydrothermal processing in oxidative acid/alkaline solvents. Optimization of co-HTC parameters was performed using the Taguchi method to investigate optimal conditions for the production of hydrochars with desired fuel properties. Based on calculations of S/N ratios, hydrochar with the best combustibility can be produced using the lowest reaction temperature (180 °C) and residence time (4 h), hence minimizing energy consumption. Hydrochars produced using optimal conditions for the best EY and PA indices had very high HHV values of 29.4 and 29.0 MJkg-1, respectively. In addition, ROM coal/RS hydrochars prepared using optimal conditions were characterized by lower sulfur contents (0.00-0.41 wt.%) and considerably low post-combustion ash contents.

The needs of oil in the world for the transportation, industry, power plant and other fields drive us to be more consumptive in the utilization. Oil needs in Indonesia that keeps on increasing along the years is unequal with the number of oil exploration activity, which further create a scarcity on fossil energy fuel source availability. If Indonesia is unable to discover new oil sources as soon as possible, Indonesia is predicted to become oil importer in 2025. Oil production is known to be practiced through three steps which are primary recovery, secondary recovery, and tertiary recovery. At this moment, several oil wells in Indonesia have reached final stages of secondary recovery. If the production activity on these wells is continued, the recovered oil will never be able to reach optimum result and will unable to cover the production cost. Because of that, oil development and production management projects will never be able to run. The offered solution to fulfill this energy needs is by conducting tertiary recovery method known as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). EOR method is known to be able to optimize oil recovery as much as 30% of total remaining reserve on an oil or gas field. One of EOR method that will be the focus in this research is chemical injection or chemical flooding, where a certain chemical compound is injected into the reservoir with an objective of reservoir physical or chemical manipulation to facilitate oil production to the surface. The material required for chemical flooding are surfactant, alkali, and polymer. On the previously conducted research at EOR Laboratory Universitas Trisakti is aimed to observe the impact of surfactant concentration on water formation salinity on phase and interfacial tension (IFT) tests to improve surfactant performance on EOR process to optimize recovery factor (RF) or oil production. Chemical ingredients used in this research are anionic surfactants which are Alpha Olein Sulfonate (AOS) and paraffin oil. The utilization of surfactant solution concentration is 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%. Meanwhile formation salinities are at 10,000 ppm, 15,000 ppm, and 20,000 ppm. The emulsion formed from the phase test is an upper phase. The factor of emulsion phase formation is high interfacial tension and the utilized surfactant basic ingredient is a petroleum based ingredient. The result of IFT measurement on surfactant solution possess a value range of 16 dyne/m to 41 dyne/m. Based on the research result and conducted analysis, the utilized AOS surfactant in this research is proven to be able to lower significant IFT of water and oil on emulsion percentage formed and stable at 18.75% on 1.5% concentration with water salinity of 15,000 ppm.

Oil Palm is widely cultivated in Indonesia due to its superior economical value. Currently, oil palm plantations have many challanges, particularly the time of harvesting. Many losses occurred during this process and therefore, they need best harvesting practice to obtain good results. While the quality of oil palm fresh fruits bunch (FFB) (i.e. ripeness) can be determined after harvest, a pre-harvest assessment technique is not present at the moment. In this study, we observe FFBs at four different fruit ages, e.g. 120, 140, 160 and 180 days after anthesis (DAA). A non-destructive evaluation was performed by measuring the FFBs surface temperature using a thermal camera. In addition, the influence of ambient temperature and other environment parameters were observed. Afterwards, the FFBs harvested, and its chemical compositions measured. A model developed to correlate the FFB surface temperature with its ripeness. Results showed that, regression model of the ratio of FFB oil content and moisture content with surface temperature has coefficient of determination of 0.6732. Moreover, when FFB surface temperature was correlated with its carotene content using multiple–regression, the model R2 was obtained at 0.8122. In addition, FFB surface temperature can be used to predicted the FFB age with R2 of 0.8344. This suggests a strong correlation between FFB surface temperature and its age. Furthermore, the ratio of FFB oil content and moisture content with its ripeness, and surface temperature, open the opportunity for a more accurate pre-harvest nondestructive evaluation technique to determine optimum harvest window (OHW) prediction of the bunch. The result delivers a solution of better harvesting practice in oil palm industry.

Recently, a fuel cell (FC) system operated by hydrogen from a renewable source (e.g., biomass feedstock) has been developed to contribute to the abatement of environmental impact and create an environmental business model. In this study, bio-hydrogen produced through a biomass gasification process was investigated. Considering the use of bio-hydrogen, production efficiency and fuel cost are issues of concern. In terms of the technological barriers, the removal of impurities and performance related to the plant cost are considerably influenced by the operating cost and eco-burden. In this study, we focus on a removal system that uses an eco-friendly adsorbent. These impurities should be eliminated to prevent the voltage drop of FC stack. Additionally, in terms of a life cycle analysis (LCA), the performance and the content of the adsorbent would be considerably affected. In our first study, hydroxyl aluminum silicate clay (HAS-Clay) or a natural soil of Kanuma-Clay was a potential candidate. Evidently, HAS-Clay and Kanuma-Clay had a good potential to simultaneously remove H2S, HCl, and NH3. However, the eco-burden of HAS-Clay cannot be mitigated in comparison to that of conventional adsorbents. Therefore, as alternative adsorbents, we selected coffee residue, and the adsorption performance was tested. Using these performances data, the life cycle impact analysis (LCIA) was evaluated in comparison to the eco-burdens of HAS-Clay and Kanuma-Clay. Especially, it is extremely significant to find out the adsorption possibility of coffee residue from a recycling viewpoint. Here, global warming potential and abiotic depletion potential were the indices used for the LCIA. Consequently, coffee residue has a sufficient benefit from the environmental aspect.

The laying hen livestock industry is growing rapidly, along with the increasing demand for eggs for human consumption, produces large amounts of waste. Improper management of laying hens farm waste can interfere with health and environmental pollution, including greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, N2O), odor disorders, disturbances from rodent animals, disturbances of endoparasites and ectoparasites, pollution of water and soil sources. Waste management that is correct can reduce the risk of pollution of the laying hen’s industry to the environment by utilizing the feces of laying hens as a source of the microbial consortium that serves as a starter for biogas formation in anaerobic digester as an environmentally friendly alternative energy source. This study aimed to obtain a bacterial and methanogen consortium from feces of laying hens as a starter for biogas formation with coal media in the anaerobic digester. The study used an experimental method of completely randomized design (CRD) with four inoculum doses with four replicates, further tests of orthogonal polynomials. The study was conducted in two stages: the first stage was pretreatment through in-vitro techniques and adaptation process, and the second stage is the addition of the starter of microbial consortium from feces of the laying feces (bioaugmentation) into liquid media and coal at a dose of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% incubated at 39oC for 28 days. Observations were conducted every seven days from day 0, day 7, day 14, day 21, and day 28. The parameters measured were the volume of biogas, the number of anaerobic bacteria, and the composition of biogas. This biogas composition was analyzed by Gas Chromatography, the number of anaerobic bacteria planted in Hungate tubes, and calculated using the Ogimoto method. The observations showed that the number of bacteria ranging from 1012 CFU/ml up to 1013 CFU/ml exceeded the starter requirements of 107 CFU/ml, which indicated that the microbial consortium obtained met the requirement.

Agricultural wastes come from different farming and planting activities that can be used as main material for organic fertilizers and compost. To improve the quality of the compost, it is better to include earthworms in the mixture to become vermicompost. Vermicompost is made up of enriched fertilizer with the production of earthworm known as worm biomass. The preparation of the vermicompost consists of grinding the waste in tiny bits and mixing manually which consumes a lot time and effort. This study focuses on the design of a dual grinding mixing machine intended for vermicompost and worm biomass production. The earthworm used in this study is African Night Crawler species. There are 13 testing vermicompost beds used for the experiment. The machine reduced the preparation time to one-third compared to manual operation. There is increase in the production of vermicompost by 87.5 kg and worm biomass by 3.5 kg, respectively, in monthly basis.

This study investigated the effect of the duty cycle for the transesterification of Ceiba pentandra oil. The important parameters of a duty cycle (pulse-mode operation) and energy usage in the transesterification reaction process were presented and showed that a maximum biodiesel yield of 99.24 % was achieved for 75% duty cycle with a pulse combination of 6 sec ON and 2 sec OFF. That was under the optimum conditions of 60% methanol to oil ratio, 1.00 wt% of KOH, reacted for 50 minutes. The obtained biodiesel was then analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy, and physiochemical properties of the Ceiba pentandra biodiesel then determined. It found that all the properties comply with the fuel specifications set by both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

In recent years, fuel cell (FC) applications have shown potential in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to an increase in demand for hydrogen fuel. The current source of hydrogen is generally fossil fuel origin. Therefore, for mitigating GHG emissions in the hydrogen production stage, we focused on the biomass-derived hydrogen (Bio-H2) production process. In this study, we discuss the environmental impacts of Bio-H2 through the biomass pyrolysis process of Blue Tower (BT) biomass gasification. The bio-syngas contains H2S, HCl, and NH3 as impurities, which can reduce the performance of FCs. In our previous experimental studies, we used hydroxyl aluminum silicate clay (HAS-Clay) as an adsorbent for removing impurities. However, based on the life cycle assessment methodology, it was found that the impact of HAS-Clay was higher, indicating that the environmental contribution of the one through operation using HAS-Clay would be lower. Thus, in this study, using Kanuma clay, which is a natural resource and lower impact adsorbent, we used the desulfurization test and designed an optimal process to mitigate its eco-burden and maintain removal performance. Finally, using the dynamic process simulator of ANSYS fluent (2020 R1), we compared the proposed process to the conventional process in terms of plant performance and evaluated the environmental impacts. The results showed that there was a 12.3% reduction in GWP due to the replacement of Kanuma clay and HAS-Clay as compared to ZnO, a chemical adsorbent.

The biochar utilization reduces CO2 emissions. This study aims to investigate the optimum pyrolysis temperature of lamtoro wood (Leucaena leucocephala) to produce suitable biochar for coal blends as fuel in the steam power plant. The experiment was carried out in a batch process, applied to a fixed bed reactor, 10°C/minute heating rate, three different variables temperature (300, 450, 600°C), and 60 minutes residence time. The biochar yield for each pyrolysis temperature is 61.77%, 26.45%, and 24.89%. This shows that the pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature of 300 to 450 °C, then ramps up to 600 °C. The volatile matter was released during the pyrolysis and raise the fixed carbon content. The fixed carbon content for each pyrolysis temperature is 26.35%, 61.82%, and 65.66%. Fixed carbon content at 450 and 600 °C identical to bituminous coal. The increase in fixed carbon content in biochar leads the heating value to increase. The heating value of lamtoro wood was 19.15 MJ/kg (db), increasing to 22.92, 28.01, and 29.73 MJ/kg (db) for each pyrolysis temperature. The biochar heating value is close to bituminous coal. The biochar energy content of original lamtoro wood for each pyrolysis temperature is 81.72%, 42.77%, and 42.71%. Biochar reaches its optimal point at pyrolysis temperature 450 °C, which has a yield and heating value almost the same at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C. The biochar characterization results indicate that it can be used as a coal blend for steam power plants.

Co-combustion of biomass and coal in coal fired power plant could reduce CO2 emissions and utilize renewable energy resources. To understand the co-combustion characteristics of biomass and coal blends, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis, as well as proximate, ultimate and heating value have been conducted. TG-DSC measures both weight changes (TG) and heat flow (DSC) in a material as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere. The combustion profiles can be used to study some combustion properties of fuels and fuel blends. The biomass that used in this study was sawdust in its origin and torrefied sawdust which blend with a low rank coal. The composition of the biomass and coal were 1:3; 1:1 and 3:1 in weight ratio. Results indicated that the blend of coal and torrefied sawdust in weight ratio of 1:3 was the best combustion performance compared to the other composition, indicated by the highest of ignition temperature (Tig), maximum combustion rate (Rmax) and heating value.

Agriculture is one of the main driving forces of rural development. Ensuring its sustainability in practice will provide economic, social and environmental benefits to the rural area. This will then contribute to sustainable rural development in general. Similarly, the processes of rural development are also the external influences that can facilitate the condition for sustainable practices to be carried out in ease of manner. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the importance of rural development processes as facilitating factors in farmer’s decision-making on the adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAP). Using the method of Protocol, Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, Analysis and Reporting (PSALSAR), this study has adapted six steps towards conducting a systematic literature review. A total of 50 empirical studies obtained from Scopus database were reviewed to determine the significant factors influencing the adoption of SAP. These factors were then coded into six dimensions of rural development processes which are endogeneity, novelty, market governance, institutional, social capital and sustainability. The finding of this paper has discovered that the institutional dimension contains the most factors influencing SAP adoption, followed up by social capital. The rural development dimension with the least significant factors from the empirical studies reviewed is the novelty dimension. This finding has highlighted the gap in the literature regarding factors influencing adoption. Future research should consider exploring the relationship between farmers’ novelty practices with their decisions in adopting SAP.

This paper presents a method of aerodynamic separation of supply-exhaust airflows in a supply and exhaust climate control unit for livestock facilities in order to minimize back suction. The air removed from livestock buildings contains a large amount of moisture, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other harmful gases and in mine units, the outlet and inlet openings are located close enough, which is why exhaust air can be sucked together with the supply air. The paper presents a set of measures to minimize back suction. In particular, the distance between the supply and exhaust openings is substantiated. Moreover, it was proposed to give an additional velocity to the exhaust air due to the energy of natural traction. In order to solve this problem, a nozzle with a convergence angle of 45 ° was installed at the outlet of the unit. The effectiveness of the proposed solution was tested experimentally and it was found that when the inlet and outlet openings were located at a distance of more than 0.5 m, as well as when the exhaust jet was given a velocity of 3 m / s, the amount of back suction did not exceed 5%.

This study aims to explore the process of policy adoption related to climate change adaptation. Specifically, this paper is based on the literature review process of scientific articles to map the definition of adaptation to climate change that is developing, then the forms of the policy adoption process that have been carried out. This study is exploratory in nature with the knowledge and determination of research topics that are still open. The researcher chose 2 keywords as emphasis, such as “climate change adaptation”. AND “policy adoption”. Sources of research use secondary data from tracing and collecting scientific articles indexed by Scopus. 35 of 659 articles were filtered and analyzed. Researchers use the Scholarly website, connected paper and VOSviewer to help analyze data. The study found that there is a knowledge gap between mitigation and adaptation. Adaptation is different than mitigation. From the results of mapping scientific articles, it can be concluded that discourse related to the adoption of climate change adaptation policies, the discourses that are often discussed at the academic level most of the 2006-2019 studies are mostly street level organizations, strategies, vulnerability indicators, tourism sector, mitigation, policy environment, barriers, maladaptation, policy context, society.

Covid-19 coronavirus spreads among persons via droplets from the nose or mouth of infectious persons when they breathe or cough. These droplets land on a surface, which another person then touches. When that person then touches her eyes, nose or mouth, the virus enters the new host. The virus can also infect directly when the droplets get inhaled by someone near the infected person. Another problem in the covid-19 pandemic is hazardous medical waste, which can become another vector for a viral infection to hospital patients, medical staff, and the community around the hospital. Covid-19-contaminated medical waste consisting of used needles and infusion kits, PPE, masks and gloves, used paper and plastic food containers, bandages and tissue paper increased the waste volume at Idaman Hospital Banjarbaru by 30%, requiring optimization of waste management. This study aims to identify medical waste potentials and impacts at Idaman Hospital in Banjarbaru during the covid-19 pandemic and evaluate covid-19 medical waste management at Idaman Hospital in Banjarbaru. This study utilizes the descriptive observational method by collecting secondary data. According to the types of waste, the study indicates that medical waste management at Idaman Hospital in Banjarbaru already meets the Regulation of Environment and Forestry Minister Number 56-year 2015, including reducing and separating hazardous and poisonous waste storage, transportation, and management.

The paper studies the reliability of transmission lines of Michurinsk district electric lines in Tambov Region. It evaluates the quality of overhead power transmission lines in the support-insulator-wire system and determines the reliability factor of overhead lines. The paper proposes methodological approaches to the survey of power transmission lines using unmanned aerial vehicles. Their use seems quite promising and profitable, since the cost of such work is an order of magnitude lower.

One of the most efficient methods to optimize thermal performance in a building is the practical design of the façade. The double skin façade‘(DSF) is a crucial decision for handling the interaction between outdoor and indoor spaces. It also offers some spatial diversity in the design process. Recently, a lot of focus has been paid to it instead of the more traditionally glazed curtain wall. This is because of its potential to reduce energy effectively, achieve thermal comfort in the building, and save costs. The indoor spaces near to the glazed facades will become warm due to high incidence solar radiation on the East-West facades in Malaysia’s tropical environment. In the tropics, one of the solar heat gain reduction approaches is the use of double skin-facade (DSF). One of the fundamental components of the double-skin facade is the blinds. Blinds located in the cavity of the double-skinned facade and buffer the building from solar heat gain or perform the role of a pre-heater for ventilation air. In general, the temperature of the blinds is high, which is helpful in the cold period but problematic in the hot period. To minimize the cooling loads of the building, technological innovations for the shading system are considered. Plants can dissipate absorbed solar radiation into resistant and latent heat. Plants turn radiation into the latent heat. This paper aims to study the effectiveness of a double skin façade and explore improved innovative design for a double-skin façade design integrated with vertical green on research building to optimize thermal performance. This paper will collect data of the thermal performance of double skin façade, precedent study and run simulation analysis to achieve the aim of the paper.

In order to ensure that construction team works toward the desired objective, it is important for a project manager to behave as an effective project team leader. This paper aims to investigate actual and expected leadership of project managers by comparing the transactional and transformational leadership behavior model. To accomplish the objective, the paper first briefly reviews the ways in which leadership, especially the two models, are approached. Data were collected through a survey to 63 construction team members in several ongoing projects in Indonesia. The results indicate that the project managers frequently use both transactional and transformational behaviors in leading their team, except the laissez-faire style. Results from analytical hierarchy process analyses interestingly show that the project team members expect the project managers to exhibit transformational leadership more than transactional leadership.

The lighting design in a residential building now-a-days is not only limited to general lighting but also it is focused to provide quality lighting with the help of wide range of available luminaire with different orientations as well as colours with efficient use of energy, that opens up accurate characteristics of specific areas in any room of the building. The affordable housings in many states are some of the examples of residential building where most of the flats in a typical floor are using conventional lighting systems which are not energy efficient and light level is low compared to standards. This paper is mainly focused to provide a budget friendly as well as energy efficient lighting design with the help of new and energy efficient lamps using DIALux Software, which can be proposed to renovate the existing conventional lighting systems. In this paper effort has been made to reduce the power consumption in all rooms and lux levels has been achieved as per standard values along with good amount of energy saving with the use of newer technologies.

The notion of Prevention through Design (PtD) has been used extensively to mitigate any potential hazard and minimize residual risks during the early design phase. However, there are hurdles in implementing the PtD concept, such as lack of enforcement in terms of legislation and guideline, thus decreasing architects’ responsibilities towards implementing PtD in the design and planning stage. Therefore, the review was motivated to highlight the PtD concept and the architect’s responsibility to build safety performance throughout its entire lifecycle. The finding of this paper reveals the themes that influence the role of architects towards adopting the PtD concept, which in turn affects the safety of the whole building lifecycle. Since this paper focuses solely on the role of architects, further development of the topic can be aimed towards other roles of consultants.

Ujung Pancu is on the North coast of Aceh, known as one of three defense areas (Lhee Sagoe) during the Aceh Darussalam Kingdom, in 18-19 centuries guarding against enemy attacks from the sea, and the role of Hamzah Fansury in the 16-17 centuries. This area has destroyed when the tsunami disaster, causing some traces of the old city to be relatively lost but still can be traced. This paper aims to reconstruct and discuss the concept of Ujung Pancu spatial structure, especially Lam PageuVillage in the 18th century. It also will examine the approximate architecture of the Hamzah Fansury cultural site. This paper is considered essential as a historical study to bring back the experience of cultural sites as national personality assets under the UNESCO concept and has the opportunity to be a religious cultural tourism destination around Banda Aceh City, as well as being a location for religious relaxation in the face of the Covid 19 outbreak. This study uses exploration by exploring the potential of the natural environment and reconstructing the regional spatial organization system and spatial patterns. The results show that a) The area organizing system is very considerate of the coastal-bay-hills ecological aspect, with the orientation of the area towards the sea in the North-East, with the hills as natural fortresses in the West-Southern part, the three main spots are important areas with the system integrated location of each other; b) 3 important spots, namely: 1). the location of the cleric Hamzah Fansury’s hermitage on the hills, it is estimated that it also functions as a “reconnaissance” place; 2) Footprints of the harbor fort on the beach are inundated, 3) Coastal residential areas that are still ongoing today. The conclusion of the study, the regional spatial management system shows a spatial hierarchy based on security zones, the closer to the mountain the more private, and the closer to the beach the more common (profane). There is a synergy between the need to maintain regional space and natural character.

Recent studies demonstrate that the Covid-19 pandemic is a health and daily life crisis unmatched in human history. Restrictions on the exercise of social distancing and using innovative technology to virtually hold gathering have been the key policy measures to reduce the transmission of Covid-19 and to protect public health. International health organisations and governments precautionary measures for their people advise for physical distancing, total lockdown, and handwashing hygiene measures. Social distancing has redefined, reshaped, and reconfigured Straits Chinese families’ gatherings in a shophouse courtyard space. Hence, this paper bids to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of these mechanisms by inhabitants and visitors in shophouses courtyard space and suggest possible ways to lessen future Covid-19, particularly concerning interior design components of a typical shophouse courtyard space. Thus, the paper adopts the phenomenology type of qualitative research. Data were collected via observations of selected traditional shophouses in George Town Heritage City, face-to-face interviews conducted and validated via secondary sources. Findings show that it is difficult to practice some of the precautionary measures as recommended by appropriate authorities in majority of the George Town Heritage City traditional shophouses. This is because of compact space, also renovation, and modernisation to the courtyard original design. Concerning the practical implications, this research is encouraging for the practice of social distancing on Straits Chinese gathering at shophouse courtyard space during pandemics such as Covid-19 to lessen the contagious pandemic spread in shophouses families in the future. This research further intends to trigger key stakeholders and conquer new areas for forthcoming study.

This paper attempts to examine the uniqueness of architectural culture to show that through regionalism, Acehnese architecture can still be built by saving and adapting regional conceptions of culture and nature. In the design and construction of housing in Aceh today, the territorial approach is rarely considered due to the dominance of universal architectural trends that spread through globalization. The process of building the Neuheun Mandiri housing includes an astute attitude in dealing with the currents of modernity by reinterpreting the architecture of the past to be updated, and making modifications to suit the current environmental conditions. This paper aims to interpret the vernacular aspects of Aceh in the modernity of the housing development of Neuheun Mandiri in the hills of a coastal village, Aceh Besar, where the locality aspect is shown through the building mass pattern, traditional material approaches, and construction techniques.

Melaleuca cajuput sub sp cajuput is an indigenous species in Indonesia which primarily used for the cajuput oil industry. The demand for cajuput oil is reported at around 3,500 tons/year, while the national capacity production is only around 600 tons years−1 due to lack of grower interest in planting and low productivity of the existing plantations. Following the success of the genetic improvement of cajuput in which oil yield and cineole content are improved, carried out by CFBTI, a program to increase oil production through developing plantations using genetically improved seeds was developed in six provinces. Five small-growers and one company were involved in the program covering 35 ha and 2000 ha of a plantation, respectively. This paper aims to report the progress of the program by focusing on the impact of the improved seed and people’s participation in developing cajuput plantations. The paper also discusses the projected impact for further development of the plantations, including government policy to support increased national production of cajuput oil as well as ensuring the market. The results showed that oil productivity varied among small-grower sites ranging from 93.75 to 171.6 kg ha−1 year−1, while for the company it could be increased to reach oil productivity of 175.5 kg ha−1 year−1 through innovative technology either in the plantation or in the distillation process. As compared to the previous system using ordinary un-improved seed, the oil productivity in the program increased around 62 – 116 %. The program also revealed that the cajuput industry could be managed effectively and efficiently while maintaining the sustainability and continuity of high oil production so that Indonesia will become self-sufficient in cajuput oil.

Honey and wax production in Russia is considered a traditional branch of agriculture, which enables to produce valuable biologically active food for the population and raw materials for the industry. Many sources speak for a rapid annual decrease in the number of bees. One of the factors in reducing the number of bees is a somewhat tough way of collecting honey, in which a small percentage of the hive dies. The paper discusses the possibility of using innovative Australian FlowHive technology designed to allow honey to flow down freely. With this technology, honey is extracted without disturbing the bees as in normal extraction. The pivotal technological secret of a FlowHive beehive is durable plastic mobile honeycombs. By turning a special knob, the vertical gaps are offset by one half of a cell, allowing the honey to flow down through the cells into a channel at the base of each frame and out into a collection vessel. The paper presents a set of data for calculating the effectiveness of innovative beehives in small agricultural production. It establishes that, once applied, innovative hives not only increase profits, but also decrease costs for basic production.

Wind power generation is currently one of the most promising power generation technologies. It is particularly important to improve the prediction accuracy of wind power output, which can effectively reduce the impact on the grid when wind power is connected to the grid. Based on the fractal model, this paper integrates it with the wind power prediction model, and combines the custom K nearest neighbor algorithm to evaluate the prediction effect using multi-dimensional indicators. Finally, taking the data of a wind farm in northwest china as an example, compared it with the prediction model of random forest, support vector machine and gradient boosting decision tree prediction model to verify the effectiveness of the prediction algorithm in this paper.