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An extreme occurrence within the earth’s system that causes human fatalities, injuries, and property destruction is referred to as a “disaster” from a social perspective. Disaster management is one of the most critical topics around the world. Many countries are getting affected because of its high magnitude impact on economy and loss of life. The Karnataka government must always be on guard and ready to meet problems due to the frequent natural disasters like landslides, floods, droughts, and human-induced dangers. In order to lessen the effect of disasters on the community, the Government of Karnataka has built enhanced institutional structures for disaster risk reduction. The main aim of the review paper of this, is to create awareness about the situations occurring due to any form of disasters and to develop preparedness in younger generation to face disaster situations.

In the world a number of researches are intensively being conducted on the preparation of new paper compositions based on natural polymers, expanding the application scope of products with unique and rare properties using not only plant fibers but also non-traditional fibers, the development of traditional papers for priority areas in this field and manufacturing paper products from mineral fibers with the help of existing devices. Systematic, regular studies of the use of inorganic binders in the preparation of sheet (sheet) materials based on mineral fibers have not yet been carried out by the method of paper technology. Paper products were obtained from cellulose-containing plants. Several quality indicators of paper products were studied. These are: Tearing length, tearing resistance, bending resistance, number of bendings in both directions.

A huge amount of newspaper waste is generated in an average Indian household on a daily basis. The ideology behind this study is to amalgamate this paper waste into construction materials. This manuscript is a preliminary initiative for the same motive and explores the feasibility of mixing waste paper pulp into cement mortar for further adopting the practice on construction sites. Different ratios of cement, standard sand and crushed paper pulp (soaked for 72 hours) were administered to cast cement mortar cubes and the same were tested for compressive strength in a compression testing machine. The several trial mixes, partially replacing sand in mortar making were attempted to study the behavior of cement mortar while infused with waste paper pulp. The strength of these cubes were compared to standard cement mortar cubes cast using one part cement and 3 parts of standard sand. The trial ratios of cement, sand and paper pulp were 1:0.5:0.5; 1:0.75:0.25 and 1:0.25:0.75 respectively. Both 7 days as well as 28 days strength was determined. It was found that one part cement, half part standard sand and half a part of waste paper pulp was the most optimum combination yielding satisfactory strength of cement mortar cubes. The compressive strength of standard cube was 7.2 MPa and the same for 1:0.5:0.5 was 6.6 MPa. Thus waste paper pulp infused cement mortar may be used for brickwork and other trivial lean cement members in construction. The purpose of the study is to address two major underlying challenges in modern day construction projects, first being the dearth of river sand availability and secondly the disposal of waste paper which ultimately ends up in landfills subsequently polluting the environment.

The use of paper directly proportional to the growth in the number of people. The impact is in the form of environmental problems where there is logging of forest trees, and deforestation so that it affects the ecosystem and the natural environment. Trees are cut down and made into paper for human needs, including to make books as learning media. In the current technological era, the use of books as a medium of learning has an impact on students’ declining motivation to learn. To solve the problem, we proposes the application of Augmented Reality (AR) as a learning medium. This research uses Game Engine Unity and Vuforia which can display 3-dimensional objects, and uses Android as the basis of the system. In this paper, we introduce four equipments of athletic sports. The aim of this research is to reduce the use of paper as a learning medium and increase learning motivation. The result of the research is an Augmented Reality-based athletics introduction application that has been tested for its performance using blackbox testing using various conditions of its marker.

Bioethanol is one of the best alternative form of energy source in place of fossil fuels. In this study, bioethanol was produced from waste paper following a pre-treatment. The isolates used were isolated from fresh palm wine and characterized via standard microbiological methods. The pre-treatment was done using 5%, 10% and 50% concentrations of sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide respectively. Results obtained showed that the concentration of glucose from the substrates ranged between 0.2-0.8 ppm with 10% sulphuric acid giving the highest glucose yield. The fermentation of the sugar was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of bioethanol, which was recovered by fractional distillation. From this study, the production of bioethanol from waste paper is a veritable means of shoring up energy deficit especially in the developing countries.

Fomites have been known to harbor significant amount of microbial load and its handling by food vendors poses a significant risk to consumers. In this study, swab samples were collected from vendors handling paper currency; their food contaminated hands, and selected foods-Akara, Suya and Bole. These fomites were evaluated for organisms that may pose a risk of food infection/contamination. The organisms isolated were identified based on their macroscopic, mi-croscopic and biochemical characteristics and comparison with standard reference organisms. From the results obtained, the paper currency had the highest numbers of bacterial and fungal load (too numerous to count – TNTC), food contaminated hands ranged between 12 x 105- 15 x105 cfu/g and the selected foods- Akara, Suya and Bole had 7x105- 12 x105 cfu/g. The bacteria members’ species recorded include Pseudomonas, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter sp, Aeromonas hydrophila, Micrococcus luteus. Others include Clostridium sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus. The fungal species reported include Aspergillus, Yeast, Penicillium sp. and Saccharomyces spp. Mucor sp. and Rhizopus sp. Members of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were noted to occur on all the samples surveyed. From this study, it can be deduced that handling of paper currencies by food vendors could serve as a direct and indirect pathway for man-microbe interface.

With the support of new technology, recyclable paper is capable of being both waterproof and fireproof, and it has been used in architectural design to some extent. However, there are limited studies on the use of paper materials in landscape architecture. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of paper materials practice in landscape architecture design from both functional and aesthetic perspectives. The method includes two parts: 1. a systematic review to investigate paper’s properties and capabilities to demonstrate it is qualified as a landscape construction material; 2. Provide a prototype to illustrate how to use paper materials in a practical landscape design. This paper found that the application of paper materials in landscape architecture has the following benefits: low-cost material, easy assemble and removal, build fast, easy transport, recyclable, unique material aesthetic feeling, low technical requirement, educational. Through a systematic review and case studies, this study explored the practical application value of paper materials in landscape architecture, and provided a feasible idea and direction for the landscape architecture industry to practice the concept of sustainable development.

Buildings are the main sector in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Retrofitting of existing building has been identified as one of the significant strategies for reducing the impacts of buildings on energy and environment. However, recent studies have shown that low energy buildings mostly do not perform as expected. These differences are related to different factors including the interaction between occupants and building technologies. Thus, most renovation initiatives have not considered occupant behavior equally to the energy efficiency process. Many of the existing studies have been focused on technological improvements rather than behavioral-related parameters. Hence, this study aims to review the literature on the occupants’ energy perceptions and their behavioral interventions in energy efficient retrofitted residential buildings. The results of the literature review reveal that household’s energy consumption significantly differs according to the various factors including social-economic, cultural, household composition as well as individual attitudes, habits, experiences, and occupant practices. Moreover, the energy consumption in the residential sector is highly dependent on demographic parameters. The demographics factors are classified according to type of family, level of income, age of the occupants, and individuals’ educational status. The findings shows that energy perception gap formulates the energy behavior and it is related to the lack of personal interest, accurate information and individuals’ awareness about how to consume efficiently. Therefore, it is suggested that the level of occupant’s perception on energy, control, or comfort have to be considered during energy efficiency retrofits. The study contributes to understanding of occupants’ behaviors which cause energy performance gap and enlighten approaches to encourage more energy efficient behavior.

The production of floor slabs with their high requirements for fire protection, thermal mass, and sound insulation is a central challenge in multi-storey timber construction. The research presented in this paper explores the possibilities of a timber-earth slab (T.E.S.) that can meet such high demands while being fully recyclable. T.E.S. comprises a hybrid structure, which aims to combine the strong tensile properties of wood with the beneficial properties of earth in terms of thermal mass, thermal activation capabilities, fire resistance, and sound insulation. It integrates a novel material technology capable of casting earth with low water content and combines it with robotic technology that enables the bespoke fabrication of a filigree wooden structure tailored to mechanically interlock with the earth infill. The proposed method makes it possible to place the earth infill in the lower part of the floor slab and thus expose it to the interior space, whereby its storage mass and component activation can be fully utilized. This paper presents the concept and design principles, initial findings on the system’s loadbearing behaviour, as well as the experimental validation of the novel fabrication process in 1:4 and 1:1-scale demonstrators, in which the general feasibility of the system in assessed. The paper finally discusses the proposed methods and results of the experiments and outlines further steps for transferring the system into building practice.

In building life cycle assessment, construction site processes are currently hardly accounted for in detail. If considered, the emission values are determined by globally capturing effort values and by allocating them to individual work steps, equipment, or materials. To identify improvement potential to decarbonize construction activities, detailed process data must be captured for specific processes to determine the carbon dioxide emissions of single processes. The results can then be aggregated to larger process units e.g. to components or trades. To fully implement this approach, a recording of process-specific data at construction site is necessary. Therefore, the basic framework to record specific processes at construction site is developed in this article and LCA methodology to systematically link them to emissions is explained. Further, the method of computer vision for automated recording of construction site activities is being presented.

Resource scarcity and global warming call for ambitious strategies in the construction sector to meet the ever-growing demand for indoor spaces with minimal resource consumption and positive environmental impacts. In line with the need to introduce circular economy in the construction sector, the German Public Sustainability Certification System (BNB) is revising its indicator for disassembly, separation and reuse. The proposed assessment is intended to guide in the planning process and to point out challenges and potentials of the circular economy by making the complex interactions and requirements comprehensible in detail. The continuity of the assessment from the building material to the building component to the entire building allows users to track the impact of changes made at each level of aggregation. Based on extensive background research, end-of-life categories are assigned to building materials according to their reusability, taking into account assembly techniques and adjacent, associated materials. Example building components illustrate the method and show the impact of design changes. At the building level, the quantity determination of materials in the end-of-life condition allows transparent comparison of different design variants and documents in detail the material inventory for use in building material passports. Future developments envision the inclusion of building services in the circularity assessment, benchmarking of circularity at the building level, and integration of circular qualities into life cycle analysis calculations.

Industrial 4.0 accelerates the need to introduce clean energy to accommodate the increase in electricity demand globally without causing environmental issues. Metal-air battery is a new type of energy storage system in which the metal anode is consumed to generate electricity through the electrochemical reaction. Among various types of the metal anode, aluminum is a promising energy carrier. Aluminum-air battery shows advantages such as high capacity, abundance, low cost, and being environmentally friendly. Traditional aqueous aluminum-air battery experiences restriction from application due to its self-corrosion issues. In this study, instead of reducing or limiting the self-corrosion issues, a different approach is proposed so to make use of the self-corrosion issues of the aluminum-air battery. By incorporating an additional hydrogen-air subcell to the aluminum-air battery, this hybrid system turned the self-corrosion issue into a beneficial reaction by utilizing the hydrogen gas produced from the aluminum anode as the fuel to power the hydrogen-air fuel cell and improving the overall power performance. The electrical performance of each system is studied experimentally using potassium hydroxide electrolytes. The hybrid system shows a great improvement as compared to a single system. The maximum power is improved by more than 40%. This study shows that the hybrid design is feasible in enhancing the aluminum-air battery performance and yet, maintaining low cost and low weight in nature.

Wood pellets are renewable fuels from biomass which can be an alternative substitute for petroleum fuels. One of the raw materials for making wood pellets is sawdust from the sawmill industry or other wood craftsmen. Sawdust waste that dumped for a long time will reduce its moisture content (over-dry) and will be difficult to form into pellets. In this paper, we studied the effect of adding liquid solution ie. water, tapioca starch solution, pure molasses solution and dilute molasses solution on over-dry sawdust to the characteristic properties of wood pellet torrefaction. The sawdust material was collected from the wood sawmill in the Bogor District. There were five treatments i.e sawdust (control), sawdust + 10% water, sawdust + 10% tapioca starch solution, sawdust + 10% pure molasses solution, sawdust + 10% diluted molasses solution. The wood pellet torrefaction properties were investigated using a manual hot press at the temperature of 210°C. The results showed that the addition of pure molasses solution produced better pellets than other treatments, with properties i.e water content of 2.65%, the ash content of 1.45%, volatile matter 76.72%, fixed carbon 19.18%, the calorific value of 19.56 MJkg−1, density 0.84 gcm−3, and compressive strength 52.22 kgcm−2.

In pursuit of access to wastewater services to reach the target of 100%, it is undeniable that the non-sewer system/on-site system should continue to be developed. The non-sewer system provides low-cost options, making access to wastewater infrastructure more affordable. As a further treatment of the fecal sludge produced from on-site technology such as septic tank, FSTP (Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant) is needed. This study was conducted on 4 FSTPs in Java Island, namely 2 conventional system FSTPs (Keputih FSTP, Surabaya and Betoyoguci FSTP, Gresik) and 2 mechanical system FSTPs (Duri Kosambi FSTP, Jakarta and Sumur Batu FSTP, Bekasi). The research was conducted by comparing performance indicators which are collection, treatment, human resources, and cost-efficiency, representing development priority aspects. Analysis of the development strategy was carried out by SWOT analysis. Based on performance indicator comparison, Duri Kosambi FSTP has the highest collection efficiency among the others. Treatment efficiency ranging around 60%, and human resources efficiency in all FSTPs ranging at 80%. Duri Kosambi FSTP has an acceptable cost efficiency level, while the rest are still dissatisfactory. Development strategy derived from SWOT analysis should include an effort to do scheduled desludging, partial investment from government, adjusting tariff, and optimizing FSTP capacity.

As a composite product, particleboard has disadvantages related to low dimensional stability. The research purpose was to analyze the effect of immersion in acetic acid and NaOH solution on the quality of the particleboard sandwich. Sandwich particleboard (SPb) was made in a size of 25 cm length and 25 cm width. The target thickness and density are 1 cm and 0.75 g/cm3, respectively. The adhesive used was isocyanate adhesive with a content of 7%. First, The particles, which were in the form of wood shavings and bamboo strands, were soaked in a solution of acetic acid and NaOH at various concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 3%). The moisture content of the particles to be made SPb was set at 7%. After evenly mixing the particles (wood shavings and bamboo strands) and the adhesive, the sheet was created. The board sheets were made into three layers, namely 40% face layer in the form of a bamboo strand, 20% core layer in the form of wood shavings, and 40% back layer in the form of the bamboo strand. The next stage was the hot pressing process at 160 °C for 5 min and 30 kg/cm2pressure. The following process was conditioning the board for seven days. Testing of quality refers to the standard JIS A5908 (2003). The results showed that the immersion of Raru wood particles in acetic acid and NaOH significantly affected the value of density, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and internal bond. Except for the moisture content on the AA3 and NA2 boards and the internal bond value on the untreated (control) board, all of the panel properties in this study met the standard.

Coconut oil can be deteriorated by oxidation during storage and formed a rancid odor. The objective of the research is to evaluate coconut oil quality during storage by the addition of tocopherol as an antioxidant. The 11-12 months of coconut fruits harvested from Mapanget Tall coconut are used as raw materials. The oil is extracted by the wet method, and it was then formulated by the addition of tocopherol as an antioxidant on various concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 % w/v). The oil samples were then stored at room temperature for 2 months and evaluated for their quality for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The oils are measured for moisture, free fatty acids, peroxide value, and TBA value. The results of the research showed that the moisture of coconut oil is stable during storage with or without antioxidants. The addition of antioxidants affected the free fatty acid of coconut oil, whereas the oil without antioxidants having free fatty acid compared to others treated with antioxidants.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the suitability of date palm tree’s different parts residues for char production. There is a arising interest in producing renewable energy form different type of waste, one of the most important sources are agriculture waste since it’s a continuously demand-based industry with a future insight. Iraq is one of the leading countries that contain the highest number of date palm trees, which lead to a high amount of unused waste. Different parts of the date palm tree were analysed to understand its potential availability for energy use. The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were estimated for the different date palm tree parts. Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen were also determined and carbon percentage found to promising in all the parts. FTIR and TGA were done with the different parts to detect its chemical bounds and how the mass material changes when applied to heat in a different atmosphere, the thermal decomposition was observed to 600 C. Heating value was found up to 20.3 MJ/kg. The volatile matter had a range of 75.2 – 82.1 %. According to the data gathered and the tests were done it was found that date palm trunk and stones might be a sustainable source for energy productions.

Sugar Palm plants are multifunctional plants, with all parts of the plant that can be used for human survival. The palm tree is one of the balancing plants for the ecosystem and rural ecology. The purpose of this study was to determine the utilization of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) plants and production process of sugar palm carried out by the community live around the area of PT. Toba Pulp Lestari. Observation and data collection were made with interview and questionnaires to the respondents. The results revealed that the most common use the utilization of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) by the community around the PT Toba Pulp Lestari area was to produce palm wine, so-calledtuak, through tapping techniques and traditional fermentation process. Another use that is seek by the community is to harvesting fruit and palm fibre which provide additional income for them. The utilization of palm sugar has the potential to provide economic added value to the community accompanied by proper cultivation and appropriate processing of yields due to high demand of sugar palm derivative products.

Movement restrictions implementation due the COVID-19 pandemic affected people’s mobility and and transportation sectors globally. Tourism, retail, transportation, and hospitality also suffered significant consequences that indirectly impacted a country’s economic stability. Hence, this paper presents the Malaysian experience with the effects of the pandemic on transportation services and travel behaviour. Online sources, secondary data and a questionnaire survey were employed to collect the relevant data. These data were further analysed and presented in this paper. In general, transportation sectors involving air, rail and public bus showed decreased demand and services. A severe drop in services was observed in air transportation which is more than 97%. Most people prefer not to use public transportation to avoid the risk of COVID-19 infection. Noticeable changes in travel behaviour and mode preference during and pre-pandemic are observed, particularly on trips related to work/school. Key pandemic factors concerning transportation were fear of infection and social distance. Hence, most people prefer to use a private vehicle. The changes in transportation service and travel behaviour result in severe losses in the transportation sector in Malaysia.

Facility Management (FM) is currently focusing on sustainability through the adoption of the newly recognised United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) when making business decisions. Strategic Sustainable FM has the potential towards the realisation of the 17 SDGs at all levels of organisation in the FM sector. However, the FM sector is also encountering potential barriers to the implementation of the relevant SDGs. Standardised and strategic level support is crucial for the smooth adoption of sustainable FM. This paper is aimed at discussing the role of facility management in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This viewpoint paper, whereby content is dependent on the authors’ opinion and interpretation, focuses on new emerging disciplines that will affect the operations phase of buildings and the people working therein. The SDGs can help to objectively quantify the added value of FM to the core business and the global FM industry including impact of ISO standards and stakeholders (clients, service providers and researchers).

The renewable energy share in energy supply systems is increasing for carbon neutrality. The realization of carbon neutrality can be supported by demand response (DR) strategies. This paper analyzed the DR control benefits of a German district heating (DH) system. For the first step, in German conditions, three building types were simulated by IDA-ICE software with and without a rule-based DR control. Secondly, a community was established based on the heat demand of the simulated buildings. This paper selected two different production scenarios. One scenario consisted by a biofuel CHP and gas boilers and the other one included a heat pump, an electric heater, and a solar thermal storage. After that, the production of the two scenarios with and without DR was optimized by the HGSO tool and it calculated the total production costs and CO2 emissions. It indicates that building owners and DH producers all earn benefits from the application of demand response. The maximum heating cost saving by DR is 4.9% for building owners. In the optimized two production scenarios, DH producers gain higher financial benefits and there are less CO2 emissions. The maximum total generation cost and CO2 emission savings are 12.6% and 8.6%, respectively.

Facilities managers have a key role to play in improving organisational resilience to disaster events. However, there is currently limited support available to help them understand and systematically manage related issues. At the strategic level, they need to understand the physical, operational, and organisational risks associated with individual and cascading events. At the operational level, they need to develop mitigation interventions to reduce and manage these risks. This paper discusses results from the TURNkey project, which developed a forecasting, early warning and consequence response platform to assist decision-makers prepare for, respond to and recover from a potential earthquake event. It looks at this disaster management platform through the lens of business, outlining the opportunities and challenges facilities managers face when using it to manage organisational resilience. First, the paper presents an overview of the TURNkey platform and describes a series of end-user use cases that were developed to identify the key business issues the platform needed to address. The paper then reports the results of a hypothetical case study undertaken as part of a regional earthquake simulation to show how the outputs from the TURNkey FWCR platform can be integrated into existing resilience plans. The paper concludes by highlighting outstanding integration issues and the role that facilities managers can play in helping resolve them. Although the paper draws on evidence from earthquake disasters, its findings and conclusions are generic, and applicable to any disaster event.

The Arowana fish cultivation is a special cultivation that grows decorative fish instead of consumption. Unlike consumption fish, Arowana fish require a strict water pH level to live healthily. Hence, the cultivator must carefully maintain the water to prevent high acidity levels in the aquarium. A high acid level in the water may cause severe disease or death to Arowana. However, detecting acidity levels in the water required a particular tool, such as litmus paper. Litmus paper provided accurate acid detection by color indication. A strip of litmus paper is required for every aquarium to detect the acidity level. Buying many litmus papers may increase the unnecessary cost of cultivation. This research proposed acidity level monitoring by implementing Internet of Things technology to allow automation and remote monitoring. According to the evaluation result, the proposed model is capable of detecting the state of the acidity level with an accuracy of up to 100%. Besides that, the detection range of the proposed model is almost identical to a pH meter with a percentage error of less than 1% in many acidity levels.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are two different and complementary tools. LCA is used to evaluate only environmental consequences and cannot be employed to assess spatial environmental impacts, while GIS is a decision-making spatial tool capable of restoring, retrieving, analyzing, modelling, and mapping large areas with a huge volume of spatial data. The Integrated LCA-GIS model is a framework that aims at addressing the unsuitable match in spatial firmness/resolution of LCA. This paper conducted a brief overview of the application of the LCA-GIS model in the agricultural sector to investigate and clarify the current situation of the technique, especially in the areas of environmental assessment, sustainability assessment, energy-environment assessment, and qualitative assessment in terms of system boundaries, functional unit and impact categories in the agricultural sector. Cradle-to-gate system boundary was used in all the studies reviewed and this shows that there was a lack of depth analysis in evaluating the environmental impacts of the whole agricultural process. It is also observed in this paper that, few impact categories were assessed and no single damage category was evaluated, it further revealed that the LCA-GIS methodology for sustainability assessment does not evaluate socio-economic factors thus leading to the establishment of Regional Sustainability Assessment Methodology (RSAM). This paper recommends the use of a cradle-to-grave system boundary thus will help in an in-depth analysis of evaluating the environmental impacts of any agricultural product; evaluation of all the impact and damage categories and development of a single software that integrates LCA with GIS that applies to any research field.

The aim of this paper is to analyze in 2012-2017 the evolution of climate trends and meteorological parameters with significant relevance in agriculture, from the perspective of the potential risk associated with climate change and the need to adapt to their effects. Agrometeorological monitoring of a crop area includes information on the assessment of biological conditions for plant growth and development, the duration of the growing season and the vulnerability of agricultural areas to water and heat stress, in order for beneficiaries to choose the most effective measures. to prevent and reduce the negative effects on crops. In order to identify some peculiarities, we analyzed the average monthly values of temperature and atmospheric precipitation at the 63 meteorological stations with agrometeorological program, in the extra-Carpathian area of Romania, from 2012-2017 and were compared with the data from the reference period 1981-2010. Also, the temperature and precipitation data were spatialized with the highlighting of the changes in the study area compared to the reference period. Based on the calculation and analysis of agrometeorological parameters of thermal and water stress, this paper presents the importance of knowing the evolution of meteorological conditions with significant impact on the agricultural sector.

Fish guidance systems associated to water intakes represent an important feature, mandatory to prevent fish from being accidentally drawn into artificial hydraulic facilities. Such systems are recommended for a proper integration of the water intake into the surrounding environment and contribute to reducing the impact on the environment. In this paper a prototype of fish guidance system which can be applied to river water intakes is presented and analysed. The fish are guided by means of an air bubbles curtain, which influence the flow of the water. This study was performed numerically in Fluent software and experimentally in laboratory conditions. Velocity distribution maps were achieved using Particle Image Velocimetry technique for two water flowrates. The results presented in the paper are a part of the recorded data, and have the purpose to validate the numerical model for the case without air bubbles curtain. A second purpose is to evaluate the changes caused by the bubbles curtain on the water velocity. The results obtained by numerical simulations are in good correlation with the experimental results performed using PIV technique and demonstrate that the fish guidance systems associated to water intakes can represent an efficient solution for fish protection in their natural environment.

As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has the potential for marine resources that can guarantee the welfare of the community. Coastal villages face infrastructure limitations that hinder the development of marine resource-based potential businesses. This paper elaborates on the importance of partnership to increase the coastal community’s participation in creating social innovation. It is argued that a solid and collaborative action can boost the acceleration of coastal development among community members. This paper was developed from a qualitative study in several West Java and Gorontalo province’s coastal villages. Data collected from interviews and discussions with coastal village community groups were collected in 2021. The result shows that community partnerships can be proposed to create more social innovation in optimizing marine resources. The result implies that social innovation can be developed by a close partnership between community members and the village government in development planning and its implementation. Community partnerships with the government and private businesses designed in village development programs can encourage social innovation so that marine resources can be managed economically. Furthermore, social innovation can become capital for developing local businesses to increase community marine economic activities’ capacity.

The impact of climate change is more evident now than ever due to the environmental burden accumulated over the past two decades. Decarbonising methods such as carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies are the future of the green economy and are considered one of the most significant alternatives for mitigating carbon emissions. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on life cycle assessment (LCA), the current state-of-the-art tool to determine the environmental performance of the technologies. This paper aims to assess papers published from the year 2019 to 2022 from all around the world to understand the trend, challenges, and prospects of CCUS technologies in reducing carbon and environmental impacts. This review concludes that the employment of carbon capture technologies can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but also increase other environmental burdens such as acidification, eutrophication and ecotoxicity depending on the type of carbon capture method used, energy penalty and the rate of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emitted from the carbon capture infrastructure. Furthermore, Carbon Capture Utilisation (CCU) is a viable option to be employed in industries mainly to produce chemicals and use the captured carbon directly to combat GHG emissions with the proper modification of the carbon conversion method of the plant and the application of renewable energy. Although the Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) technology has an overall great impact on reducing Global Warming Potential (GWP), the increasing demand for fuel for the infrastructure causes environmental trade-offs with an increase in GHG emissions and other impact categories. The findings of this research would help in developing and implementing improvised methods and will provide a clear view of the prospects of CCUS technologies which will assist in decision-making.

Plant resistance to pests and diseases help avoid, tolerate or recover from an injury that would cause greater damage to plants of the same species under similar environmental conditions. In coconut, resistant traits are generally acquired traits against pests and diseases in conventional breeding programs and indirectly through the application of nutrients. The paper provides a list of existing resistant or tolerant coconut varieties reported against key pests and diseases. The use of resistant coconut varieties as part of the integrated pest management toolbox is considered to be an effective medium to long-term strategy. Thus, it is anticipated that resistant varieties will become increasingly important as a component of the IPM toolbox as we encounter invasive species and face the vagaries of climate change. This strategy may also be helpful for managing diseases caused by phytoplasmas. The paper alluded to a number of challenges faced in breeding resistant coconut varieties and the strategies for deploying them. The future projects interesting prospects for resistant variety development that are underpinned by the use of biotechnological tools such as Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) and Eco-TILLING and supported by advances in tissue culture and micropropagation that could be used to expedite conventional breeding programs.

This paper aims to perform an overview of the general situation related to Bucharest vulnerability in seismic context. Brief literature review on the subject is performed, together with emphasizing success factors for improving resilience in other countries. The paper is presenting the situation related to seismic resilience in Bucharest, proposing short- and long-term measures and introduction of CRO concept in the local administration.

Biodiesel is one of the biofuels identified as a complement to conventional fuels. Socially and environmentally, biodiesel has been known to provide benefits for creating new jobs, revitalizing rural areas, and reducing global warming. However, the biodiesel industry often faces various challenges, one of which is uncertainty in decision-making. Uncertainty in the supply chain is considered as one of the greatest challenges to managing and controlling the supply chain. Other types of uncertainty are associated with events that decision-makers cannot predict or control, such as natural disasters, accidents, or artificial disasters. Supply chain complexity and global competition have increased their exposure to disruption. Therefore, reacting appropriately to disruptions is necessary for business continuity. Ultimately, resilience capabilities must be developed to help companies become more resilient than before. This paper identifies and determines the vulnerability and capability factors in the Indonesian biodiesel supply chain. The result shows several vulnerability factors, such as turbulence (price, technological failure, and pandemic), external pressures (policy and regulation), and resource limits (supply, capacity, and land availability), that may affect the resilience of the biodiesel supply chain. Meanwhile, capability factors that can be utilized to reduce these vulnerabilities are flexibility in sourcing, flexibility in order fulfilment, capacity, adaptability, visibility, and collaboration. The practical implications are also described in this paper.

This paper departs from the view that reorienting higher education in the built environment field towards implementing “act-design-plan-locally” principles is a step closer to an awareness of Sustainable Development Goals. It embraces the concept of ‘vernacularity’ that promotes strategies in partnering with nature, valuing simplicity and humility as an approach to learning resources. The idea has been introduced as part of various subjects offered in academic curricula, particularly those practised in many architecture programs. On the other hand, taking it as a learning approach has not been considered. Two principles are significant. Firstly, this paper takes the concept further and offers a theoretical insight into how the ‘act-design-plan-locally’ principle inspired by vernacularly can be embedded in the learning process of built environment studies. In so doing, it first provides an understanding of the principle itself, especially its potential position to support efforts in achieving sustainable development goals. Second, it explores prospects that enable the inclusion of this principle into the higher education teaching and learning process, as well as challenging circumstances that dissuade the achievement of this objective. Here, we categorize discussion regarding academic environmental systems, teaching environments, available resources and behavioural mandates. The whole discussion will be concluded in the third part of this paper.

FM is a multi-sector environment where organisations vary in terms of scope, structure and services. The publication of management system standards in the FM environment has created significant challenges in implementation. Few of the World’s top 10 listed FM companies have achieved ISO 41001 certification. This opinion paper discussed the applicability and challenges of the implementation of ISO41001 standard in the South African context. An opinion piece was conducted on applicability and challenges of implementing management system standards in South Africa. The paper found that the challenges of implementing these systems include a lack of awareness, resistance to change, and lack of applicability to some organisations. Also, many organisations spend many human resources, capital, and time but still have inadequate and poorly deployed management systems. The paper recommends that ISO41001 implementation frameworks are developed that consider the varying scope, structure, and services within the FM environment to improve its success in the South African organisations.

The energy transition requires efficient space heating appliances. In that context, it is common that thermodynamics laboratories are asked to conduct experimental investigations on those appliances to establish or verify their performance. This paper aims to offer and report an example of a very simple test rig that allows for controlling both the space heating water flow rate and the space heating return temperature. Space heating depart temperature thus depends on those two controlled parameters as well as the heat transfer rate provided by the space heating appliance, based on its settings. The test rig described in this paper has been used to conduct experimental studies on residential Solid Oxide Fuel Cells used as micro-cogeneration units. It has the advantage of being reproductible or reused with other residential space heating appliances. It can easily be adapted for refrigeration appliances testing or even heat exchanger characterization Also, the test rig controlling the space heating flow rate and working temperature implies an approximative cost of only about 1 k€ (with 2021 hardware prices, without the space heating appliance to be tested).

The study identified waste categories that can be turned into energy, energy conversion techniques, and ways that these techniques could support a circular economy in South East Nigeria from the viewpoint of adult learners. In the study, a descriptive survey design was employed. The study was directed by three research questions and two hypotheses. There were 67731 adult learners in the population. The study included a sample size of 605 participants. Mean, t-test, and Pearson correlation were used to examine the data, which was collected using questionnaires. The results showed that wood, sawdust leaves and bark of trees, paper and cardboard, food remains like vegetable stock, yam peels, among others, were the types of waste that can be converted to energy. The study found out that combustion technology, gasified technology, and anaerobic digestion, among others, were some of the waste to energy conversion techniques. The study also noted that waste to conversion techniques foster circular economy. The paper recommends that the government should display political will by designing and enacting laws that facilitate the development of indigenous waste-to-energy conversion technology. This way, even at the household level, these technologies will be inexpensive and accessible.

A landslide is one of the most notorious natural disasters, resulting in massive losses and significant damages. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the influencing factors which later inspect the relationship between the factors and landslide occurrences. A total of 988 landslides historical data and eight landslide factors were obtained from proper field validation and maps provided by those concerned in the government, including distance to roads, distance to rivers, distance to faults, slope angle, curvature, slope aspect, land use, and lithology. Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR) is introduced in this paper to carry out the local analysis, resulting in the slope angle and the slope aspect playing the most significant role in influencing landslides. The Akaike’s information criterion (AICc) of GWLR is 824.51 which has a lower value than the global regression represented as 906.09 revealing that GWLR is the best model. Other evaluation criteria such as deviance, local percent deviance explained (pdev), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) also validate the significance of the GWLR model. The GWLR results show the degree of spatial variation in the relationship between landslides and the influencing factors in the study area as the coefficient values of every factor are inconsistent, providing a reference for managers to formulate targeted decision-making measures. In the meantime, urgent action to sustain this natural disaster as suggested in the SDG 13 has to be taken earnestly to avoid bigger impacts on both society and the environment.

Earthquake early warning systems can reduce potential economic losses caused by earthquakes. However, they are expensive to implement and maintain, as examples from around the word show. These examples also show the challenges in accurately estimating their costs during the acquisition phase and the consequences of poor cost estimating practices. Indeed, current approaches to early cost estimates lack consistency and a well thought out structure as there are currently no established standards to support cost planning for EEW systems. This paper argues that standards for estimating capital and maintenance costs are important during the infrastructure acquisition phase to ensure the financial viability and effective cost management of earthquake early warning systems. By comparing cost estimates of selected existing EEW systems against generic economic appraisal standards and using cost data from a research project which developed and tested a new EEW system, this paper provides insights into the factors that need to be considered when estimating the capital and maintenance costs of new EEW systems. As such, it provides the foundation for the development of economic appraisal standards for EEW systems. Standards for estimating costs could help decision makers develop well thought through estimates for capital and maintenance costs for major investments such as earthquake early warning systems and, assist subsequent cost controlling activities throughout the project life cycle.

The purpose of this paper is to identify shortcomings of the application of ISO 19650.3: Organisation and digitisation of information about buildings and civil engineering works including building information modelling (BIM) Information management using building information modelling Part 3: Operational phase of the assets during the design, documentation, and construction of strata-titled residential developments. The problem is that the original owner/clients of these speculative developments have little interest in the long-term management or operations of these buildings. As a result, these owners are not motivated to ensure that the information required for the development of an asset information model (AIM) is defined, identified, and provided to the future owners of these buildings. This paper compares traditionally accepted development models of most commercial, industrial, and institutional projects to that of apartments sold ‘off-plan’ during construction, using a content analysis of ISO 19650.3 as the theoretical lens. The theoretical application of ISO 19650 to strata-titled residential development identified challenges to the processes identified in this standard. This research made it clear that ISO 19650.3 cannot be applied to speculative development in its current form and that modifications are required if the digitisation of operations of speculative residential development is to be realized.

Sand mining in Ijobalit Village, East Lombok district, is a mining activity carried out by people who own hilly land containing quarry materials such as sand. With this background, the community carries out mining by renting excavators to support their purposes. However, these activities come with many issues. This paper aims to determine the conception and provisions of mining in Indonesia and the legal protection for the community who carry out mining activities. The method used in this paper is normative legal research. The study results show that the conception and provisions of mining in Indonesia are inseparable from the utilization of natural resources and the sustainability of human and natural ecosystems. The sustainability of natural resources and human resources, can be assessed through licensing regulations and authorities as well as preventive protection. Licensing regulations and authorities means granting the community rights to natural resources use and management that are mutual control by taking damages caused by sand mining into account. And repressive protection means management efforts to more responsible sand mining businesses by developing an independent local business sector with guaranteed occupational safety. Occupational safety needs to be regulated technically through a permit to manage sand mining management.

The land surface temperature (LST) increases both spatially and in magnitude as a result of rapid urbanization at the expense of the low radiative surface. This process modifies the urban climate which is attributable to a phenomenon recognized as the Urban Heat Island (UHI). By estimating LST, satellite remote sensing offers a cost-effective and time-saving methodology for spatio-temporal analyses of UHI. The limitation, however, is that urban and rural are becoming outmoded conceptions in landscape classification as a consequence of the high population density, particularly in countries like India. In densely populated regions, the countryside and the cities are no longer differentiated by a clear urban-rural divide. Thus, the traditional study of UHI can be enhanced by the adaptation of the newly developed “Local Climate Zones” (LCZ) characterization scheme based on building types and land cover characteristics. This LCZ mapping is an excellent method for categorizing urban areas associated with the most perceptible change in climate in urban areas, namely UHI. This paper aims to identify the LCZs dynamics over a decade from 2010 to 2020 in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), the largest urban agglomeration in eastern India. The LCZ classification scheme has divided the landscapes into 17 conventional classes, 10 built-up classes, and 7 land cover classes that affect air temperature at a screen height of 1-2 meters above the ground. Each LCZ is distinguishable from another by its thermal property. Each of the classes will help to understand the nature of the local climates. It has thus become comparatively simple to estimate Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) with the help of the LCZ scheme. The paper explains the typical features of each LCZ of KMA and accomplishes a discussion on the efficiency of mapping UHII from LCZ classes.

International Conference on Geospatial Science for Digital Earth Observation (GSDEO 2021) The international conference on “Geospatial Science for Digital Earth Observation” (GSDEO) 2021 was successfully held on a virtual platform of Zoom on March 26th and 27th, 2021. The conference was jointly organized by the Indian Society of Remote Sensing (ISRS), Kolkata chapter, and the Department of Geography, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Adamas University. Due to the non-predictable behaviour of the COVID-19 second wave, which imposed restrictions on organizing offline events, the GSDEO (2021) organizing committee decided to organize the conference online, instead of postponing the event. Remotely sensed data and geographic information systems have been increasingly used together for a vast range of applications, which include land use/land cover mapping, water resource management, weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, agriculture, disaster management, etc. Currently, intensive research is being carried out using remotely sensed data on the geoinformatics platform. New developments have led to dynamic advances in recent years. The objective of the international conference on Geospatial Science for Digital Earth Observation (GSDEO 2021) was to bring the scientists, academicians, and researchers, in the field of geo-environmental sciences on a common platform to exchange ideas and their recent findings related to the latest advances and applications of geospatial science. The call for papers received an enthusiastic response from the academic community, and over 100+ participants from 50+ colleges, universities, and institutions participated in the conference. In total 50+ research papers had been presented through the virtual Zoom conference platform in GSDEO 2021. The conference witnessed the presentation of research papers from diverse applied fields of geospatial sciences, which include the application of geoinformatics in geomorphology, hydrology, urban science, land use planning, climate, and environmental studies. There were four sessions namely, TS 1: Geomorphology and Hydrology, TS 2: Urban Science, TS 3: Social Sustainability and Land Use Planning, and TS 4: Climate and Environment. Each session was further subdivided, into two parts, namely Technical Session 1-A and 1-B. Each sub-session had been designed with one keynote speech and 5 oral presentations. Oral sessions were organized in two parts and offered through live and pre-recorded components based on the preference of the presenters. The presentation session was followed by a live Q&A session. The session chairs moderated the discussions. Similarly, poster sessions were organized in three parts and offered e-poster, live, and pre-recorded components. The best presenter of each sub-session received the best paper award. Dr. Prithvish Nag, Ex-Director of NATMO & Ex Surveyor General of India delivered the inaugural speech, and Dr. P. Chakrabarti, Former Chief Scientist of the DST&B, Govt. of West Bengal delivered a special lecture after the inaugural session. Eight eminent keynote speakers, Prof. S.P. Agarwal from the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Prof. Ashis Kumar Paul from Vidyasagar University, Prof. Soumya Kanti Ghosh from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Prof. L. N. Satpati from the University of Calcutta, Prof. R.B. Singh from the University of Delhi, Dr. A.K. Raha, IFS (Retd), Prof. Gerald Mills from the University College Dublin and Prof. Sugata Hazra from Jadavpur University enriched the knowledge of participants in the field of geoinformatics by their informative lectures. The presentations and discussions widely covered the various spectrums of geoinformatics and its application in monitoring natural resources like vegetation mapping, agricultural resource monitoring, forest health assessment, water, and ocean resource management, disaster management, land resource management, water and climate studies, drought vulnerability assessment, groundwater quality monitoring, accretion mapping and the use of geospatial science in studying morphological, hydrological, and other biophysical characteristics of a region etc. Application of geoinformatics in predicting urban expansion, urban climate, disaster management, healthcare accessibility, anthropogenic resource monitoring, spatial-interaction mapping, and, sustainable regional planning were well-discussed topics of the conference. List of Committees, photos are available in the pdf.

Marine renewable energy has the characteristics of green and clean, wide distribution, nearby consumption, accurate prediction, and customization on demand. It can provide green energy solutions according to the needs of islands, ocean economic development, and energy consumption of offshore equipment. China has an excellent marine renewable energy resource. Facing great pressure on climate change and energy crisis, the Chinese Government has been showing a strong commitment to marine renewable energy. In this paper, we describe the resources distribution and technology status of marine renewable energy, analyse marine renewable energy strategies in China, and assessment and advices are given for each energy categories. This paper provides an overview of marine renewable energy industries, technology, policy, development trend, structure of industrial chains, challenges, opportunities in China, and provides recommendations for the development of marine renewable energy.

The safety of nuclear power systems is extremely important. The development of nuclear power is predicated on the safety of the system. Under certain operating conditions, the coolant flowing through the fuel assembly will undergo phase change, resulting in gas-liquid two-phase flow. The existence of the two-phase flow will change the stability of the coolant flow and thus affect the reliability of the core instrumentation under accident conditions. The presence of the two-phase flow will also change the heat transfer coefficient of the coolant, thus affecting the temperature distribution on the surface of the instrument guide tube. This paper adopts the computational fluid dynamics method. On the one hand, this paper calculates the two-phase cross flow of the two-channel. By changing the inlet boundary conditions to achieve the elimination of diversion cross flow, the two-phase cross flow phenomenon was observed, which laid the foundation for future experiments. On the other hand, calculations of the surface temperature of the instrument guide tube. The surrounding flow field show that the temperature of the surface of the instrument guide tube is higher in two phases than in one phase. The gas phase moves to the surface of the instrument guide tube.

The sea is an important aspect of development in bay areas. Coordinated development of the marine resource environment and social economy is an inevitable requirement for high-quality development of the marine economy. This paper builds an index to evaluate the coordination of marine resources, environment and social economy in bay areas from four aspects: resource and environmental effects, resource utilization compliance, socio-economic development conditions, and technological investment and development status. The model is implemented for Taizhou Bay. The results show that the overall level of coordination between its marine resource environment and social economy is poor, under 0.4. The main reasons for this situation are the decline in environmental quality of bay resources, and insufficient technological investment and development. In view of the problem of uncoordinated regional development, this paper puts forward two suggestions to provide technical support for the high-quality development of Taizhou Bay: implementation of land and sea resource control, and increased investment in environmental repair technology in the bay.

Carbon farming in paddy soil is an important strategy to improve soil organic carbon and soil health to decrease greenhouse gasses (GHG) as support for the 4 per mile program initiated in COP21. This review paper will describe the improvement of C-organic content and soil health in paddy soils when carbon farming is implemented to mitigate the increase in temperature due to GHG. This paper was created based on a literature review from google scholar and other providers’ articles that can be accessed using the internet. The results showed that carbon farming cultivation management could improve soil C organic content, soil health and reduce GHG in the atmosphere. Differences in perspectives between land owners, land cultivators, and external parties are challenges in carbon farming. Supporting and implementing the carbon farming program by all parties is a critical success in implementing carbon farming on paddy soils

Green architecture to reduce global warming through interior design and sustainable architecture is very much needed. Indonesia is an archipelago country with diversity culture, including wastra that brings local content that need to be preserved. How to relate these two things to be introduced to the community is an issued to be discussed. Concerning the continuity of Indonesian wastra’s preservation, especially in the public space, becoming is an issue that needs to be reaffirmed in this modern era. The focus of this paper is the implementation of wastra Flores in public space can brings up the local content of Indonesia and inspiring the community also to brings out the value itself especially in green architecture environment space. The paper will be discussed the application of Flores motif design in coffee shop as public space that can be an inspiration for the guest and analyze green architecture aspect that support the coffee shop itself. The research was conducted in descriptive qualitative research consists of literature review on wastra Indonesia Flores and green architecture The results of this paper are the implementation of green architecture element in public space and wastra Flores can be shown to conservate the culture. The resulting design is expected to be an inspiration and educational value for other cafe and society in the contribution of Indonesia wastra richness on public space.

Currently, there are few studies on hybrid system charging, and the existing ones rely on many power electronic components to charge lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor, respectively. This paper mainly focuses on the direct parallel charging of lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor, which has simple structure and low cost. However, the capacity of the hybrid system can not be fully utilized due to the unreasonable current distribution during charging. This paper proposes a method that improves the charging effect: constant current charging under fine tuning the resistance distribution of battery branch and supercapacitor branch (CCFTR). The results show that although the charging time is increased slightly with the CCFTR, the charging capacity can increase significantly. Compared with the untreated constant current charging (CC), the charging time is only prolonged by 6.77 minutes with the CCFTR (50mΩ) at 22A (2.75C), but the charging capacity is increased by 48.4%, reaching 95.1% of the rated capacity. And the CCFTR can dramatically prolong the battery life. The effect is better under higher current. Compared to the CC with the same charging current, the CCFTR can extend the battery life by 11.37% at 2.75C and 26.02% at 3.75C.

Plasma treatment of wastewater is known as a new advanced oxidation process (AOP), which has attracted extensive attention. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma has the characteristics of no vacuum pumping and high electron number density. It has outstanding application value in various forms of plasma. There are many coupling factors that affect the characteristics of dielectric barrier discharge plasma and the effect of wastewater treatment. Optimizing the key parameters is of great significance to improve the treatment efficiency and reduce the treatment cost. This paper introduces the principle, experimental device, potential advantages and application value of dielectric barrier discharge, summarizes the influence rules of key factors such as high voltage power supply characteristics, electrode configuration, carrier gas and reactor design on the characteristics of organic pollutant wastewater treatment by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. The optimization and matching of multiple factors are important problems. This paper provides a useful reference for the engineering application of plasma technology for wastewater treatment.

Cilok and siomay are popular snacks for primary to high school students. However, there have been many findings on the addition of harmful additives in these snacks. The aim of this study was identify borax on cilok and siomay qualitatively and quantitatively. The research was conducted using a survey method with a purposive sample. A total of 6 samples of cilok and 8 samples of siomay were obtained from merchants in various schools in Subang district. The detection of borax was carried out by qualitative tests (turmeric paper test, AgNO3 solution test, decay test), quantitative test (titration), texture analysis and color analysis. Based on turmeric paper and AgNO3 solution test, all samples showed positive results. Based on decay test, the cilok and siomay samples could only be stored at room temperature (28°C) for 24 hours. Titration analysis showed that the range of borax content in cilok 0.0907 to 0.5393 % and in siomay from 0.2906 to 1.0550 %. Based on the texture and color analysis, it was found that there was a change in the texture and color of the sample during storage.

Energy is the foundation of economic and social development. With the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas have achieved integrated development, and the living environment has been increasingly improved, promoting the clean and electrified development of rural energy consumption. The development of rural electrification involves many aspects and is related to the future of rural. Based on agricultural production and rural life, this paper analyzes the current situation of rural electrification from energy consumption, electrification growth rate, electricity load characteristics and regional variations. Through building a forecasting model of rural production and living energy demand, this paper forecasts the level of rural energy consumption, analyze the development trend of rural electrification, and put forward relevant conclusions and suggestions.