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This study aimed to demonstrate the antibacterial effects of bupivacaine and prilocaine on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In our study, the in vitro antimicrobial effects of 20 mg/mL prilocaine and 5 mg/mL bupivacaine were tested against a S. aureus American-type culture collection (ATCC) 29213, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E. coli ATCC 25922, divided into Group P (Prilocaine) and Group B (Bupivacaine), respectively. S. aureus ATCC 29213, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E. coli ATCC 25922 were cultured on Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) plates for 18 to 24 hours at 37°C. In terms of inhibition zone diameters, inhibition of S. aureus ATCC 29213 was observed in both groups at the 12th and 24th hours. The 12th- and 24th-hour S. aureus ATCC 29213 value was significantly higher in Group P compared with Group B (P = .008). At the 12th and 24th hours, inhibition of E. coli ATCC 25922 was observed in both groups. The 12th- and 24th-hour E. coli ATCC 25922 value was significantly higher in Group P compared with Group B (P = .008). In our study, it was seen that prilocaine and bupivacaine had an antimicrobial effect on S. aureus and E. coli. In the comparison between these two local anesthetics (LAs), this effect was found to be significantly higher in prilocaine than bupivacaine. Therefore, we are of the opinion that antimicrobial effect potentials should also be taken into account in the selection of an LA agent in order to prevent the complications of an infection that might develop during LA infiltration and might lead to serious morbidity., (© 2019 Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The most commonly used local anaesthetics (LAs) for postoperative analgesia and surgical anaesthesia are lidocaine and bupivacaine. Adrenaline is a vasopressor agent, which is widely used in anaesthesia for many purposes. This study aims to determine the antibacterial efficacy of lidocaine, mupirocin, adrenaline, and lidocaine + adrenaline combination. In our study, the in vitro antimicrobial effect of 1 mL of sterile saline, 20 mg/mL mupirocin, 20 mg/mL lidocaine, 1 mg/mL adrenaline, and 20 mg/mL lidocaine and adrenaline were tested against Staphylococcus aureus American-type culture collection (ATCC) 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, classified as Group C (control), Group M (mupirocin), Group L (lidocaine), Group A (adrenaline), and Group LA (lidocaine+adrenaline), respectively. S. aureus ATCC 29213, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E. coli ATCC 25922 were cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid, UK) plates for 18 to 24 hours at 37°C. Colonies from these plates were suspended in sterile saline, and a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard suspension (corresponding to 1.5 × 10 8 CFU/mL) of each isolate was prepared. In terms of inhibition zone diameters, S. aureus ATCC 29213 values obtained after 12 and 24 hours of incubation were significantly different between groups (P < .001). According to inhibition zone diameters, Group M > Group LA > Group L > Group C = Group A. P. Aeruginosa ATCC 27853 values obtained after 12 and 24 hours of incubation were significantly different between groups (P < .001). According to inhibition zone diameters, Group M > Group LA > Group L = Group C = Group A. E. coli ATCC 25922 values obtained after 12 and 24 hours of incubation were significantly different between groups (P < .001). According to inhibition zone diameters, Group M > Group LA > Group L > Group C = Group A. It is known that LAs have antimicrobial effect potential in addition to their anaesthetic, analgesic, antiarrhythmic, and anti-inflammatory effects. There are also studies showing the antimicrobial effects of vasopressor agents, which are frequently used, particularly in intensive care unit (ICUs). However, it has been observed in the present study that adrenaline alone did not have any antimicrobial effect. Adrenaline, when used in combination with lidocaine, provides a stronger and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, suggesting that its combined use in proper indications will be clinically significant. Because the prevention and treatment of wound infections make a positive contribution to wound healing, the potential of antimicrobial effect of LAs can provide successful results in the prevention and treatment of ICU and wound infections. Thus, an important contribution can be made in terms of reducing the costs of antibacterial treatment and reducing morbidity., (© 2019 Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

After the introduction of cocaine to the medical practice, local anaesthetics (LA) became essential in pain control. LA infiltration along the incision may be used to provide surgical anaesthesia or postoperative analgesia. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of the topical antimicrobial agent mupirocine with those of the LA lidocaine and the combination of lidocaine and adrenalin. In our study, the in vitro antimicrobial effects of 1 mL sterile saline, 20 mg/mL mupirocine, 20 mg/mL Lidocaine, and 20 mg/mL Lidocaine and Adrenaline were tested against Staphylococcus aureus American type culture collection (ATCC) 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as Group C (Control), Group M (Mupirocine), Group L (Lidocaine), and Group LA (Lidocaine + adrenaline), respectively. S aureus ATCC 29213, P aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E coli ATCC 25922 were cultured onto Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid, UK) plates for 18 to 24 hours at 37°C. Colonies from these plates were suspended in sterile saline and a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard suspension (corresponding to 1.5 × 10 8  CFU/mL) of each isolate was prepared. S Aureus ATCC 29213 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M, Group LA, and Group L were significantly higher compared with the group C (P ˂ 0.05). P aeruginosa ATCC 27853 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M and Group LA were significantly higher compared with the group C (P ˂ 0.05). E coli ATCC 25922 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M, Group LA, and Group L were significantly higher compared to the group C (P ˂ 0.05). LA infiltration along the incision may be used to provide surgical anaesthesia or postoperative analgesia. Considering that LAs show antimicrobial effects besides their analgesic effects, they may contribute to preventing the development and reducing the rate of surgical infections, decreasing the requirement to administer antibiotics. However, caution should be exercised not to antagonise the effective treatment of surgical infections, remembering that controversy on the antimicrobial effects of LAs remains in the literature. Therefore, further comprehensive studies with larger patient populations are warranted to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of LAs., (© 2019 Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Studies reporting the need for replacing amino acids such as glutamine (Gln), hydroxymethyl butyrate (HMB) and arginine (Arg) to accelerate wound healing are available in the literature. The primary objective of this study was to present the effects of Gln on tissue hydroxyproline (OHP) levels in wound healing. This study was conducted on 30 female Sprague Dawley rats with a mean weight of 230 ± 20 g. Secondary wounds were formed by excising 2 × 1 cm skin subcutaneous tissue on the back of the rats. The rats were divided into three equal groups. Group C (Control): the group received 1 ml/day isotonic solution by gastric gavage after secondary wound was formed. Group A (Abound): the group received 0·3 g/kg/day/ml Gln, 0·052 g/kg/day/ml HMB and 0·3 g/kg/day/ml Arg by gastric gavage after secondary wound was formed. Group R (Resource): the group received 0·3 g/kg/day/ml Gln by gastric gavage after secondary wound was formed. The OHP levels of the tissues obtained from the upper half region on the 8th day and the lower half region on the 21st day from the same rats in the groups were examined. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistics program SPSS version 17.0. No statistically significant differences were reported with regard to the OHP measurements on the 8th and 21st days (8th day: F = 0·068, P = 0·935 > 0·05; 21st day: F = 0·018, P = 0·983 > 0·05). The increase in mean OHP levels on the 8th and 21st days within each group was found to be statistically significant (F = 1146·34, P = 0·000 < 0·001). We conclude that in adults who eat healthy food, who do not have any factor that can affect wound healing negatively and who do not have large tissue loss at critical level, Gln, Arg and HMB support would not be required to accelerate secondary wound healing., (© 2013 The Authors. International Wound Journal © 2013 Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)