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Aim: This article aims to contest misrepresentations and distortions of sociological writings on the nursing profession., Background: During the latest ICN congress in Montreal, it has been suggested that professions, and the nursing profession for that matter, are thought of by sociologists in a similar way as organised crime, meaning that it is like a 'money sponge' sucking resources out of society, without however giving anything in return. Allegedly, there would be a distinct branch of sociology depicting the professions in this light., Discussion: By sketching out relevant sociological ideas, including the sociology of nursing, I explain that there is no tradition portraying the professions as mafias. I demonstrate that while both the professions and organised crime are socially organised, they are radically different in legitimacy. The caring professions are themselves different in ethos from the classic professions, all the more so from criminal organisations. A distinct stream of research in sociology has been devoted to nursing, without however suggesting such an analogy., Conclusion: I lament that attendees to the ICN congress were indeed given an inaccurate representation of sociological thinking. Sociologists addressing nursing as a profession tend to highlight processes of emancipation, autonomy, vindication and social justice, as care work is essential to the broader socioeconomic order., Implications for Nursing Policy: While nursing as a profession is socially organised, the power devices and tactics it deploys in the sociopolitical arena are characterised by their legitimacy. Unlike organised crime, nursing policymaking is situated within a framework of lawfulness, fairness and transparency., (© 2023 International Council of Nurses.)

Aim: To explore and synthesize evidence of the literature about healthcare professionals involved in the provision of diabetes management within an Indonesian context. Background: Indonesia is challenged to control the major burden of diabetes prevalence rate that requires a multidimensional approach with the aim to optimize existing health services by involving healthcare professionals who can promote access and provide diabetes management. Methods: This literature review, which is integrated with a scoping study framework, used the electronic databases including CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science to locate papers particular to the Indonesian context. From the total of 568 papers found, 20 papers were selected. Results: The literature review identified physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dieticians and diabetes educators as the providers of diabetes care and management in Indonesia. Collaborative management involving either interdisciplinary or intradisciplinary teams was mentioned in several papers. Internal challenges included limited skills and knowledge. External challenges included high patient volumes; a shortage of healthcare professionals and reduced funding. Conclusions: Overcoming the challenges cannot be undertaken with a workforce dominated by any one single healthcare professional. Coordinating with the government to improve the implementation of different roles in diabetes management will improve patient outcomes and thus reduce the burden of diabetes. Implication for nursing and health policy: Health policy reform should support nurses and other healthcare professionals in their professional development at all levels of health care. Policy makers can use the review findings to modify the current healthcare system to address key issues in workforce development; funding for services and medications; and fostering multidisciplinary care for diabetes management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper discusses four main strategies for addressing nursing shortages that have been persistent, widespread and growing. Fallout from the COVID‐19 pandemic might offer valuable impetus to address this tenacious challenge. Background: Nursing shortages are common, widespread and have been persistent for most of a century. Many of the reasons behind these shortages are well known and are themselves enduring, as are the types of strategies put forward for addressing them. These strategies can generally be classified into four main categories: enhancing retention, improving recruitment, encouraging return to practice and drawing on international human resources. The COVID‐19 pandemic is the latest major threat to ensuring a sufficiently sized and skilled nursing workforce. Many nurses have succumbed to burnout as well the plethora of factors that predated the pandemic and have a negative impact on nurse wellbeing, turnover and intention to leave. Sources of evidence: This discussion paper draws on international sources of evidence. Discussion/conclusion: This paper highlights how many of the factors behind and strategies for addressing nursing shortages at the local, national and global levels are widely studied and known. A sustained combination of strategies that focus both within and beyond health and nursing, including on the broader social context, is necessary. While COVID‐19 has been extremely damaging, it might present an opportunity to make sustainable, effective reforms to address nursing shortages. Implications for policy: Knowledge users must recognise that a combination of approaches across the gamut of policies that influence nursing workforces is necessary to address nursing shortages. Attention must also focus on factors beyond nursing and healthcare if shortages are to be remedied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper aims to highlight the vital importance of investing in advanced practice nursing (APN) for enhancing emergency care throughout Africa. Background: APN's role is increasingly recognized as pivotal in optimizing healthcare, particularly in emergency settings in Africa. It offers improved patient care quality and strengthens the healthcare workforce. Sources of evidence: Evidence is drawn from successful implementations of APN in various healthcare environments. This includes the development of APN‐specific curricula and training, mentorship initiatives, clinical supervision, and defining advanced nursing roles within healthcare organizations. Investing in APNs in emergency care in Africa can lead to improved quality and access to care, cost‐effectiveness, enhanced patient outcomes and satisfaction, and opportunities for professional development and career advancement in the healthcare workforce. Discussion: Despite facing barriers in implementation, APN in emergency care presents innovative solutions. Investing in APN can help healthcare entities and policymakers surmount these challenges, providing specialized patient care and improving health outcomes. The discussion emphasizes the benefits such as enhanced access to care, reduced healthcare costs, and improved patient outcomes, alongside bolstering the healthcare workforce. Conclusion: The necessity and benefits of investing in APN for emergency care in Africa are clear. It is crucial for improving healthcare delivery and outcomes. Implications for nursing practice: APN investment leads to a more competent and efficient nursing workforce, capable of addressing complex emergencies and improving patient care. Implications for nursing policy and health/social policy: The paper advocates for policies that support APN development and integration into the healthcare system, emphasizing the need for research to assess APN's long‐term impact and establish best practices for its implementation in emergency care across Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports that consultants and technical advisers of the International Council of Nursing Project (ICNP) have developed a working paper to lure more feedback and participation in the project. Review of the project's goals, strategies and criteria; Introduction of the concept of the project to a bigger audience; INCP consultants participating in the December 2004 meeting.

Investing in nursing and its leadership has been a key global priority in achieving world health. This paper aims to explore what it means to invest in nursing and its leadership and whether we are progressing in its endeavour. Consideration is given to whose responsibility it is to invest, the importance of education to support strategic nurse leaders and enable them to have a voice to lead as well as create a culture in which their staff wish to stay. Further, the paper explores the importance of each country accepting responsibility for developing and funding its strategic workforce plan and paying nurse professionals fairly and taking steps to reduce workforce shortages. Finally, the paper examines the progress the United Kingdom is making and concludes that investment in nursing is everyone's business, the government, healthcare organisations, society and above all nurses themselves. Collectively, we must step up to influence change and have nursing voices heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To systematically and critically summarize the state of the evidence about the Synergy Model and its utilization in nursing practice. Background: The Synergy Model emphasizes the importance of alignment between patient needs and nurse competencies in achieving adequate patient‐ and nurse‐related outcomes. It is a relatively new patient‐centred care model developed at the end of the 1990s. Introduction: Despite the Synergy Model's potential to support patient‐centred care, its practical application is still mainly limited. Thus far, literature about the Synergy Model has not yet been synthesized, undermining its broader utilization globally. Methods: A systematic search was performed on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. The authors used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) statement and checklist to guide the systematic search; 26 papers were included in this study. A critical interpretative synthesis was adopted to summarize the data extracted from the included papers. Results: Five interpretative themes emerged: conceptualization, experiences from the field, nursing education, patient‐related outcomes and system‐related outcomes. Synergy Model shows a precise theoretical definition, and it was implemented in multiple clinical settings, mainly in critical care contexts. It seems to have a positive influence on patient‐related, nurse‐related and system‐related outcomes. Discussion: Synergy Model seems to be positively associated with specific susceptible outcomes, such as patient satisfaction, reduction of patient's complications, staff satisfaction, empowerment, and engagement of patients and healthcare providers. However, the level of evidence is still limited. Conclusion: Future international research should demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the Synergy Model at an international level. More empirical research is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model on susceptible outcomes. Implications for nursing and health policy: This systematic review could support further development of international programmes based on the Synergy Model. The Synergy Model's implementation has the potential to optimize nursing competencies, patient‐ and nurse‐related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Nursing, like many disciplines in university settings, is experiencing increasing demand for online courses. Development and implementation of online courses with the quality of education nursing students experience in traditional classroom settings, is essential to maintaining integrity of the educational process. Nursing research has been offered in the online format in the RN-BSN programme for 2 years. This course has an average enrolment of 80 to 90 students each semester. PURPOSE: This article presents strategies used in teaching an RN-BSN nursing research course online. CONCLUSIONS: Feedback from faculty and students indicates that these strategies have been successful in facilitating this writing intensive course through distance learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper highlights a new role of Advanced Practice Nurse/Nurse Practitioner as the clinical planning lead in the development of a unique model of care and service delivery for children living with health complexity, in the context of a LEADS leadership framework and related capabilities. Background: The LEADS in a Caring Environment Framework is an effective tool for leadership development and systems change. An experienced Advanced Practice Nurse/Nurse Practitioner hired into a leadership role contributes to system change for a complex population across a large geographic area. Sources of evidence: World Health Organization, Canadian Nurses Association and other websites, academic databases (PubMed and CINAHL) and relevant books were explored, and the expertise and knowledge of the authors and the redevelopment project team were utilized. Discussion: The Advanced Practice Nurse/Nurse Practitioner (first author) shares and reflects on her own lived experience as a leader in the planning for programmes and services at the new centre utilizing the five LEADS domains and related capabilities. Conclusion: The utilization of the LEADS in a Caring Environment Capabilities Framework showcases the strengths and skills of an Advanced Practice Nurse/Nurse Practitioner shifting from direct clinical care to successfully leading system‐level change. By incorporating the LEADS framework into practice, in any setting or role, Advanced Practice Nurse/Nurse Practitioners can both evaluate and develop their leadership skills while positively effecting system transformation. Implications for nursing practice: The LEADS framework fosters ongoing professional development and can be used to measure the added value of Advanced Practice Nurses within an organization. Implications for nursing policy: Advanced Practice Nurses improve outcomes within the health care system. Leaders must consider this evidence in health workforce planning, ensuring that Advanced Practice Nursing roles become fully integrated and are supported in the context of national and regional health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Background Introduction Methods Results Discussion Implications To describe how nurses and nursing students in Poland and the United States perceive the practice of intercultural care of refugees from Ukraine.Millions of Ukrainian citizens sought safety in other countries when Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022.Nurses in Poland and the United States are positioned to provide nursing care for refugees from Ukraine yet lack intercultural knowledge, skills, and attitudes to meet refugee needs.This education‐focused qualitative description study was conducted in Spring 2023. Eighteen MSN and BSN students from one university in Poland and one university in the United States completed an international virtual exchange course that concentrated on the health and well‐being of refugees from Ukraine. Students’ reflection papers generated the data for this study. Content analysis was used to systematically structure the data, and themes were inductively derived for an initial understanding of intercultural care for refugees. The COREQ guidelines were followed for reporting study findings.Major themes were troubled communication, overlooked trauma‐informed care, and compromised vaccine status. Language differences, a gap in nursing knowledge, and cultural variations impeded intercultural care.To address intercultural care for refugees from Ukraine, macro‐ and microlevel factors should be considered. Healthcare facilities need certified interpreters or adequate language‐access technology for nurses. Nursing programs might evaluate content on trauma‐informed care and cultural competency to meet the needs of war‐affected refugees. Leaders from Ukrainian refugee communities could partner with nurses to deliver culturally relevant information to increase vaccine uptake.Nurses should advocate for inclusion of the WHO competency standards of care for refugees in healthcare policies with emphasis on communication and evidence‐informed practice. Placing Ukrainian community leaders on health councils could bridge the gap between refugees and mainstream society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper is part of a larger doctoral study that investigated the impact of nationality on the job satisfaction of nurses and their intentions to leave Saudi Arabian government hospitals. The paper aims to gain an understanding of the impact of expatriate status on nurses' perceptions, by comparing the factors that influence job satisfaction among Saudi nurses to those that affect nurses recruited from other countries. Background: Job satisfaction is a known predictor of nurse retention. Although there is a broad understanding of the factors that affect job satisfaction, little is known about how these vary between home and expatriate nurses working in countries which rely on a multicultural migrant workforce. Methods: A descriptive qualitative approach was taken, in which 26 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nurses selected from different nationalities, all of whom were working in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Eight participants were Saudi Arabian, six Filipino, four Indian, four South African, two Jordanian and two Malaysian. Findings: Five themes were identified that differentiated the perceptions of expatriates regarding their job satisfaction from those of the home nurses: separation from family, language and communication, fairness of remuneration, moving into the future and professionalism. Conclusion: Focusing on the enhancement of job satisfaction experienced by expatriate nurses can result in a healthier work environment and greater retention of these nurses. Implications for nursing and nursing policy: To enhance nurse retention, policy makers in countries with migrant nurses should address their socio‐economic needs. This includes providing both greater access to their dependent family members, and language lessons and cultural orientation to reduce linguistic and cultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe activities and professional characteristics of nurses in expanded roles in acute care in Germany and achieve a greater understanding of the current situation of advanced practice nursing. Background: Advanced practice nursing plays an important role in meeting increased demands in healthcare and promoting high‐quality care. Introduction: In Germany, advanced practice nursing is still at an early stage with a lack of studies describing the scope of practice of nurses in expanded roles. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional‐study using a paper‐and‐pencil questionnaire. In a nationwide convenience sample, we surveyed nurses with an academic degree, who work in an acute care hospital and take over expanded roles in direct patient care. Reporting followed the STROBE checklist. Results: Of 108 eligible nurses, 84 (77%) completed the survey. The majority had a Master's degree (63.1%) and the average work experience was 18.2 years. Participants carried out activities in all the domains that were queried (direct clinical practice, guidance and coaching, consultation, leadership and research) with differences within and between domains. Foci were on direct clinical practice and coaching and guidance. Discussion: In Germany, qualifications are nearing the international standard of advanced practice nursing. Results suggest that participants partly undertake activities within the scope of registered nurses' practice that do not correspond fully to their formal qualifications. Conclusion and implications for nursing and/or health policy: In order to foster the role development of expanded practice nurses in Germany, political efforts are needed in terms of training (e.g. specific Master's programmes), funding of corresponding positions in practice and control mechanisms (e.g. professional registration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Identify and map international evidence regarding innovations led by or involving advanced practice nurses in response to COVID‐19. Background: COVID‐19 necessitated unprecedented innovation in the organization and delivery of healthcare. Although advanced practice nurses have played a pivotal role during the pandemic, evidence of their contributions to innovations has not been synthesized. Evidence is needed to inform policies, practices, and research about the optimal use of advanced practice nurses. Methods: A scoping review was conducted and reported using the PRISMA‐ScR checklist. Electronic databases were searched for peer‐reviewed articles published between January 2020 and December 2021. Papers were included that focused on innovations emerging in response to COVID‐19 and involved advanced practice nurses. Results: Fifty‐one articles were included. Four themes were identified including telehealth, supporting and transforming care, multifaceted approaches, and provider education. Half of the articles used brief and mostly noncomparative approaches to evaluate innovations. Conclusion: This is the first synthesis of international evidence examining the contributions of advanced practice nurses during the pandemic. Advanced practice nurses provided leadership for the innovation needed to rapidly respond to healthcare needs resulting from COVID‐19. Innovations challenged legislative restrictions on practice, enabled implementation of telehealth and new models of care, and promoted evidence‐informed and patient‐centered care. Implications for practice: Advanced practice nurses led, designed, implemented, and evaluated innovations in response to COVID‐19. They facilitated the use of telehealth, supported or transformed models of care, and enabled health providers through education, mentorship, and mental health support. Implication for policy: Advanced practice nurses are a critical resource for innovation and health system improvement. Permanent removal of legislative and regulatory barriers to their full scope of practice is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of advanced practice nursing has evolved globally over the past decades and has become an important component in the contemporary healthcare system. The term 'advanced practice nurse' is used to refer to nurses practising at a higher level than traditional nurses and is defined as a registered nurse who has acquired the expert knowledge base, complex decision‐making skills and clinical competencies for expanded practice. In 2003, Singapore embarked on the development of advanced practice nurses as an initiative to improve the nursing professional image, retain excellent clinical nurses and fill the gaps in the provision of healthcare services for the ageing population. This paper documents Singapore's journey of advanced practice nursing development and shares our unique learning experience in the aspects of education, certification, registration and scope of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper aims to propose Park's sweet spot theory‐driven implementation strategy, which makes optimal safe staffing policy really work in nursing practice. Background: For the last 40 years, mainstream nursing workforce research has emphasized that having more registered nurses leads to better patient outcomes, and yet staffing policies have failed to implement this crucial concept. Meanwhile, global nursing shortages have become rampant, a problem that only dilutes the skill‐mix ratios in the nursing workforce. Low fertility and an aging population worldwide are then accelerating these shortages. These dire circumstances may be persisting because of unclear, unsubstantiated cost‐efficiency in the nursing workforce. For this reason, there remains a dearth of well‐researched evidence for a clear threshold on optimal safe staffing levels that could maximize quality of care relative to cost given limited healthcare financial budgets and which could also be fitted into each care setting. Along with that, an implementation strategy for optimal safe staffing levels is nonexistent. Sources of evidence: An implementation strategy has been developed through interdisciplinary consilience‐based theory synthesis of both prospective theory and regulatory focus theory combined with Park's optimized nursing staffing (sweet spot) estimation theory. Discussion/conclusions: A theory‐driven novel implementation strategy is proposed, which functions as a nudge strategy that uses the synchronous balance of quality of care, nurse staffing, and cost. It illustrates (1) how to create shared value among patients, nurses, and stakeholders through robust evidence‐based, informed shared decision‐making rationales on the optimal safe nurse staffing levels and (2) how to induce stakeholders to overcome resistance to innovation and improve their nursing workforce through value chain in management science. Implications for nursing workforce policy: This novel implementation strategy may be a viable solution to mitigate the nursing shortage by leading stakeholders (1) to compete with each other (on the basis of nursing sufficiency) and (2) to competitively demonstrate the patient‐centered value (patient‐perceived care quality relative to cost) of their institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To identify and synthesize evidence regarding the knowledge and attitudes of nurses, and barriers and facilitators to effective pain assessment and management in infants and children. Background: Pain among children is a common experience. Relief from pain is a fundamental human right, yet hospitalized children continue to experience unrelieved pain. Provision of effective pain management is an integral part of the nurse's role. Methods: Guided by Whittemore & Knafl's five‐stage framework, primary peer‐reviewed studies published in English between 2000 and 2018 were searched using CINAHL, PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO and Scopus. The initial search yielded 292 papers. Twenty‐seven papers were included in this review: quantitative (n = 18), qualitative (n = 5) and mixed‐methods (n = 4). Results: Findings showed that nurses internationally have poor knowledge and attitudes of basic pain assessment and management principles. Barriers to effective pain management include the absence of pain education and assessment tools, parents' reluctance to report pain and insufficient prescription of analgesia by physicians. Facilitators for the effective management of pain include parental participation in care, trusting and respectful relationships between nurses and children, and adequate nurse–patient ratios. Conclusion: The review findings suggest a need to improve education for nurses, doctors and the patients' family in relation to paediatric pain management, communication and interprofessional collaborations. There is a need to maximize facilitators and overcome barriers, such as those identified in this review, to ensure the quality of paediatric pain management. Implications for nursing and health policy: Nursing and health policy should mandate the prioritization of paediatric pain management and the clinical roles and responsibilities of the interdisciplinary team members. Undergraduate, postgraduate and in‐service education for nurses and other health professionals should also address paediatric pain management. In‐service education on paediatric pain management should be compulsory for all health professionals caring for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper discusses the benefits of international collaborations for advanced practice nursing education. It identifies new perspectives and innovative practices to enhance cultural competency. Background: Competent, well‐trained advanced practice nurses (APNs) are necessary to provide high‐quality and safe patient care, improve access to care, and address health disparities that are no longer geographically bound. In 2021, an international network of advanced practice educators established an active learning program to teach students their role in global citizenship and increase awareness of health disparities. APN students from Scotland, Wales, Minnesota, Houston, and Rotterdam participated in presentations, online discussions, and in‐country scholarships. Sources of evidence: Growing health disparities have created the need for efficient international collaboration to develop new concepts, approaches, and bidirectional exchange of experiences, culture, and knowledge. Integrating global health into curricula engages students' curiosity and integrates education, research, practice, and leadership while improving cultural competency. Discussion: Forty‐two students participated in the international presentations. The students strongly believed in the benefit of international collaboration and the need for a universal role for the advanced practice nurse. They responded positively to sharing cultural and clinical experiences. Conclusion: The recent global health challenge supported the development of innovative methods to deliver education and created an opportunity for advanced practice students to develop cultural competence and critical thinking. Collaborative solutions are essential to education and healthcare as we move forward in the 21st century. Implications for nursing practice: Robust international collaborations have enabled the development of cultural competence and critical thinking. These are crucial elements for advanced practice roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite technological advances and specialist training of neonatal teams, perinatal deaths still occur. Such events are traumatic experiences for the parents and increase the risk of pathological grieving. Nursing is one of the main sources of support. However, the important work of nurses in these situations is made more difficult by the lack of recognized strategies that can be implemented to assist parents and family members in the bereavement process. Aim: Identify nursing interventions to help parents of neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units cope with perinatal loss. Methods: A scoping review based on the methodological framework established by Arksey and O'Malley was used. A total of 327 relevant studies were identified through a bibliographic search in Pubmed, CINAHL Plus, APA PsycNET and Scopus between 2000 and 2019. The screening process included an initial analysis of the relevance of the abstract and, when required, an extensive review of the full paper. Results: A total of 9 papers were finally selected which responded to the research question. All nine papers are from the USA and have different methodological characteristics. A number of effective interventions were identified, including legacy creation, support groups, family‐centred accompaniment and follow‐up, parental involvement in pre‐mortem care, intergenerational bereavement programmes, and the use of technological and spiritual resources. Conclusion: In general, the scant evidence that is available about nursing interventions around perinatal bereavement care underlines the requirement to thoroughly assess the effectiveness of those that have already been designed and implemented. Implications for nursing practice and policy: This scoping review contributes to the potential implementation of effective interventions to deal with and help parents and family members cope with perinatal bereavement, with nursing staff as the main source of support and leading interventions which have family members in the care team. This review also makes a substantial contribution to the development of a practical and evidence‐based clinical guide for nursing, with recommendations that can be adapted to effective quality care criteria. It is additionally intended to encourage visibility in health policies of care and attention to perinatal grief in neonatal intensive care units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this paper is to propose a label structure for nursing diagnosis syndromes from NANDA‐I. Background: Worldwide changes and human needs seem to get more complex, offering challenging opportunities for nursing care and to nursing knowledge. Nursing classifications represent nursing knowledge and are critical in guiding clinical practice and patient‐centred care. Sources of evidence: This discussion paper is based on the analysis of NANDA‐I Taxonomy II and related literature. Discussion/Conclusion: A total of 13 diagnoses comprise the term 'syndrome'; however, the labels are not consistent with the multiaxial system within the NANDA‐I model of a nursing diagnosis. Syndromes require a more specific approach and definition when compared to other type of nursing diagnoses. A new format for describing the label is provided and would be useful in improving current syndromes and in reflecting a more individualized and patient‐centred nursing care. Implications for nursing policy and practice: The proposal provided in this paper could raise the quality of nurses' assessment, increase accuracy of NANDA‐I nursing diagnoses, promote nurses' clinical reasoning and the adequacy of care. Ultimately, changes should be not only perceived in nurses´ practice but also in nursing education as curricula should promote a critical thinking. Nurse leaders and policymakers could additionally use this in the development of advanced programmes and protocols that could manage and monitorize implementation of advanced care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper describes an innovative approach to tackling the shortage of qualified nurse educators, which is a major constraining factor or 'bottle‐neck' to improve the global supply of nurses, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Background: The World Health Organization commissioned experts to develop Nurse Educator Core Competencies that describe expectations for this cadre of workers. In their deliberations, the WHO experts cited the challenges affecting the adoption of these competencies, particularly the lack of resources available for implementation. To address this specific challenge, a USA‐based non‐government organiization, Nurses International, has developed Open Education Resources (NI‐OER) to support nurse educators with freely accessible curriculum materials and remote mentoring support. Methods: This paper applies item analysis to consider how the NI‐OER could assist higher education institutes and individual faculty members in meeting each of the WHO Nurse Educator Core Competencies. Findings: The NI‐OER is a good fit with six of the Nurse Educator Core Competencies and a partial fit with the other two. Discussion: Congruence with the WHO Nurse Educator Core Competencies is an important validity check for the NI‐OER. The ultimate goal of the NI‐OER is to promote sustainable development through intermediate goals related to supporting faculty as they prepare nurses for current and future service needs. Technological solutions like the NI‐OER cannot solve all aspects of a complex problem like the global nursing shortage but are an important tool. Implications for Nursing and Health policy: This resource has significant implications for nursing and health policy because it tackles several constraints to the global goal of increasing production and capacity of nurses. Combined with the organization's remote mentoring and communities of practice, the NI‐OER appears to have the potential to support novice nurse educators with accessible, adaptable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper examines aspects of pandemic policy responses to the COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and presents an integrated view of the consequences of response tactics at national and health service levels for older adults. Background: Nurses are positioned at the intersection of health service and policy implementation; therefore, their influence on clinical protocols and health policy directions post pandemic is crucial to preventing further premature deaths in the 65+ years age group and others. Sources of evidence: Perspectives presented here are based on a critical evaluation of the many published reports, comments, research and insights concerning the pandemic. That evidence, combined with my experience in various fields of study and professional service, enables me to envisage what some decisions and policies may mean for older people, nurses and societies worldwide. Discussion: Established information on world population patterns and the location and health of national groups has been made less reliable by population shifts caused by years of geo‐political conflicts and now the impact of the pandemic. Added to this already chaotic context, the pandemic has further disrupted societies, health services and economies. Ageist responses by these systems have further disadvantaged older people and generated trust deficits that need to be resolved. Conclusion: When the pandemic recedes, policy and management decisions taken by governments and hospital administrators will be a telling indicator of whether the established systematic ageism exposed during the pandemic will continue to compromise the health and longevity of older adults. Implications for nursing, health and social policy: The ascendency of nursing influence within the health and social policy environment must be further strengthened to enable nurses to champion equity and fairness in the pandemic recovery effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The 2008 financial crisis exacerbated an already mounting workforce challenge faced by most health services in the western world, namely the recruitment and retention of qualified nurses. Aim: This paper examines two additional challenges of relevance to workforce planning in health care, an ageing nursing workforce and reliance upon migrant nurses to solve short‐term workforce issues. Methods: Using Ireland as a case exemplar of these issues, this paper argues that policy makers and service providers should seek not only to address the challenge of retaining trained newly qualified and younger nurses but also focus on supporting older nurses and migrant nurses to remain within the workforce. Findings: The findings of this paper highlight the need for workforce planners, policy makers and service providers to take account of an ageing nursing workforce and reliance on foreign‐trained nurses as a solution to short‐term planning difficulties. Conclusion: Failure to address this need is likely to lead to significant workforce difficulties for health services into the future and undermine current efforts to increase the number and long‐term retention of qualified nursing staff. Implications for Nursing Policy: Policy makers and service providers should focus on the retention of trained older nurses as an important element of workforce planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the World Health Organization Euro Office "Nursing in Action" six-year program which will be launched in 1992. Description of the first phase of the program which focused on multinational study on people's needs for nursing care; List of titles of the eight working documents in the Health for All Nursing series.

Background: In the 121st anniversary year of the birth of Florence Nightingale, and during the COVID‐19 pandemic, it is both interesting and salient to be reminded of the foundational work of this famous woman who began modern nursing. Her work in nursing care and nursing, health and public policy has been a continuing strong foundation to practices in societies around the world. Methods: In this short communication about historical research, various aspects of Florence's life and work are described, as well as the locations, memorials and museum significant to our remembrance of her. Results: A particular focus of this paper is the description of a larger but little‐known medicine chest located at the College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, SK, Canada, and attributed as belonging to Florence. Conclusion: Best known to this point in time is a smaller medicine chest at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this indefinite pandemic situation, roles of nurses have been most illuminated by the public, but the nurses may soon start experiencing burnout. This paper highlights roles of nurses in COVID care in Korea and nursing strategies for the post‐COVID era. As we are the frontline advocators of the public, when we develop strategies for their health and quality of life, we receive public support that can help resolve our issues. We will improve our poor working environments through mutual cooperation, as we are one. Implications for Nursing: Nurses need to possess a variety of abilities, such as the digital literacy required by the non‐contact era after COVID‐19, and to expand the boundaries of the nursing profession in convergence of health services with technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This paper analyses and illustrates the application of Bandura's self-efficacy construct to an innovative self-management programme for patients with both type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Background Using theory as a framework for any health intervention provides a solid and valid foundation for aspects of planning and delivering such an intervention; however, it is reported that many health behaviour intervention programmes are not based upon theory and are consequently limited in their applicability to different populations. The cardiac-diabetes self-management programme has been specifically developed for patients with dual conditions with the strategies for delivering the programme based upon Bandura's self-efficacy theory. This patient group is at greater risk of negative health outcomes than that with a single chronic condition and therefore requires appropriate intervention programmes with solid theoretical foundations that can address the complexity of care required. Sources of Evidence The cardiac-diabetes self-management programme has been developed incorporating theory, evidence and practical strategies. Discussion This paper provides explicit knowledge of the theoretical basis and components of a cardiac-diabetes self-management programme. Such detail enhances the ability to replicate or adopt the intervention in similar or differing populations and/or cultural contexts as it provides in-depth understanding of each element within the intervention. Conclusion Knowledge of the concepts alone is not sufficient to deliver a successful health programme. Supporting patients to master skills of self-care is essential in order for patients to successfully manage two complex, chronic illnesses. Implications for Nursing Practice or Health Policy Valuable information has been provided to close the theory-practice gap for more consistent health outcomes, engaging with patients for promoting holistic care within organizational and cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to report on the evaluation of the online Global Leadership Mentoring Community, a programme designed to build relationships across seven global regions and promote leadership development for emerging nurse leaders. Background: There is a pressing need and opportunity for sustainable global leadership mentoring programmes. This programme of Sigma Theta Tau International (Sigma) brought mentors and mentees together from across the world to build leadership capacity, understand global leadership issues and build networks. Community coordinators purposively selected mentors from each of Sigma's seven Global Regions, and mentees were chosen through a process of snowball sampling. Mentors and mentees met monthly with quarterly group calls. Methods: The study followed a programme evaluation, outcomes‐focused approach. All eleven pairs of mentors‐mentees were invited to complete online surveys at the outset and end of programme capturing both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and for qualitative data, a thematic analysis. Findings: Quantitative data confirmed that all 22 participants gained from the experience. From qualitative analysis, themes emerged illustrating the scope of achievements: 1. facilitation of successful outcomes for both mentors and mentees, 2. challenges of global mentoring and 3. strategies for successful global mentoring. Discussion/Conclusion: Participants reported that creating global leadership is a longitudinal process that needs sustained attention to effect change. This evaluation identified many strengths of the programme and recommended its continuation to help further development of global leaders, particularly through focusing more purposefully on policy issues. Implications for Nursing Policy: Empowerment of nurses globally through a Global Leadership Mentoring Community can improve leadership at all levels, thus emboldening their voices to influence nursing and health policy and ultimately improve patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study aimed to clarify the role of nurses in planning and implementation of nursing interventions related to smoking cessation. Background and introduction Nearly half of all smokers die from smoking-related illnesses. Quitting smoking can reduce these problems. Smoking cessation interventions include various types helping smokers successfully quit. Studies suggest that hospitalization can be a golden opportunity for nurses helping patients to quit smoking because of No Smoking regulations. Method A systematic review of the literature was carried through Web of Knowledge, ProQuest, Medscape, MedlinePlus, Ovid SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Science Direct databases between 1990-2015 on the subject of interest by keywords: role of nursing in smoking cessation, nursing intervention in smoking cessation, smoking cessation, smoking quitting and interventions planned by nurse. Result Nineteen papers were systematic examined, dealing with smoking cessation interventions by nurses. Totally, 17 studies used counselling for quitting smoking. Most studies involved other methods such as manuals, pamphlets, brochures training or printed educational materials, audio and video file. Some studies used nicotine replacement methods for patients such as nicotine skin tags, chewing nicotine or bupropion. Moreover, 17 studies were conducted by telephone at patients' follow-up after hospital discharge. Conclusion Nurses' interventions for smoking cessation play an important role in helping patients quit smoking successfully. There are a variety of interventions that nurses can employ according to the patient's condition and diagnosis of different diseases. Implication for nursing and health policy Quitting smoking can reduce lung cancers and other health problems. Nurses play an important role in helping patients to quit smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper describes the situation regarding COVID‐19 emergency in France as of early May 2020, the main policies to fight this virus, and the roles and responsibilities of nurses regarding their work at this time, as well as the challenges facing the profession. Background: Europe continues to be affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. At the time of writing France was the fourth country with the highest number of detected cases and cumulative deaths. Sources of evidence: Websites of the World Health Organization, French Government, French Agency of Public Health, French National Council of Nurses and ClinicalTrials.gov database, as well as the experiences of the authors. Discussion: The history of the development of the pandemic in France helps explain the establishment of the state of health emergency and containment of the population. Many decisions made had undesirable repercussions, particularly in terms of intra‐family violence, mental health disorders and the renunciation of care. Hospitals and primary care services, with significant investment by nurses, played a key role in the care of persons with and without COVID‐19. Conclusion: France has suffered a very high toll in terms of COVID‐19 morbidity and mortality, and effects on its people, health systems and health professionals, including nurses. Implications for nursing practice: Nurses are recognized for their social usefulness in France. However, it is important to consider the collateral effects of this crisis on nurses and nursing and to integrate the health emergency nursing skills established during the pandemic into the standard field of nursing competence. Implications for nursing policy: The nursing profession has expectations of a reflection on and revision of nursing skills as well as of its valorization in the French healthcare system, notably carried out by the French National Council Order of Nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper is based on a presentation given by the author at the 23rd Quadrennial ICN Congress and 7th International Regulation Congress in Taipei in May 2005. Aim: Nurses worldwide are engaged in innovative practice on a daily basis. In most health systems across the world, nurses provide up to 80% of primary health care and are therefore well positioned to provide critically needed innovative solutions to many global health challenges. The aim of this paper is to increase awareness of the importance and value of innovations in nursing; provide an improved understanding of the contribution nurses make to innovation in health care; and increase understanding of the importance of creating environments that inspire innovation and help shape practice in new and improved ways. Design: This paper explores the concept of innovation, the inherent set of characteristics that need to be present in order for innovations to succeed, and the barriers that impede innovation from occurring. Conclusion: There are numerous examples of successful innovations worldwide that are developed and implemented by nurses, some of which are described in this paper. The paper concludes that organizations need to have a support climate that encourages creativity and innovation to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an excerpt from the paper presented by Martha Quivey, the chairman of the Professional Services Committee (PSC) of the International Council of Nurses, explaining the role of the PSC, at the 1985 professional conference of the Royal College of Nursing in London, England.

Presents the papers presented at the 18th Quadrennial Congress on nursing in Tel Aviv, Israel. "Role of the Nurse Researcher in Local Government"; "Suggestions for Nursing Education in Response to Changes of Social Support System in Japan"; "Families of the Unemployed Worker: Need for Nursing Intervention and Prevention"; "Changes in Urban Child Rearing Practices: Implications for Nursing Action"; Others.

Aim: The article addresses selected determinants of the nursing shortage in Poland and other countries in the face of employee ageing. Background: Global demographic changes have led to a systematic increase in the elderly population and a decreasing number of births, which have impacted health policy and healthcare systems in various countries. Both processes necessitate transitions in global health care. Nursing care, which has faced a human resources crisis, is a strategic area within this context. Sources of evidence: This study is based on national listings and strategic documents for nursing policy in Poland, including Increasing average age of nurses and midwives prepared by the Polish Main Council of Nurses and Midwives, the incorporation of big data, international reports and a literature review on nursing and healthcare challenges. Discussion/Conclusions: This paper argues that the causes of the nursing shortage are multifaceted with no single global or local measure of its nature. An overview of the problem indicates ineffective planning and use of available nursing resources, poor recruitment or an undersupply of a new staff, and global demographic conditions. The overview highlights the fact that nursing shortages have reached a critical point for healthcare services on both the local and global levels. Conclusions for nursing and health policy: The general recommendations for nursing policy include the need to prepare and implement national social security agendas into services provided by nurses. Such a programme would include general issues: improving working and employment conditions, implementing mechanisms regulating salary and providing the possibility of lifelong learning with the incorporation of mobile and technological innovations as a sustainable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper introduces the study on the European Union Project on complementary therapies and discusses project outputs and results. The goal of the European Union Project was to improve the professional knowledge and skills of women's health and oncology nurses regarding CT. Background: The increasing and widespread use of complementary therapies in the women's health and oncology population requires nurses to be educated about their suitable and safe use. Many nurses do not have proper training in complementary therapies and therefore should not inform their patients about them. Methods: The 'Improving the Nursing Care with Best Complementary Therapy Strategies Based on European Union Standards' (BestCARE) project was a strategic partnership within Erasmus plus for vocational education and training. The BestCARE project was coordinated by the Akdeniz University Nursing Faculty and was carried out with six partners from Turkey and Europe. Results: Fifteen nurses from Turkey and Italy were trained in complementary therapies in England. In addition, training courses and seminars were held in Turkey and Italy for women's health and oncology nurses. The BestCARE programme consisted of 14 work packages. The BestCARE programme was implemented via websites, an e‐learning training programme, training videos, reference and handbook, a curriculum proposal on complementary therapies and a simulation laboratory. Conclusion and implications for nursing and/or health policy: The BestCARE project allowed nurses to gain knowledge, experience and skills about complementary therapies and created a cultural awareness and sensitivity towards patients, caregivers and health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A variety of advanced practice nursing roles and titles have proliferated in response to the changing demands of a population characterized by increasing age and chronic illness. Whilst similarly identified as advanced practice roles, they do not share a common practice profile, educational requirements or legislative direction. The lack of clarity limits comparative research that can inform policy and health service planning. Aims: To identify advanced practice roles within nursing titles employed in New Zealand and practice differences between advanced practice and other roles. Method: Replicating recent Australian research, 3255 registered nurses/nurse practitioners in New Zealand completed the amended Advanced Practice Delineation survey tool. The mean domain scores of the predominant advanced practice position were compared with those of other positions. Differences between groups were explored using one‐way ANOVA and post hoc between group comparisons. Results: Four nursing position bands were identified: nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, domain‐specific and registered nurse. Significant differences between the bands were found on many domain scores. The nurse practitioner and clinical nurse specialist bands had the most similar practice profiles, nurse practitioners being more involved in direct care and professional leadership. Conclusions: Similar to the position of clinical nurse consultant in Australia, those practicing as clinical nurse specialists were deemed to reflect the threshold for advanced practice nursing. The results identified different practice patterns for the identified bands and distinguish the advanced practice nursing roles. Implications for nursing policy: By replicating the Australian study of Gardener et al. (2016), this NZ paper extends the international data available to support more evidence‐based nursing workforce planning and policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DANIELSON E., KROGERUS-THERMAN I., SIVERTSEN B.&SOURTZI P. (2005) Nursing and public health in Europe– a new continuous education programme.International Nursing Review52, 32–38The aim of this paper is to describe the development of a new education programme in public health for nurses in the European Union (EU). The project,‘Development of a Continuous Professional Education Programme for Nurses in Public Health’, is described together with its background and aim, which is to contribute to the development of new competencies of nurses in nursing and public health. For the development of these competencies, the framework for the programme's guidelines is organized around core modules common for all EU countries and elective modules, based on national health needs and policies proposed by each country. An example of the implementation of the programme from Sweden, where the programme has already been offered, is also presented. In addition to the educational programme itself, the opportunities for networking for nurses and teachers from different countries resulting from this effort are discussed. Finally, the evolving nature of public health in nursing is presented in relation to the roles that nurses/midwives already perform in various countries and situations, in order to point out the potential of this programme's contribution to the promotion of health of all European citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and evaluate a Zambian context‐specific mentorship model that supports registered nurses completing emergency, trauma and critical care programmes in Zambia. Background: In Zambia, emergency and trauma and critical care nursing are relatively new specialties, with education and training programmes less than a decade old. A train the trainer mentorship programme was developed and delivered at two colleges of nursing. Ethics approval was gained in both Zambia and the UK. Sources of evidence: Documentary data analysis and focus groups were used. Focus groups included stakeholders and nurses in practice who had completed the train the trainer programme and were using the mentorship model. Discussion: The critical review of the literature revealed there was a paucity of evidence on the role of mentors in critical care. However, national documentation identified that most post basic education programmes are at Diploma Level with limited content that focuses on bedside teaching, mentorship and assessment content. Conclusion: Feedback from representatives attending the stakeholder workshops and focus groups which included participants who had completed the training programme enabled the mentorship model and workshop to be developed and evaluated. Implications for nursing practice: Nurses are the backbone of healthcare systems in Africa and the world. Mentorship and assessment in practice enables nurses to develop the competence and skills to lead practice, support peers and junior colleagues. Implications for nursing policy: This paper has identified the need for a context‐specific formalised mentorship model to support specialist practice and this project has provided the foundations for mentorship of emergency, trauma and critical care nurses in Zambia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSkin disease is highly prevalent, particularly in the developing world. This can result in skin failure which in turn may have a major social and economic impact on individuals and communities (Finlay & Ryan 1996). The significant lack of dermatologists worldwide, most of whom are based in hospitals, means that expertise in skin care cannot always be delivered to those who need it. This paper advances the argument that a care delivery model is needed which provides skin care focused at a primary care level throughout the nursing service, drawing on specialists who are often based in the secondary health care facilities. This can only be achieved through adopting a strategic approach which identifies the training needs of such professionals, harnesses the appropriate expertise, shares good practice, and operates in close conjunction with dermatologists. This paper outlines how this vision can be put into operation, by outlining the strategic international development work being undertaken by nurses and the efforts to promote inter-professional collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International nursing literature associates 'nursing' as inextricably linked with 'caring'. However, as Leininger (1995) suggests, although caring is a universal phenomenon, its manifestation is very much dependant on culture. For caring to be effectively received, the conceptualization of caring at both individual and community level needs to be realized in practice. This paper focuses on a qualitative research study on a sample of 20 male and 18 female respondents from Pakistani communities in Bradford, West Yorkshire. UK, using face-to-face indepth semi-structured interviews. The significance of ethno-linguistics, or the relationship between language and culture, as been addressed by a number of anthropologists. People associate what is meaningful to them as defined by their culture. By eliciting various linguistic terms used for 'care' terms and applied to health and 'well-being', the cutural meanings within an 'emic' perspective, as well as variability of the use of the care terms in different contexts, could be discovered. Hence the first stage of this study focused on the respondents' understanding and perceptions of caring. Care themes and patterns emerged to form seven themes. The same sample was later facilitated in exploring their recent experiences of 'care' as delivered by nurses in hospital. The findings suggest that a lack of congruence between patients' expectations and experiences of caring received from nurses did exist. The paper concludes by suggesting possible strategies to address the identified deficits, for example a cultural knowledge base and enhancing assessment skills in nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A global shortage of healthcare professionals calls for effective recruitment and retention strategies. The nursing profession faces greater staffing shortages compared with other healthcare professions. Identifying these factors for choosing a career in health care is an important step in structuring future nursing recruitment strategies., Aim: This systematic review examined the motivations for choosing a career in health care, then compared them to factors that influence the choice to pursue a career in nursing., Methods: A literature search of the CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases for articles published between 2002 and 2013 was conducted. The search included studies that focused on factors influencing career choice among undergraduate medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and nursing students., Results: A total of 29 papers were included in the review. The themes and subthemes that emerged from this review included: (1) intrinsic factors, including a desire to help others and a personal interest in health care, (2) extrinsic factors, such as financial remuneration, job security, professional prestige and job autonomy, (3) socio-demographic factors such as gender and socio-economic status, and (4) interpersonal factors, encompassing the influence of family and other professional individuals., Discussion: Healthcare professionals were generally motivated by intrinsic factors. However, public perceptions of nursing as a low-paying and low-status job have significantly hindered the participants' choice to pursue it as a career., Conclusion and Implications for Nursing And/or Health Policy: Nursing institutions could provide more platforms to help school leavers better understand the nursing career. In turn, hospital administrators could invite parents to nursing career fairs, increase financial remuneration for nurses, and provide decision-making avenues aimed at recruiting and retaining more nurses., (© 2015 International Council of Nurses.)

Aim To discuss the evolving roles of Japanese nurses in meeting the goals and concerns of ongoing global sustainable development. Background Japanese nurses' roles have evolved as the needs of the country and the communities they served, changed over time. The comprehensive public healthcare services in Japan were provided by the cooperation of hospitals and public health nurses. Introduction The nursing profession is exploring ways to identify and systemize nursing skills and competencies that address global health initiatives for sustainable development goals. Methods This paper is based on the summary of a symposium, (part of the 2015 annual meeting of the Japan Association for International Health) with panel members including experts from Japan's Official Development Assistance. Findings The evolving role of nurses in response to national and international needs is illustrated by nursing practices from Japan. Japanese public health nurses have also assisted overseas healthcare plans. In recent catastrophes, Japanese nurses assumed the roles of community health coordinators for restoration and maintenance of public health. Discussion The Japanese experience shows that nursing professionals are best placed to work with community health issues, high-risk situations and vulnerable communities. Their cooperation can address current social needs and help global communities to transform our world. Conclusion Nurses have tremendous potential to make transformative changes in health and bring about the necessary paradigm shift. They must be involved in global sustainable development goals, health policies and disaster risk management. A mutual understanding of global citizen and nurses will help to renew and strengthen their capacities. Implications Nursing professionals can contribute effectively to achieve national and global health goals and make transformative changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its development in 1953, the International Council of Nursing's Code of Ethics for Nurses has been revised a number of times and adopted or adapted as a guide for nurses in many countries. The Code serves as a critical model for ethical standards in the nursing profession, stressing responsibility and advocacy for the human rights of patients, their families and communities, as well as social issues, the work of nurses within health care systems and working with other health professionals. The most recent edition of the Code (2012) is now in the process of revision by an international Steering Committee. This policy paper describes the meaning of the Code, as well as the processes in place to develop a revised Code that is better fitted for the current needs of nurses around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Use a Delphi Methodology to identify nursing research priorities in Uganda. Background Identifying nursing research priorities, empowering researchers, and encouraging relevant studies can advance attaining global health goals. The Uganda Nurses and Midwives Union identified the need to establish a nursing research agenda. Nurse leaders have a priority of increasing the influence of nurses in practice and policy. This study was conducted as a preliminary step in a long-term strategy to build nurses' capacity in nursing research. Methods A three-round Delphi study was conducted. The 45 study participants were nurses in practice, nurse faculty and members of the Uganda Nurses and Midwives Union. In the initial round, the participants wrote their responses during face-to-face meetings and the follow-up rounds were completed via email. Results Maternal and child morbidity and HIV/AIDS were identified as research priorities. Nurses also identified nursing practice, education and policy as key areas that nursing research could impact. Limitations Demographic characteristics such as length of time in nursing were not collected. Additionally, first round participants completed a pencil-paper survey and the follow-up rounds were done by email. Conclusions Nurse Leaders in Uganda identified areas where research efforts could have the most impact and were most relevant to nursing practice. Implications for nursing and health policy Health policy decisions have historically been made without nursing input. Nursing research can provide evidence to inform policy and, ultimately, improve population health. The focus of nursing research in priority areas can be used to guide nursing contribution in policy discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of this paper was to (1) highlight nursing continuing education as a key initiative for strengthening healthcare delivery in low-resource settings, and (2) provide an example of a nursing continuing education programme in Haiti. Background Haiti and other low-resource settings face extreme challenges including severe shortages of healthcare workers, high rates of nurse out-migration and variations in nurse competency at entry-to-practice. Nursing continuing education has the potential to address these challenges and improve healthcare delivery through enhanced nurse performance and retention; however, it is underutilized in low-resource settings. Methods A case study is presented from the Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais in Mirebalais, Haiti of a new nursing continuing education programme called the Beyond Expert Program. Results The case study highlights eight key dimensions of nursing continuing education in low-resource settings: (1) involving local stakeholders in planning process, (2) targeting programme to nurse participant level and area of care, (3) basing course content on local context, (4) including diverse range of nursing topics, (5) using participatory teaching methods, (6) addressing resource constraints in time and scheduling, (7) evaluating and monitoring outcomes, and (8) establishing partnerships. The case study provides guidance for others wishing to develop programmes in similar settings. Conclusion Creating a nursing continuing education programme in a low-resource setting is possible when there is commitment and engagement for nursing continuing education at all levels of the organization. Implications for Nursing and Health Policy Our report suggests a need for policy-makers in resource-limited settings to make greater investments in nursing continuing education as a focus of human resources for health, as it is an important strategy for promoting nurse retention, building the knowledge and skill of the existing nursing workforce, and raising the image of nursing in low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Historical experience and health service modernization partly account for the variation seen in definitions of what a 'nurse' is from country to country. It is unclear if international disparities in nursing provision, apparent in health data for developed countries, demonstrate real differences in staffing patterns or simply reflect the wide variations in understanding and use of terms for different categories of nurse., Aim: This paper is an opinion piece of international interest discussing the need for standardization in definitions of different categories of nurse internationally., Discussion: The International Council for Nurses (ICN), the World Health Organization and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) all have different ways of defining a nurse. The wide variation in terms is particularly apparent from OECD countries however, where nursing density data present wide disparities, not readily accounted for by gross national product. Skill mix and clinical role developments may account for these better., Conclusion: Until proper consensus is reached on what a nurse is and does, any skill mix or clinical role developments will only have limited international relevance, especially in OECD countries. If nursing qualifications are to be valid even across the European Union, then recommended standards such as those of the ICN, must be specified in terms of what different categories of nurses actually can do, and their responsibilities and roles within that scope of practice. Standardization of definitions of categories of nurse internationally should reduce confusion and promote better understanding of patterns of nurse staffing and the effect these may have on patient outcomes., (© 2012 The Authors. International Nursing Review © 2012 International Council of Nurses.)

Background: Nurses are ideally placed to drive the safety and quality agenda within health care because of their unique proximity to patients. There have been some attempts to look at the links between nursing care and quality outcomes, but relatively little on the connection between nursing and patient safety. Therefore, exploring the evidence on this issue was indicated, excluding links to nurse staffing and environment., Aims: The aim of this study was to identify to what extent and in what way nursing leadership, collaboration and empowerment can have a demonstrable impact on patient safety., Methods: A search of electronic databases was undertaken from 1998 to 2008. One thousand seven hundred eighty-eight titles and abstracts were retrieved, and the full text of 65 relevant papers was obtained and reviewed. Data extraction was undertaken if papers met the following inclusion criteria: a measure of impact from a study or audit, patient safety and nursing focused, and identified one of the following issues (leadership, advocacy, interdisciplinary working, empowerment and collaboration). Eleven papers were selected and critically reviewed., Finding: Of the 11 papers, 7 were undertaken in the USA, 2 in Canada, 1 in the UK and 1 in Iceland. Selected papers comprised of one systematic review, one cohort study, four qualitative studies, three cross-sectional studies, one survey and an evaluation. The quality of papers was variable and provided limited evidence of impact or effectiveness in terms of nurses directly influencing patient safety., Conclusion: Gaps currently exist in relation to knowledge on the extent and nature of the role of nurses in patient safety improvement. Considerable work is required before comprehensive solutions can be further developed. Huge potential exists for improvement through nursing empowerment, leadership and the development of tools to strengthen and support nurses' influential role in the quality and safety movement; therefore, the need for investment into well-designed research studies to address these gaps is obvious, required and timely.

Objective: This paper describes and critically reviews steps taken to address the nursing workforce shortage in Malaysia., Background: To address the shortage and to build health care capacity, Malaysia has more than doubled its nursing workforce over the past decade, primarily through an increase in the domestic supply of new graduates., Methods: Government reports, policy documents and ministerial statements were sourced from the Ministry of Health Malaysia website and reviewed and analysed in the context of the scholarly literature published about the health care workforce in Malaysia and more generally about the global nursing shortage., Results: An escalation in student numbers and the unprecedented number of new graduates entering the workforce has been associated with other impacts that have been responded to symptomatically rather than through workplace reform. Whilst growing the domestic supply of nurses is a critical key strategy to address workforce shortages, steps should also be taken to address structural and other problems of the workplace to support both new graduates and the retention of more experienced staff., Conclusion: Nursing shortages should not be tackled by increasing the supply of new graduates alone. The creation of a safe and supportive work environment is important to the long-term success of current measures taken to grow the workforce and retain nurses within the Malaysian health care system.