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Although migration-related detention has proliferated around the world, little is known about life inside these sites of confinement for illegalized non-citizens. Building on 34 months of fieldwork, this article examines the lived experiences of center staff and external civil-society actors engaged within Rome's detention center. We discuss the emotional, ethical, and political challenges faced by these professional actors in their everyday work and their relationship with detainees. Our aim is to shed light on psychosocial life in detention and the intersections between humanitarian and security logics in this setting. In doing so, we problematize the idea that "humanizing detention" can be a solution for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as state strength influences relationships between state and society and among social forces within a national territory, so does it shape relationships between states and their emigrants and diasporas across territorial borders. Scholars debate how transnational migration affirms or challenges the dominance of the nation-state. When sending states are weak, however, diaspora-homeland linkages can undermine the role of the state in a way that is not transformative, but sustaining of the status quo. Examining Lebanon, this paper explores how domestic actors extend their struggles to vie over and through kin abroad. Three realms of competition are paramount: demography, votes, and money. The resulting transnational outreach reproduces a politics in which both expatriates and the state function as resources as much as actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines resident foreigners’ interest in German citizenship. We use a unique data set from a survey of foreign residents in the German states to study the roles played by factors such as attitudes towards foreigners and political interest of foreigners. We find that negative attitudes towards foreigners and generational conflict within foreigner families are significant negative factors. While interest in political participation is among the important positive factors, hostile attitudes, lack of voting rights, or uncertainty about staying in Germany mainly discourage foreigners who actively participate in the labor market, have more years of schooling, and are younger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be observed in the research that the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU LFS) only allows a satisfactory estimation of the stocks of nonnationals or those born abroad in some countries, whereas it proves to be less than adequate in most of them with regard to migration flows. We believe that this very limited success is due to a twofold statistical problem of imprecision and bias, which is intensified by the embarrassing question of answer impossible. These difficulties exist among the Member States to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the characteristics of the migratory domain and the particular features that the EU LFS acquires in each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on immigration in Italy. Immigrant flows and foreigners in Italy can be separated into two categories: legal and illegal foreigners. This distinction is based on the legal or illegal status of the immigrants when entering the country of destination (with or without an entry visa or the necessary papers) and during their stay (with or without a valid residence permit). Of course, entrance without the necessary papers (illegal entrance) means unlawful residence in the destination country (illegal presence), whereas a regular entrance allows for lawful residence (legal presence). During their stay, foreigners may change status. Consequently, within the illegal category it is possible to distinguish between undocumented foreigners (those entering the country illegally and staying unlawfully) and irregular foreigners (those who remained in the country without renewing their residence permits). The latter worsen their condition. Furthermore, following a legalization law, some of the illegal foreigners (both irregular and undocumented) can get valid residence permits, thus improving their condition.

This article addresses the growing disjuncture between urban and national policies regarding the incorporation of labor migrants in Israel. Drawing on fieldwork, in-depth interviews with Tel Aviv municipal officials, and archive analysis of Tel Aviv municipality minutes, we argue that urban migrant-directed policy elicits new understandings of membership and participation, other than those envisaged by national parameters, which bear important, even if unintended, consequences for the de facto incorporation of non-Jewish labor migrants. The crux of the Tel Aviv case is that its migrant-directed policy bears especially on undocumented labor migrants, who make up approximately 16 percent of the city's population and who are the most problematic category of resident from the state's point of view. In demanding recognition for the rights of migrant workers in the name of a territory category of "residence," and by activating channels of participation for migrant communities, local authorities in Tel Aviv are introducing definitions of "urban membership" for noncitizens which conflict sharply with the hegemonic ethnonational policy. We suggest that the disjuncture between urban and national incorporation policies on labor migrants in Israel is part of a general process of political realignment between the urban and the national taking place within a globalized context of labor migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, both passed in 1996, on the use of health-care services in immigrant communities in five Texas counties. The study presents findings of interviews with public agency officials, directors of community-based organizations, and members of 500 households during two research phases, 1997-1998 and 1998-1999. In the household sample, 20 percent of U.S. citizens and 30 percent of legal permanent residents who reported having received Medicaid during the five years before they were interviewed also reported losing the coverage during the past year. Some lost coverage because of welfare reform restrictions on noncitizen eligibility or because of changes in income or household size, but many eligible immigrants also withdrew from Medicaid "voluntarily." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State governments exercise significant powers to regulate the economic and social activities of resident aliens. We review the laws of the six leading states of immigrant settlement regulating access of noncitizens to 23 occupations, updating existing studies from 1946-77. Citizenship requirements for these occupations have plummeted, a change we attribute to federal court decisions, advisory opinions of state attorneys general, and state legislative and administrative action. There are numerous additional citizenship requirements in the statutes of the six states, although these appear to be poorly enforced. The authority of states to regulate their political communities is the most important remaining constitutionally valid basis of citizenship requirements. States define their political community broadly, leading to questionable exclusions of noncitizens from important activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many observers have noted that immigrants to the United States are highly concentrated in the largest metropolitan areas of a relatively few states. Though immigrants diffused into many places that had previously seen relatively few immigrants during the 1990s, as of the 2000 census, 77 percent of the nation's 31.1 million foreign born residents still lived in six states -- California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, and Illinois. According to the 2000 census, the two largest metropolitan areas, Los Angeles and New York, accounted for one third of all immigrants (http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2002/demoprofiles. html). While immigrants moved into many new areas during the 1990s, making the challenge of incorporating their children a national issue, their concentration in our largest cities remained pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late eighties and early nineties, almost all Western European nations adopted an increasingly restrictive policy towards the growing number of asylum seekers. We develop a push-and-pull model and evaluate whether these newly created deterrence measures had a significant impact on the number of asylum applications in Switzerland. The statistical tests in the form of Box-Tiao intervention analyses shows that states are only partially able to control global migration. We particularly demonstrate that only one of the unilateral measures adopted by the Swiss government reached the main goal and led to a substantial reduction in the number of applications in 1990. Further, legal reforms did not affect the number of asylum requests of refugees fleeing from a violent conflict in the neighborhood of the host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on the legalization of aliens in Greece. To qualify for a limited duration residence permit, referred to in the second decree as a green card, an alien had to have successfully met the requirements of the first decree and worked in registered employment from January 1, 1998 until the date of application for the green card. The major reason why many illegally resident aliens did not apply for legalization was fear of expulsion. Many aliens found it difficult to find jobs covered by social security administration and thereby pay payroll taxes. Employers became less interested in employing aliens if they had to meet social security and other legal obligations. The legalization policy was accompanied by an intensification of deportations. While the 1998 registration period supposedly coincided with a halt in deportations and those who registered were subsequently protected from deportation, in reality only those in possession of white or green cards were protected. As elsewhere, the legalization policy of Greece seems to have had twin goals, which are to enable part of the illegally resident alien population to accede to legal residency and to clear the country of the rest.

High levels of immigration to the United States have caused the size of the foreign-born population to increase dramatically in recent years. Recent immigrants are concentrated in several states, particularly California. This article examines the determinants of the intended state of residence of new recipients of legal permanent resident status and new refugees from 1989 to 1994. The presence of other foreign-born people is the primary determinant of the locational choices of new legal permanent residents, but there are some differences among immigrant groups by admission category and by country of origin. Only refugees' locations appear to be sensitive to welfare generosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The robustness of the model for the acquisition of destination language skills is studied using the Legalized Population Survey (LPS) of aliens who received amnesty under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. The English language proficiency variables include self-assessed overall speaking skills (the census question), speaking and reading skills in specific situations, perceptions as to whether language skills limit job opportunities, and measures of speaking and reading proficiency at work. The model is found to be robust across definitions of proficiency. Proficiency increases with exposure, efficiency and economic incentives for English language acquisition. The panel feature of the data is used to analyze changes in proficiency over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contains the results of research concerning parliamentary debate about voting rights for foreign residents in the Netherlands (1970-1996) using a discourse analytical framework. Due to the characteristics of the Dutch political field, a large majority of the political actors has to be willing and able to combine political interests and ideological narratives into one story line propagating franchise for foreign residents in order to grant voting rights to nonnationals. It is claimed that the success and failure of policy changes regarding the political participation of nonnationals is foremost determined by the extent of the discursive affinity of argumentative clusters used by parties of the "center-right" with the (leftist) discourse which propagates enfranchisement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) created two one-time only legalization programs affecting nearly 3 million undocumented immigrants. Legalization has produced important changes among immigrants and in immigration policy. These changes include new patterns of immigrant social and economic adaptation to the United States and new immigrant flows through family ties to IRCA-legalized aliens. The heightened salience of immigration, produced in part by legalization, has also generated a wave of "backlash" policymaking at the state and local levels in high-immigration sites. This article combines data from a longitudinal survey of the IRCA-legalized population with qualitative field data on current immigration issues from key informants in eight high-immigration metropolitan areas. It reviews the political evolution and early implementation of legalization, the current socioeconomic position of legalized aliens, and changes in the immigration "policy space" resulting from legalization. Although restrictive policies have again captured public attention, legalization has also sparked renewed efforts at immigration advocacy, particularly where immigrants who adjust to U.S. citizenship hold the potential for influencing local politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents some of the latest available figures on illegal immigration in Japan, a process that did not assume significant proportions until the mid-1980s. It also discusses briefly the latest developments around "immigration" policy-more precisely, the law on the entry and exit of aliens. More extensive presentations of these issues can be found in Morita (1992; 1993) and Sassen (1991:297-299; 307-315; 1993). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on books, articles and studies related to immigration. The book "Guide to the Records of the Order Sons of Italy in America," compiled by J. Andreozzi tells the history of the Order and represents a definitive statement about the Order Sons of Italy in America vis-a-vis the Italian presence here. The study entitled "The Enemy Alien Experience in Newfoundland, 1914-1918," by G.P. Bassler inquires into the circumstances under which 58 persons were interned during World War I, why Canadian, American and Norwegian citizens as well as naturalized Newfoundlanders were deported and how residents of enemy origin who were not interned or deported survived the war. The Immigration Act 1988 is one of the most significant attacks on black people since the present government of Great Britain came to office. The book "A Hard Act to Follow: The Immigration Act 1988," by S. Cohen provides an account of the main provisions of the new legislation. It also makes an analysis of the political and historical background to the Act.

The article focuses on the explosiveness of chain migration. The fear that the U.S. is about to be overrun by too many of the wrong sort of immigrants has a long history, much of it amply described by historians and policy analysts. This volume of the periodical focuses on the legislative and social science interface concerning the complex issue of whether the current system of the U.S. legal immigration is promoting or facilitating an explosive multiplication of immigrants. It does not address the equally salient and complex issue of whether the immigrants entering the U.S. are right or wrong for American society. Policymakers were interested in learning whether the research community agreed that there was indeed little or no explosiveness in legal immigration. Demographers responded by noting a number of methodological and statistical limitations of this pioneering analysis, including the failure to include country and preference category ceilings and, in addition, excluded from their analysis the admission of the spouses and children of permanent resident aliens as well as the relatives of native born citizens.

Theoretical approaches to international migration for employment largely ignore the role of government policies in shaping both migratory flows and the functioning of international labor markets, despite empirical evidence that such policies exist. To facilitate considerations of policy in migration theory this article examines politics and ideology in the evolution of migration policy in Kuwait. Policy determinants are found to include not only changes in economic conditions, but also shifts in power among political actors and the salience of issues on the political agenda: security issues, regional political events, demographic changes and perceived social costs of immigration. Future prospects for the Gulf are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is often viewed as economically motivated. However many of the studies on which this is based are a result of either aggregate data or retrospective questioning of migrants. The, present study indicates that such approaches may give a distorted view of migrants' motives. Our data indicate that nonmonetary career reasons are important instigators of migration among well educated international migrants. In addition these factors tend to be major perceived gains from migration. However, choice of destination is strongly influenced by location of friends and/or relatives. Reasons for discrepancies between this and previous studies are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the effect of the Eilberg Act and the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act on labor certification of alien professionals. They are found to have enhanced the importance, to alien professionals seeking labor certification, of residing inside the U.S. at the time of application. Further, the legislation has had a dramatic effect on labor certifications for medical professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents estimates of the number of undocumented aliens included in the April 1983 Current Population Survey ( CPS) derived by subtracting an estimate of the legally resident foreign born population from the survey estimate of all foreign born residents. The methodology is similar to that used by Warren and Passel (1987) with the 1980 census. Also presented are similar estimates for the November 1979 CPS - re-estimates following the work of Warren ( 1982). Estimates are presented by period of entry for Mexico and other groups of countries. Comparison of the April 1983 estimate with the census-based estimate and the November 1979 survey-based estimate provide an indication of growth in the undocumented alien population for 1980-83. For this recent period, the implied annual growth in the undocumented alien population is in the range of 100,000 to 300,000 - a range lower than has usually been offered in speculative assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the large-scale legalization program for out-of-status immigrants titled "Consultation on Comparative Legalization Experiences" which was held at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington D.C. on December 10, 1986. This kind of program has been instituted by several countries including the ten countries in Europe, Western Hemisphere countries and Australia.

This study investigates the political and social consequences of non-citizenship on the Hispanic community and describes how the studies in this volume grew from a national applied research project to promote citizenship among immigrant Hispanics. By highlighting the findings of the studies on Latino naturalization contained in this volume, the author suggests some factors that can be promoted to encourage naturalization among long-term resident aliens. Should these efforts be successful, he suggests, the greatest obstacle to political empowerment in the Latino community will be removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that on the basis of the working papers presented at an international conference sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation and held in Bonn on September 23-25, 1985, new information on the subject of return migration in Europe and conclusions on the effectiveness of policies to promote remigration were discussed aiming to stimulate further research on this subject. From the discussions that took place in the conference, it was found that the effects of the law to encourage voluntary return of the Federal Republic of Germany of 1983, in comparison with the middle-term trend of migration, have remained far behind the expectations, and that actually mainly lurks and Portuguese were induced to return. Moreover the majority of the returnees came from certain industries and regions that have been struck by major economic re-structurings. Concerning effects of the migration policies on the foreign residents in the host countries it was stated that these prevent a clear definition of their status by the foreigners themselves, because they obscure the decision whether to stay or leave the host country.

This research sheds some light on a number of questions regarding the sociodemographic structure, economic behavior, and the process of economic insertion of unapprehended undocumented aliens in the Northern New Jersey area. The data have been obtained from clients of the Catholic Community Services of the Archdiocese of Newark. Sixty respondents have been interviewed. The preliminary analysis of these interviews indicates that the subjects hold secondary labor market positions and are full participants in the economy of the region-including the discharge of their tax obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the labor market changes that would take place as a result of an amnesty that would regularize the status of undocumented workers without changing the total size of the alien workforce. The theoretical analysis suggests that the influence of legal status on market wage rates and on minimum wage enforcement is weak and that to the extent that there is an effect, it depends on particular institutional arrangements. Although data are not adequate for a definite measurement of these effects, those data that are available support this conclusion. It does appear that the presence of undocumented as opposed to resident aliens can weaken union organizing efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the insertion of illegal Colombian immigrants in Venezuela. The geographic distribution of Colombians shows the majority of them to be located in frontier states. This is quite logical considering geographic and cultural proximity. At the time of the 1950 census, 77.5 out of every 100 Colombians living in Venezuela, were in the states of Tachira and Zulia; by the 1971 census, the percentage had decreased to 60 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Warren and Passel's (1984) estimate that nearly two-thirds of Mexican-born noncitizens entering the U.S. during 1975-80 and included in the 1980 Census are undocumented immigrants, this article uses the 1980 Public Use Microfiles to delineate four Mexican origin immigrant status groups - post 1975 Mexican-born noncitizens, pre-1975 Mexican-born noncitizens, self-reported naturalized citizens, and native-born Mexican Americans. The pattern of sociodemographic differences among these groups provides support for the idea that the first two categories contain a substantial fraction of undocumented immigrants. These two groups (especially the first) reveal characteristics that one would logically associate with undocumented immigrants - age concentration (in young adult years), high sex ratios, low education and income levels, and lack of English proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents estimates of the number of undocumented aliens counted in the 1980 census for each state and the District of Columbia. The estimates, which indicate that 2.06 million undocumented aliens were counted in the 1980 census, are not based on individual records, but are aggregate estimates derived by a residual technique. The census count of aliens (modified somewhat to account for deficiencies in the data) is compared with estimates of the legally resident alien population based on data collected by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in January 1980. The final estimates represent extensions to the state level of national estimates developed by Warren and Passel(1984). Estimates are developed for each of the states for selected countries of birth and for age, sex, and period of entry categories. The article describes the origins of the undocumented alien population, as well as some of their demographic characteristics. Some of the implications of the numbers and distribution of undocumented aliens are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1980 Venezuela took concrete steps to regularize the undocumented migrant population. While the number responding to the amnesty was small relative to expectations, the majority of illegals appeared to have regularized their status. For the first time it was possible to assess objectively the characteristics of the undocumented population. Moreover, the problem of illegal migrants seems to have been temporarily solved, a result of both the amnesty and the country's declining economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Texas School Case arose over an attempt to deny undocumented immigrant children (irregular status migrants) access to public education. This article reviews and evaluates the case and social, political and educational issues pertinent to it. It further provides social and demographic data from a sample of parents of undocumented children while analyzing the international ramifications of the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the new asylum regulations in the United States. Effective May 10, 1979, the Immigration and Naturalization Service has issued final regulations on asylum for refugees. These regulations pertain to aliens seeking asylum in the United States either under the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or under Section 243(h) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Section 203(d)(7), which provides for the conditional entry of refugees and the adjustment of status of duly qualified persons falling within the proviso thereto, and Section 212(d)(5), authorizing the Attorney General to parole into the United States persons in emergency circumstances, are both unaffected by these amendments to the Code of Federal Regulations. Under the new regulations, American Consular posts will retain their authority over asylum applicants seeking admission at land border points or pre-inspection stations. This would appear to be essential since such persons are, both legally and physically, outside the United States. However, in controversial asylum cases, or complicated asylum cases, in which the alien is in a third country, (that is, a country other than the one from which he is seeking asylum) it would seem that such an alien should be entitled to the same exclusionary rights as an alien seeking entry into the United States who has a justicable claim for admission.

This article presents a review of reviews. In the article "Migration Demographic Change and Income Distribution in a Model of a Developing Country," by I. Adelman and S. Robinson, is presented the interactions between demographic and economic effects which are examined with the aid of a computable general equilibrium model. In the article "Citizenship, Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Attainment: A Comparative Analysis," by J.D. Altevocy and B.W. Parlin is examined the process of socioeconomic attainment for aliens and naturalized citizens in a comparative analsis with native whites and blacks. In the article "The American Emigrant in Canada: Trends and Consequences," by M. Boyd is discussed the nature of out-migration from the United States to Canada and the consequences of such emigration for the two countries is assessed. In the article "Qualifying Ethnic Rank and Ethnic Inequality," by W.W. Eaton and M. Rahav is briefly reviewed the development of quantitative measures of social class rank and inequality.

This article focuses on dealing with undocumented aliens in the U.S. On the one side some groups decry not only the number of undocumented aliens that come to the U.S. each year, but also the continued entry of legal immigrants. They speak of the country being overrun by immigrants and invaded by hordes of illegal aliens. Still others seek even greater liberalization of immigration laws permitting entry of more people, including refugees from economic distress and political or religious oppression. U.S. President Jimmy Carter issued his statement on immigration on August 4, 1977, and legislation to implement this policy was sent. to the U.S. Congress in October 1977. Hearings on the legislative package were not held in the Congress until May of this year. One part of the President's proposal has been implemented: the beginning of a comprehensive interagency study of existing immigration laws and policies. The improved administrative processes that has been put into effect has removed some of the obstacles which led people to enter the country illegally.

This article presents abstracts of articles published in the June 1978 issue of the journal "International Migration Law." The article "Immigration and Modernization: The Case of Slavic Peasants in Industrial America," refines the interpretation of the impact of modernization on immigrant peasants. Urban industrial society is viewed as capable of eliciting behavioral patterns of its own which are similar to peasant culture. A new working class consciousness, a synthesis produced by immigrants within the structural context of a new socioeconomic milieu, is examined among Slavic immigrants. The article "Social Welfare Policy and Migrants in Australia," examines modern Australian social welfare policy and the position of migrants. A pluralist society philosophy seems to be emerging as the idea of migrants just merging into the society is declining. "Caribbean Immigration to the United States," provides a glimpse of the range of thought and concern held by many Caribbean immigrant scholars. Section One is comprised of four papers prepared by members of the Institute staff or participants in its seminars.

This article discusses the legislative and judicial developments regarding aliens in the U.S. Any alien desiring to enter the U.S. is subject to the grounds of exclusion and inadmissibility set forth in the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended. This proposition is equally true whether the alien has established his basis of eligibility for an immigrant visa for adjustment of status, or for a nonimmigrant visa. The first seven subsections of Section 212(a) deal with classes of inadmissible aliens who have medical handicaps of one sort or another. They include aliens who are mentally retarded, aliens who are insane, aliens who have had one or more attacks of insanity, aliens afflicted with psychopathic personality, sexual deviation, or mental defect, aliens who are narcotic thug addicts or chronic alcoholics and aliens who are afflicted with any dangerous contagious disease. A determination of ineligibility to receive a visa or excludability under any of these six grounds must be based upon the findings of a member of the medical profession.

The article presents information on the U.S. Alien Adjustment and Employment Act of 1977. As outlined in Attorney General Griffin B. Bell's letter of transmittal to Congress, the proposed legislation has three primary objectives: to adjust those undocumented aliens who have resided in the U.S. continuously prior to January 1, 1970 to lawful permanent residents; to create a new five year temporary resident status for undocumented aliens who have resided in the U.S. continuously since January 1, 1977; and to restrict employment opportunities for undocumented aliens in the U.S. The Attorney General's letter also outlined the basic premise behind the U.S. President's initiative, which states that primarily, the Administration concluded that the adjustment of status is required to avoid having a large permanent class of undocumented aliens in the U.S. who have resided here for substantive periods of time. Generally, undocumented aliens are productive members of their communities and, most likely, cannot be deported because current law may afford them the privilege of remaining in the U.S.

The article traces the genesis of large-scale expulsion of aliens from Ghana in the wake of a compliance order issued on November 18, 1969. There have been long-distance international migrants in West Africa throughout its history. Fulani pastoralists move their cattle with the seasons in patterns which ignore international borders. Mende and Hausa traders have settled wherever opportunities seemed promising. In more recent times, the cocoa farms in Ghana and Ivory Coast have drawn large numbers of seasonal laborers, especially from Upper Volta. These examples might indicate a "Common Market" mentality where nationality is unimportant, but this is unfortunately not always the case. While there was occasional evidence of friction between "strangers" and "locals" during the colonial period, the position of "aliens" has often become much more difficult as various states have achieved their independence. Ghana has had a long history of international migration. The development of mines, railways, cocoa farming, etc. between 1870 and World War II drew increasing numbers of laborers from surrounding countries. Political grounds for discontent were more long-standing than economic grounds.

The article reports that the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Immigration and Nationality, under the new chairmanship of Representative Joshua Eilberg announced the priorities of its concern for the 93rd Congress as legislation to control the influx of illegal aliens into the United States, a preference system for the Western Hemisphere to regulate the flow of immigration and an examination into the functions and operations of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service in line with the Subcommittee's oversight role in this area of governmental operations. As originally proposed the matter of removing the economic incentive for aliens to take up employment illegally was approached in two different manners. Sanctions would be imposed upon employers of such aliens and secondly while the privilege of adjusting from temporary to permanent status without leaving the United States would be extended to natives of the Western Hemisphere, that privilege would be denied to aliens who engaged in unauthorized employment prior to filing the application for adjustment.

The aim of the article is to delineate the various recent migrants to the United States Virgin Islands, and to point out some of the problems that these groups have encountered after migration. The Virgin Islands of the United States form the northwest tip of the Lesser Antilles. There are three major inhabited islands, namely, St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John. Population of the islands has been estimated at 56,500. With the advent of the tourist trade, service occupations increased in scope and number on the Islands. The native black Virgin Islander, already finding employment with the government, and perceiving service occupations negatively, did not usually participate in such occupations. Thus, an employment gap was created. The alien fills this gap, and performs a service essential to an economy based upon tourism. The majority of aliens, particularly the "Bonded " and Illegal categories, work in unskilled or semi-skilled occupations. Males can be found employed as construction workers, waiters, etc. Women are employed primarily as maids, either in private households or in the hotels servicing the tourist industry, although a few work as saleswomen. In general, the Continental population in the Virgin Islands can be considered quite fluid. Although some in fact manage to adjust to island living, others find the adjustment too difficult.

As we have stated in our introduction, we hope that our brief analysis and comment will serve to stimulate new debate within this vital area of public concern. To this end, and in closing, we wish to make the concluding observations: - We would suggest that major emphasis in the current proposals be placed on the creation of a preference system for the Western Hemisphere. - Careful consideration, we feel, should be given to creating a ceiling for each hemisphere with a preference system operating independently of one another in each hemisphere at least for the next few years. - We place great emphasis on a new and broad definition of a "refugee" such as is contained in the Kennedy and Rodino Bills, with adequate parole provisions and procedures to provide maximum flexibility and timely response to emergency situations. - In the case of the parole procedure, we suggest that it may function solely through the discretionary authority of the Attorney General in consultation with the Secretary of State or, - and this is probably a more feasible approach -, the parole procedure would be anchored in legislation through the allocation of specific numbers to refugees while continuing emphasis is placed on the discretionary parole authority of the Attorney General in emergency situations where speedy assistance is clearly in our national interest. - There is a need for reinstatement of the privilege of adjustment of status to natives of the Western Hemisphere (other than from Canada and Mexico and adjacent islands - excepting immediate relatives). This privilege, however, should also be available to refugees, regardless of place of birth, and to those refugees who enter as crewman. - The labor certification requirements of the present law should be reviewed in depth, both in regard to its provisions and its philosophy. We suggest that a moderate step might be taken to return to the provisions in existence prior to the 1965 Act or the more pronounced measure of complete elimination of the certification requirement. - The extension of the second preference to the parents of adult resident aliens should also be given consideration, especially the parent who is unmarried and who might be left alone, separated from the sons or daughters for a long period of time. The extension of the preference to married parents may cause heavy demands on the preference numbers (no statistics in this category are available) competing with spouses and children. To meet the greatest need for family reunion and to adjust to the demands of the second preference, we suggest that at least for the present only the unmarried parent be included in the preference. - Finally, we take note and urge that special status should be retained for our closest neighbors Canada and Mexico, perhaps through a larger quota for each with a separate preference system which would be more reflective of the pattern of immigration from these two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the rights of aliens upon arrest as applicable in the U.S. On June 24, 1975 the Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Brignoni-Ponce held that the Fourth Amendment does not allow a roving patrol or border patrol to stop a vehicle and question its occupants about their citizenship and immigration status when the only ground for suspicion was that the occupants appeared to be of Mexican ancestry. In 1973, the Supreme Court in the case of Almeida-Sanchez v. the United States, held that the Fourth Amendment prohibited the use of roving patrols to search vehicles without a warrant or probable cause at points removed from the border and its functional equivalence. Under the rule enunciated in Almeida-Sanchez, it was necessary for the Immigration Service to demonstrate that either the search took place at the border or a functional equivalent thereof. Functional equivalency was determined by whether there was any access to the particular point where the stop took place that would have originated in the United States and not necessitated the automobile crossing the border.