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This paper examines the effects of 9/11 on the self-employment outcomes of Arab and Muslim immigrants. Using CPS Data 2000–2005 and a difference-in-differences approach, I analyze the changes in their self-employment entry/exit decisions and earnings after 9/11 using native whites as the main comparison group. I find that the Arab and Muslim immigrants are less likely to enter self-employment after 9/11, especially into industries that require higher levels of capital investment. However, there is no evidence that 9/11 has negative impacts on their exit decisions or earnings. The paper further documents a shift of Arab and Muslim immigrants’ businesses toward industries such as construction, finance/real estate/insurance services, and professional services after 9/11, areas in which they have performed well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the means for the exclusion of groups deemed undesirable within the Lockean liberal tradition, particularly as the American Federalists modified it. It further explores the consequences of the practical application of this vision for immigration in the American case. The author contends that controversies about immigration in America demonstrate a deeply communitarian strain within Lockean liberalism that feeds rationalized exclusionary practice. This argument turns on an analysis of liberal theories of consent in Locke and early American thinkers. The goal of the paper is to make the Lockean tradition and its American adaptations speak more clearly about immigration, so that the issue can be better defined. In framing both the use and abuse of immigrants and the foundations of such behavior as problematic, the author hopes to provoke fresh thinking about the nature of and possible solutions to American exclusionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an empirical assessment of the prevalence and determinants of cross-state social exchanges and attachments among Latin American immigrants living in the United States. As we shall show, using data from a recent survey of Latin American migrants living in the United States, migrant cross-state social action comes in a variety of types, with the direction of conditioning factors differing from one type to another. Moreover, social and political incorporation in the United States reduces affective ties and provision of material support, all the while facilitating other forms of cross-state social action. Consequently, while international migrants regularly engage in trans-state social action, the paper shows that neither transnational ism as condition of being, nor transmigrants, as distinctive class of people, is commonly found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the acculturative process of one Dominican family, focusing on the adaptation of extended families to United States immigration policy, and the implications these adaptations may hold for the traditional Dominican family. It is the contention of this paper that the definition of "family" according to United States immigration regulations does not reflect the cooperating kin group which is the "family" in Dominican culture and this gives rise to the need for a variety of extra-legal immigrant adaptive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the meeting held. The International Newsletter on Migration is a publication of the Research Committee on Migration, International Sociological Association. The annual meeting of the Population Association of America, held April 13-15, 1978 in Atlanta, Georgia, included its usual share of migration papers. A session on Migration Types and Their Correlates, organized and chaired by Sidney Goldstein consisted of "Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On", by Julie Da Vanzo. "Black Migration in the Deep South, 1960-1970", by Eui Hang Shin and others. A number of other migration papers were scattered throughout the program. Among these were several on interrelationships between migration and other sociodemographic variables, including: retirement, adolescence in historical perspective, the religious factor, and fertility in the Philippines. Policies and official data received attention in presentations by George R. Demko who examined the effectiveness of population redistribution policies in Hungary. Other details are also included in the article.

This paper evaluates comparative patterns of fertility in new Hispanic destinations and established gateways using pooled cross-sectional data from the 2005-2009 microdata files of the American Community Survey. Changing Hispanic fertility provides a useful indicator of cultural incorporation. Analyses show that high fertility among Hispanics has been driven in part by the Mexican origin and other new immigrant populations ( e.g., non-citizens, those with poor English language skills, etc.). However, high fertility rates among Hispanics cannot be explained entirely by sociodemographical characteristics that place them at higher risk of fertility. For 2005-2009, Hispanic fertility rates were 48 percent higher than fertility among whites; they were roughly 25 percent higher after accounting for differences in key social characteristics, such as age, nativity, country of origin, and education. Contrary to most previous findings of spatial assimilation among in-migrants, fertility rates among Hispanics in new destinations exceeded fertility in established gateways by 18 percent. In the multivariate analyses, Hispanics in new destinations were roughly 10 percent more likely to have had a child in the past year than those living in established gateways. Results are consistent with subcultural explanations of Hispanic fertility and raise new questions about the spatial patterning of assimilation and the formation of ethnic enclaves outside traditional settlement areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using representative national surveys, this paper compares economic outcomes among Latin American migrants to Spain and the United States in the first cross-national comparison using quantitative data. Considering the geographic location and social proximity of each country with respect to Latin America, we detect a critical selection effect whereby the majority of Latin American migrants to Spain originate in South America from middle class backgrounds, whereas most migrants to the United States are Central Americans of lower class origins. This selection effect accounts for cross-national differences in the probability of employment, occupational attainment, and wages earned. Despite differences in the origins and characteristics of Latino immigrants to each country, demographic and human and social capital factors appear to operate similarly in both places; and when models are estimated separately by legal status, we find that effects are more accentuated for undocumented compared with documented migrants, especially in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does immigration hamper union organizing in the United States? The prevailing literature strongly suggests that it does and for two reasons: first, immigrants increase the labor pool and diminish union influence over the labor market. And second, immigrants may be harder to organize than native workers. In this dominant view, unions are well served to restrict immigration and have always done so. But how, then, to explain the fact that American labor has long been deeply divided over the response to immigration? Drawing on new archival research and interviews, this paper uncovers a neglected side of American labor history in which many union leaders have extended solidarity to immigrants and sought to organize them. Moreover, analysis of time series data on immigration and union density corroborates the implicit theory of this alternate account of labor history: immigration has, in fact, no statistically significant effect - either positive or negative - on union density over time. Depending on specific conditions and strategies, unions can and have been successful in organizing during periods of high immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration is an important population dynamic at work in the U.S., but we know little about its impact on American obesity. Built on nutrition transition and immigration theories, this paper provides explanations for immigrants’ initial body composition advantage, its partial erosion over time, and the gender difference in the erosion. We find evidence that the American obesity epidemic would be much more severe without the mass immigration that began in 1965. In addition to confirming the erosion in immigrants’ body composition advantage, we further find that this erosion is weaker for men than for women. Once immigration’s impact is teased out, racial/ethnic disparities in body composition greatly differ from what we observe. This study provides gender-specific estimates for the differences in obesity by nativity and residence duration and the net level of Hispanic-white and Asian-white disparities at the mean body mass index (BMI) as well as the overweight, Stage-1, and Stage-2 obesity cutoffs. Our findings suggest that immigration must be taken into account when addressing public health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding why some national-origin groups excel in school while others do not is an enduring sociological puzzle. This paper examines whether the degree of immigrants' educational selectivity -- that is, how immigrants differ educationally from non-migrants in the home country -- influences educational outcomes among groups of immigrants' children. This study uses published international data and U.S. Census and Current Population Survey data on 32 immigrant groups to show that as immigrants' educational selectivity increases, the college attainment of the second generation also increases. Moreover, the more positive selection of Asian immigrants helps explain their second generations' higher college attendance rates as compared to Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Latinos. Thus, the findings suggest that inequalities in relative pre-migration educational attainments among immigrants are often reproduced among the next generation in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on problems with the definition and empirical identification of immigrant first and second generations in the United States. These loosely conceived aggregates are decomposed into a typology of distinct generational cohorts defined by age and life stage at migration for the foreign born and by parental nativity for the U.S. born. Differences in educational and occupational attainment and in language and other aspects of acculturation are then examined to consider whether the practice of "lumping" these generational cohorts together, or "splitting" them into distinctive units of analysis, is empirically supported by available evidence. The paper concludes with some thoughts on data needs and methodological considerations in the study of immigrant generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, debate over immigration policy in the United States has been growing in its intensity. From positions across the political spectrum, numerous politicians, journalists, and academics have been calling for tighter control of American borders. One frequently made argument for restricting immigration is that such reform is necessary in order to protect an especially vulnerable segment of the African-American community from competition with newly arrived immigrants (for example, see Lamm and Imholf, 1985:154-155, 241; Brimelow, 1995:11; Lind, 1995:71-72, 256, 319-321; Beck, 1996; Bouvier and Grant, 1994; 19-21, 93-94; Briggs, 1994). Given the prevalence of this concern, it is somewhat surprising how little attention has been given to black's own attitudes towards immigration policy. This paper seeks to uncover these attitudes. The findings reported here reveal a largely unappreciated complexity in this aspect of African-American history and life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares characteristics of recent immigrant arrivals in the United States using two measures from the decennial U.S. census: the came-to-stay question and the migration question. We show that a little under 30 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1985-1990 on the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample were resident in the United States on April 1, 1985. A similar analysis of the 1980 census reveals that 22 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1975-1980 lived in the United States on April 1, 1975. Thus among recent arrivals, defined as those who reported they came to stay in the quinquennium preceding the census, a large number were resident in the United States five years before the census date. Furthermore, the proportion of recent arrivals present in the United States five years before the census increased between 1975-1980 and 1985-1990. We show that the profile of recent arrivals is sensitive to their migration status. Generally, in both the 1975-1980 and 1985-1990 cohorts, those resident in the United States five years before the census have significantly less schooling and lower incomes than those who were abroad. Accordingly, we argue that estimates of the skill levels and hourly wages of recent arrivals to the United States vary with the way arrival is measured. Researchers who rely on Public Use samples of the U.S. census for their data should be aware that the year of entry question implies a broader definition of arrival than the migration question. We caution that immigration researchers should consider the idea of arrival more carefully to help distinguish newcomers from the resident foreign born. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the changes in the occupational allocation of native and foreign-born women between 1970 and 1980 and decomposes the observed changes into an industry shift, and intra-industry occupational recomposition shift, and an interaction of these two main effects. Our finding that the allocation of immigrant women into two blue-collar occupations (laborers and farm laborers) and immigrant men into four blue-collar occupations (operatives, service workers, laborers and farm laborers) increased at a faster rate than the growth of the immigrant workforce indicates the advancement of a process of occupational succession whereby immigrants are channeled into jobs vacated by domestic workers. This interpretation is particularly suggested for the expansion of immigrant workers in the operative (men only) and farm laborer (both men and women) occupations because employment has declined continuously in these job categories since World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to assess the current state of our knowledge about the socio-economic and motivational characteristics of Puerto Rican migrants to, and from, the United States mainland. Focusing on these characteristics of the migrants makes it possible to determine the significance of the migration for Puerto Rico, by indicating which population segments the Island is losing, and gaining. It also enables one to see the significance of the move for the migrants themselves. Perhaps a social mobility process is involved, in which the more motivated migrate to the mainland to improve their socio-economic status, and the most successful return to Puerto Rico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents information on the activities of various organizations working in the field of population studies. The Center for Population Research of the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development has planned a workshop on "U.S. Immigration: Research Perspectives" on May 16-18, 1977. The workshop aims to assess present knowledge as to the magnitude, characteristics, and impact of immigration into the United States, the adequacy of current data sources, what research needs to be done at the macro- and micro-levels, and how such research might be undertaken in order to provide a better basis for making population projections and a more adequate base for informed policy. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission is planning to sponsor a conference on African American history in Pennsylvania. The Commission is particularly interested in receiving papers that investigate African-American migration to cities and subsequent settlement in the urban environment.