Search

A number of studies acknowledge the role of a liminal legal status as well as geopolitical factors in constituting a demand for an alternative citizenship. Less is known about the effects of war or political turmoil in countries of nationality for populations who live outside those countries in places with little or no permanent settlement paths. This paper takes the case of Syrian nationals born and raised in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to explore the impact of war in Syria on their considerations about, and for some, experiences of, migration, including through asylum-seeking in Europe. It argues that this migration is less about relocation to the "West" and more about a solution to restrictions tied to their liminality in the UAE, as well as their citizenship by birth. By pursuing "stronger" passports from elsewhere, they seek an ability to choose where they live — including the option to stay "home" in the UAE or maintain links there. This paper introduces the notion of circumstantial citizenship to better understand how, when, and for whom citizenship matters in restrictive migration contexts. By engaging with key debates in migration studies, such as volition, alternatives, and options, circumstantial citizenship conceptualizes people's complex journeys as they navigate liminality, changing conditions, international borders, and limited resources to access the long-term security of a better passport. Findings provide significant insights into the role of restrictive migration policies in shaping the value and meaning of citizenship and driving onward migration in complex ways today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about Canada's Green Paper on Immigration Policy. Minister of Manpower and Immigration, the Honorable Robert Andras, finally tabled the Canadian government's Green Paper on immigration policy, in the House of Commons on February 3, 1975. Canadian governments produce green papers in order to initiate a national discussion on particular issues, and white papers when they wish to make specific policy proposals, often leading to legislation. It examines the contents of Canada's Green Paper and to reflect upon the circumstances in which it was written and on the implications it may have for the future development of our immigration policy and programs. Throughout the post-war period, Canadian immigration policy has had very short-term objectives, although there has always been an underlying assumption that immigration meant population growth and that this was what Canada needed. The motivation of the Canadian government in setting up a task force-the Canadian Immigration and Population Study-in September 1973 to produce a Green Paper on immigration and population growth.

The article provides information on some of the systematic studies of migration in Africa. The causes and rationalization of migrations have been elaborated upon by geographers and economists in relation to agricultural, industrial-development and urbanization. The article includes works, methods and theories specific to African migrations including analytical models and techniques. It includes studies related to the causes and factors which sustain African migrations. It comprises works intended to show migration differentials, characteristics of migrants--age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational and occupational patterns. The article lists the effect of migration on the source areas and destinations. It includes issues related to depopulation, dislocation and adjustment to conditions created by migration. Some of the studies enlisted are "Migrant Urban Workers, and Rural Property Ownership: A Case Study of Migrants in Calabar, Nigeria," by E.M. Abasiekong; "Population Growth and Socio-economic Change in West Africa," edited by J.C. aldwell; and "Movement of Population from Rural to Urban Areas in Sierra Leone With Special Reference to the Colony Rural Areas," by G.R. Collings.

This paper examines the regulatory regimes surrounding the operations of intermediaries who facilitate Ethiopian women's employment as contract domestic workers in the Middle East. Drawing on empirical research in Ethiopia, Lebanon, and Kuwait, the paper focuses on the commonly observed problem of "regulatory failure," as states and international agencies frequently fail to achieve their objectives in the regulation of intermediaries of migration. This paper argues that a decentered approach to regulation can provide a productive diagnosis of regulatory failure, one that recognizes how power may be dispersed between social actors and (non-unitary) state actors and how it is differentially exercised across multiple regulatory regimes within this migration trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Gap," "split," and "divide" are just a few among many words used in publicizing the divergence of literature on internal and international migration. In this paper, we empirically test what has so far been just a conjecture. Using Web of Science data and bibliometric techniques, we, first, provide quantitative measures of the size of the proclaimed gap. Second, we inquire into the existing conceptual overlap between the two strands of academic literature. Third, we search for channels through which research on internal and international migration can potentially blend into becoming a single, more holistic area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in social and development theory. However, the classical opposition between pessimistic and optimistic views is challenged by empirical evidence pointing to the heterogeneity of migration impacts. By integrating and amending insights from the new economics of labor migration, livelihood perspectives in development studies and transnational perspectives in migration studies – which share several though as yet unobserved conceptual parallels – this paper elaborates the contours of a conceptual framework that simultaneously integrates agency and structure perspectives and is therefore able to account for the heterogeneous nature of migration-development interactions. The resulting perspective reveals the naivety of recent views celebrating migration as self-help development “from below”. These views are largely ideologically driven and shift the attention away from structural constraints and the vital role of states in shaping favorable conditions for positive development impacts of migration to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the association between migration and gender roles measured by women’s paid work. The main migrant group of this study, its context and the method of analysis provide opportunity to meet this objective appropriately. The paper focuses on female migrants from the Middle East and North Africa region, who are often characterized by traditional gender roles including women’s low rates of paid work. The residing country of this migrant group is Australia, which holds different gender roles including women’s high work participation rate. Accordingly, the multivariate results of this paper provide empirical evidence to examine the effects of migration on gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the differences associated with the patterns and determinants of women's market employment by migration status and ethnic origin. Considering “ethnic employment” as an important issue in the immigrant labor market assimilation approach and migrants’ success in the labor market as a key indication of their settlement in the host country, the results of this paper provide a basis to reassess the patterns and determinants associated with the settlement of female migrants in the multiethnic and multicultural labor market of Australia as “a particularly interesting society in which to examine how immigrant women adapt to [a] new labour market” ( Evans, 1984 :1063). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an empirical assessment of the prevalence and determinants of cross-state social exchanges and attachments among Latin American immigrants living in the United States. As we shall show, using data from a recent survey of Latin American migrants living in the United States, migrant cross-state social action comes in a variety of types, with the direction of conditioning factors differing from one type to another. Moreover, social and political incorporation in the United States reduces affective ties and provision of material support, all the while facilitating other forms of cross-state social action. Consequently, while international migrants regularly engage in trans-state social action, the paper shows that neither transnational ism as condition of being, nor transmigrants, as distinctive class of people, is commonly found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data drawn from the 2000 US and the 2001 Canadian Censuses, this paper analyzes the onward emigration of Canadian immigrants to the US between 1995 and 2000. The characteristics of an estimated 48,336 Canadian immigrants who made an onward emigration from Canada to the United States are examined. This paper also seeks to determine whether onward foreign-born emigrants are representative of immigrants in Canada and Canadian-born emigrants to the US. Results indicate that onward emigrants are primarily young, married, possess a bachelor's degree, earn incomes of $100,000 US or greater, and reside in large immigrant-receiving states and metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper two gaps in North American immigrant homeownership research are addressed. The first concerns the lack of studies (especially in Canada) that identify changes in homeownership rates by skin color over time, and the second relates to the shortage of comparative research between Canada and the United States on this topic. In this paper the homeownership levels and attainment rates of Black, Chinese, Filipino, White, and South Asian immigrants are compared in Canada and the United States for 1970/1971–2000/2001. For the most part, greater similarities than differences are found between the two countries. Both Canadian and U.S. Chinese and White immigrants have the highest adjusted homeownership rates of all groups, at times even exceeding comparably positioned native-born households. Black immigrants, on the other hand, tend to have the lowest ownership rates of all groups, particularly in the United States, with Filipinos and South Asians situated between these extremes. Most of these differences stem from disparities that exist at arrival, however, and not from differential advancement into homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the conference papers presented at the ninth biennial conference of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM). The IASFM conference was held January 9-13, 2005 in São Paulo, Brazil and was hosted by the Pontifical Catholic University and the Latin American Parliament. The conference featured 168 papers, primarily of applied research, presented by 200 academics, policymakers, practitioners, and government representatives. This was the first time that IASFM met in Latin America; the conference was simultaneously translated in Spanish, Portuguese, and English. The conference focused on the number of cases and causes of forced migration as well as possible repatriation of migrants. Smuggling and human trafficking was also addressed.

This article focuses on immigration in Italy. Immigrant flows and foreigners in Italy can be separated into two categories: legal and illegal foreigners. This distinction is based on the legal or illegal status of the immigrants when entering the country of destination (with or without an entry visa or the necessary papers) and during their stay (with or without a valid residence permit). Of course, entrance without the necessary papers (illegal entrance) means unlawful residence in the destination country (illegal presence), whereas a regular entrance allows for lawful residence (legal presence). During their stay, foreigners may change status. Consequently, within the illegal category it is possible to distinguish between undocumented foreigners (those entering the country illegally and staying unlawfully) and irregular foreigners (those who remained in the country without renewing their residence permits). The latter worsen their condition. Furthermore, following a legalization law, some of the illegal foreigners (both irregular and undocumented) can get valid residence permits, thus improving their condition.

Research on the reception and integration of immigrants now recognizes more explicitly the impact that characteristics of societies have as they play host to immigrants. This brief introduction to six papers -- by Kasinitz, Mollenkopf and Waters; Boyd; Model and Lin; Borjas; Martin; and Castles -- shows how they reflect a research emphasis on four inter-related features of host societies: 1) pre-existing ethnic and race relations, 2) labor markets and related institutions, 3) government policies and programs both for immigration and for broader institutional regulation, and 4) the changing nature of international boundaries, part of the process of globalization. Cultural dimensions permeate analyses of each of these four aspects. Together with others in a larger collection of 18 papers developing this theme (scheduled for publication as a book by the Centre for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California at San Diego), the various analyses suggest elements useful in constructing a theory of immigrant reception and incorporation taking proper account of the impact of host societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section offers a look at the papers presented at the three seminars organized by the French Institute for International Relations with the support of Ford Foundation in 2000 and 2001 about international migration. Emilio Reyneri and Maria Bagan provided an overview of the migratory situation in southern Europe, inclusive of Greece, Portugal, Italy and Spain. They warn against oversimplification of migration processes in southern Europe and hold that migratory movements to each of the four countries are quite unique. Bernabé Lopez Garcia described the rapid transition of Spain from a land of emigration to a land of immigration by the 1980s. He regards the 1985 law adopted shortly before Spain's accession to the then European community as dysfunctional, overly restrictive with regard to the rights of immigrants and as unlikely to favor integration of immigrants. Like France, but unlike Spain and Italy, Belgium has a long history of immigration. Octavia Schmidt di Friedberg's contribution focused on the Moroccan population of Italy. Muslims now comprise the second largest religious group in Italy and the nearly 120,000 legally resident Moroccans constituted the single largest population of foreigners. Daniele Joly's paper explored how evolving policies toward refugees and asylum-seekers were affecting citizenship.

This paper demonstrates that, since 1945, migration policies have overall become less restrictive. Challenging common assumptions, this long-term trend is robust across most of the 45 countries included in the DEMIG POLICY database. While the period after 1989 is characterized by a slowing down of the rapid post-WWII liberalization of migration policies, liberal policy changes have continued to outnumber restrictive policy changes until today. Yet policy developments differ across policy types and migrant categories: Entry and integration policies have become less restrictive, while border control and exit policies have become more restrictive. Also, while policies towards irregular migrants and family migrants have been tightened in recent years, less restrictive changes have dominated policies targeting high- and low-skilled workers, students, and refugees. The essence of modern migration policies is thus not their growing restriction, but their focus on migrant selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that, since 1945, migration policies have overall become less restrictive. Challenging common assumptions, this long-term trend is robust across most of the 45 countries included in the DEMIG POLICY database. While the period after 1989 is characterized by a slowing down of the rapid post-WWII liberalization of migration policies, liberal policy changes have continued to outnumber restrictive policy changes until today. Yet policy developments differ across policy types and migrant categories: Entry and integration policies have become less restrictive, while border control and exit policies have become more restrictive. Also, while policies towards irregular migrants and family migrants have been tightened in recent years, less restrictive changes have dominated policies targeting high- and low-skilled workers, students, and refugees. The essence of modern migration policies is thus not their growing restriction, but their focus on migrant selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of migration policies has been widely contested. However, because of methodological and conceptual limitations, evidence has remained inconclusive. Moreover, prior studies focus on the effects of policies on inflows and fail to assess the simultaneous effect of policies on outflows. This is essential from a theoretical point of view as immigration restrictions may reduce both inflows and outflows and, hence, overall circulation. This renders the effect of immigration restrictions on net migration theoretically ambiguous. To fill this gap, and using unique migration and visa data from the Determinants of International Migration ( DEMIG) project, this paper assesses the short- and long-term effects of travel visa policy regimes on bilateral immigration and emigration dynamics. The results suggest that travel visa policies significantly decrease inflows, but this effect is undermined by decreasing outflows of the same migrant groups. This confirms that migration restrictions decrease circulation and tend to encourage long-term settlement, and thereby sharply reduce the responsiveness of migration to economic fluctuations in destination and origin societies. We also identify asymmetric policy effects with migration flows declining only very gradually after a visa introduction but increasing almost immediately after visa removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the traditional distinction between the migration of refugees and labor migrants in the context of Iranian asylum seekers in the Netherlands. The empirical strategy adopted is to apply a framework designed specifically to explain labor migration to the case of asylum migration, and the social networks approach is identified as the most appropriate. This paper examines the role of social networks through the asylum cycle, focusing on the decision to migrate, the choice of destination, and adaptation in the host society. The key conclusion is that the validity of the distinction between refugee and labor migration varies through the asylum cycle even for the same individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the research papers presented by Rainer Bauböck and Bhikhu Parekh regarding minorities and immigrants' rights which appeared in the Spring 1996 issue of International Migration Review. The excellent papers by Parekh and Bauböck try to rebut arguments that immigrants have weaker claims to cultural liberty and preservation than other sorts of minorities. Parekh recommends a right to dialogue over immigrant practices that mainstreamers find offensive. And Bauböck defends a broad claim to cultural recognition for immigrant groups which cashes out in specific rights to liberties, nondiscrimination, assistance in cultural preservation, and special representation. The sort of dialogue Parekh proposes is very attractive, and his discussions of how such dialogues might go in specific cases are very illuminating. Unfortunately, the sorts of dialogue that Parekh would like mainstreamers to have with minorities are very difficult to arrange and conduct. Parekh treats human rights as if they are competitors to the sort of dialogue he recommends, and thus gives several arguments in support of their dismissal. The author claims to have two worries about the theory of Parekh. First, he does not see that universal human rights are in competition with urging dialogue over minority group practices that mainstreamers find offensive. His second concern is that Parekh's criticisms of universal human rights, if sound, will undermine the attractive values on which he bases his own case for dialogue.

An awareness of the growing importance of the Chinese overseas was recognized in convening the major conference Luodi-shenggen: The Legal Political and Economic Status of Chinese in Diaspora, which was held in San Francisco, California in November 1992. The organizing committee had designated five major themes around which participants could write their papers. Panels were created around these themes, with additional panels developed around topics that emerged as being of concern as planning for the conference progressed. Concern tended to center around the general issues of overseas Chinese communities and, in particular, the origin and structure of new Chinatowns. In total, over 140 papers were presented encompassing these themes during the three days of the conference. Just under half of the papers were presented in Chinese and the rest in English. The sessions on business relations devoted much attention to the strategies of Chinese entrepreneurs within both local and regional contexts. The sessions on migration covered the gamut from theoretical, global aspects of the Chinese diaspora to local dimensions of the Chinese migrant and criminal law. Particular attention was focused on two of the main destinations of migration such as Australia and Canada.

The article presents information on the 17th Pacific Science Association's seminar on migration held from May 27-June 1,1991 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Twenty researchers presented nineteen papers. The Symposium was divided into four sections, commencing with a session of four papers offering overviews of various facets of migration. Researcher Jerrold W. Huguet considered the future of international migration within Asia, noting the complexity of Asian intraregional migration and the large numbers involved, as relatively low-skilled laborers seek work in neighboring and wealthier countries. Researcher Ronald Skeldon examined the mobility transition in Asia, taking current theories and assessing their utility part of a demographic transition and the modernization process, since these take place increasingly within a world system. Southeast Asian migration issues were discussed by researcher Aurapin Bunnag who spoke on migration patterns and development policy in Bangkok. In conclusion, researcher Riwanto Tirtosudarmo ended the program with an examination of the specific case of transmigration policy and regional development in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia.

This article presents information on research papers, articles and books on migration. The research paper titled "The Number of Illegal Migrants of Mexican Origin in the United States: Sex Ratio-Based Estimates for 1980," reports the results of applying a sex ratio-based method to estimate the number of undocumented Mexicans residing in the United States in 1980. The approach centers on a comparison between the hypothetical sex ratio one would expect to find in Mexico in the absence of emigration to the U.S. and the sex ratio that is in fact reported in the preliminary counts from the 1980 Mexican Census. Another report "Population Change and California's Future," by L.F. Bouvier and P. Martin, looks at how demographic changes, particularly in immigration and fertility, have affected and will continue to affect every segment of California's population. As a result of continued very low fertility and high levels of immigration, the state is both aging and becoming increasingly heterogeneous in its composition.

This article presents information on research papers, articles an books on immigration. The paper "Illegal Aliens and Economic Development," by D. Cabral, discusses illegal Mexican migrant laborers and the economic development projects in the Mexican communities from which they had emigrated that, as a result of successful American Farm Workers labor actions, were funded by the farms on which the laborers worked. The book "Ethnicity, Class and Gender in Australia," studies the impact of immigration on Australian society and the fragmentation that has developed along ethnic, class and gender tines. It offers a critique of policy and practices of multiculturalism, backed up by evidence from the experiences and research of the various authors. Another book "Racial and Ethnic Competition," by M. Banton, formulates principles that govern the development of relations between racial and ethnic groups everywhere, drawing upon case studies from all over the world. The arguments which organize this mass evidence are taken from a rational choice theory of behavior, combining elements from modern economics with older sociological interpretations.

The article presents information about "International Newsletter on Migration." "The International Newsletter on Migration," is a publication of the Research Committee on Migration of the International Sociological Association. During the 15th Pacific Science Congress of February 1982, a series of papers on "Mobility Identity and Policy" was presented alongside a second series of papers on urbanization in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, in a session convened by sociologist R. Bedford. In addition to this, this article presents names of editors and other officials of the newsletter.

The article presents a list of books and papers on the topics discussed in the September 1981 issue of the journal "International Migration Review." Some of the books in the list include, "German-American Bibliography for 1979 with Supplements for 1971-1978," edited by S.M. Benjamin, "The Return and Re-Return of Long-Term Puerto Rican Migrants: A Selective Rural-Urban Sample," by G.T. Ashton, "The Second Generation of Migrants in Europe: Sodal and Demographic Aspects," by G. Beyer, "Immigration by State and Race in Response to Elements of Change in Employment," by L.R. Carter, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York, August 1980.

Since the 1950s, international migration in Latin America has been transformed from immigration from extra-regional sources, to migration among countries within Latin America itself. While this shift has been noted in the literature, its systematic study remains in its infancy. This paper provides an overview of the literature dealing with international migration in Latin America, and it addresses problems with transit and census data for the region. In addition, the main themes of the other papers of this issue are introduced and several lines of needed research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the meeting held. The International Newsletter on Migration is a publication of the Research Committee on Migration, International Sociological Association. The annual meeting of the Population Association of America, held April 13-15, 1978 in Atlanta, Georgia, included its usual share of migration papers. A session on Migration Types and Their Correlates, organized and chaired by Sidney Goldstein consisted of "Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On", by Julie Da Vanzo. "Black Migration in the Deep South, 1960-1970", by Eui Hang Shin and others. A number of other migration papers were scattered throughout the program. Among these were several on interrelationships between migration and other sociodemographic variables, including: retirement, adolescence in historical perspective, the religious factor, and fertility in the Philippines. Policies and official data received attention in presentations by George R. Demko who examined the effectiveness of population redistribution policies in Hungary. Other details are also included in the article.

This paper examines the adjustment of migrants to Surabaya with respect to occupation and housing characteristics. Surabaya, the second largest in Indonesia after Jakarta, had a population of 1.5 million in 1971. Between 1961 and 1971, Surabaya grew at an annual rate of 4.3 percent, but much of this growth was due to annexation of adjacent districts. The growth within constant 1961 boundaries was only 2.8 percent per year compared to 4.6 percent for Jakarta and even higher rates for capital cities in other Asian countries. However, of the total growth to Surabaya within constant boundaries, net migration has been estimated to account for 44 percent, with natural increase accounting for the rest (derived from Speare, 1976, Table 1). Surabaya's position as a provincial capital, its lower growth rate, and probably slower development make the results of this study of adjustment an interesting comparison relative to the three other capital cities represented in this group of papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on various meetings and conferences related to migration. The Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association was held in Chicago, Illinois from August 15-18, 1977. Three of the papers!on that program may be of interest to migration scholars. They are "A Modified Census Survival Ratio Method for the Estimation of Intercensal Net Internal Migration," by Alexander Mazurkewycz; "White Flight and Central City Loss: Application of an Analytic Migration Framework," by William H. Frey and "Counting the Uncountable Illegals" by Clarise Lancaster and Fritz Scheure. The 1977 General Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population was held in Mexico City, Mexico, from August 8-13, 1977. One formal session, organized by R. Tabbarah, was devoted to International Migration and National Population Policies. Solicited papers included "Major International Population Movements and Policies: An Historical Review," by R.T. Appleyard; "The Migration of Workers from Poor to Rich Countries: Facts, Problems, Policies," by W.R. Bohning and "The Brain-Drain Controversy," by A. Zahlan. Several other formal sessions included solicited papers which examined some facet of migration.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to migration that were published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "Social Assimilation Among American Catholic National-Origin Groups,"by R.D. Alba. The current resurgence of interest in white ethnicity largely has taken the form of asserting the continued vitality of ethnic communities. Current scholars well-known distinction between acculturation and social or structural assimilation, acknowledge the great extent of acculturation but maintain that, nonetheless, social assimilation has not taken place. This paper, using data about Catholic national-origin groups in the early 1960s, finds little support for these present assertions of ethnic vitality. Another paper discussed is "Law and Migration in the Sudan 1900 to 1977," by G.A. Balamoan. This study examines the role and consequences of government policies in determining the scale of international immigration and the ethnic composition of the Sudan. It describes how a small group of British Imperial Administrators laid down and implemented a series of policy interventions between 1899 and 1956 which facilitated the immigration and settlement of many millions of West African immigrants in the Sudan. While this immigration was caused in part by other pull and also by push factors, West African immigration during this period can be construed as serving the purposes of the British Imperial Government in the Sudan.

This paper describes the recent trends in migration throughout the Middle East, identifying the major implications of this movement, and isolating the critical policy issues for both Egypt and other Arab states. The author argues that international migration in the Middle East harbors political and economic effects that may be potentially explosive. It is demonstrated that current migration related policies may be counter-productive for all parties concerned. This paper highlights the emergence of new issues in Middle East politics without attempting a detailed analysis of their many facets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an analysis of the Strange Farmers of the Gambia who represent one of the oldest labor migration systems in West Africa. Exploring the formation and continuance of the Strange Farmer system, this paper uses the Gambian Sample Survey of Agriculture, which followed the Population Census of 1973, to present an assessment of the numbers farming, their origins and their distribution within the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on several congresses and conventions related to migration research in the United States. It is informed that the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America was held in St. Louis, Missouri from April 21-23, 1977. Three sessions of the meeting were devoted exclusively to migration. Monica Boyd organized a session on Studies in Migration which included papers by Charles B. Keely and Ellen P. Kraly on the impact of recent net alien immigration to the United States on population growth and native fertility; Peter Grandstaff on an empirical examination of migration determinants in the Soviet Union; Robert Bach on migration and fertility in Malaysia; Larry Long and Kristin Hansen on models of return, repeat, and primary migration by age and race; and Julie DaVanzo on a longitudinal analysis of migrants who return. Other papers on migration appeared throughout the three-day program. Lilia Hernandez compared socioeconomic aspects of the urbanization of Spanish origin immigrants in the United States. The Association of American Geographers, meeting in Salt Lake City, Utah from April 24-27, 1977, showed even more interest in migration. Five sessions were reserved for migration.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to migration that are published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "The Great Escape: Women and Migration in the Aveyron," by S.C. Rogers. This paper illustrates the value of research in the study of women and migration as an examination of the strategical and structural aspects of the migration process through the description of a rural-urban migratory situation in which women initiated the migratory process. The author examines the reason for this migration and the impact of the migration on the social organization of the sending community. This paper was written in response and refutation to an article by Anthony Leeds in the Anthropological. Another paper discussed is "Mobilized and Proletarian Diasporas," by J.A. Armstrong. Using an exchange model, this paper examines two ethnic groups, mobilized and proletarian diasporas, in a broad range of modernizing politics. The salient dimensions of myth, communications networks, and, role differentiation permit one to distinguish these groups analytically over a long time period, and to subdivide the mobilized diasporas into archetypal diasporas and situational diasporas. The latter are politically detached elements of a great society, whereas the homeland of the archetypal diaspora is symbolically significant as a major component of the diaspora's sacral myth.

This article presents information regarding the Fourth World Congress of Rural Sociology which was held jointly with the Ninth European Congress of Rural Sociology in Torun, Poland, August 9-13, 1976. Papers at the congress dealt with the relationship between migration and other factors-socioprofessional mobility, urban poverty, and social conditions of rural youth. The processes of assimilation and adjustment received attention as well. Migration was also a major topic at the meetings of the Rural Sociological Society, held in nonrural New York City on August 26-29, 1976. One session, chaired by Earl Morris was concerned exclusively with migration. Other sessions at the August 30-September 3 meetings of the American Sociological Association included papers dealing with migration as well. Remi Clignet was the organizer of a session on "International and Intranational Migrations." Papers presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science Seminar on Women in Development, held in Mexico City in June 1975 just prior to the World Conference of the International Women's Year, are now available in paperback from the Overseas Development Council.

This article presents information regarding the papers on international migration. One of the papers is joint Turkish-Dutch research project which examines the social and economic effects of international labor migration, on both the migrants and those they left behind, in an underdeveloped region in Central Anatolia. another paper says that settlement work in Minneapolis followed the national pattern of playing down the ethnic differences of its recipients in an effort to bring about neighborhood and national unity, Americanization. The problem for the 1970's is the converse emphasis and retention of ethnic identity. It examines the relationship between type of neighborhood, squatter settlement or slum, and migrant attitudes and behavior. It finds "moderate support" for the theory that settlements provide, in some measure, more satisfaction and impetus to advance than do the slums. Rent-free housing and the chance to invest in home improvements are "to some degree responsible" for the relatively better position of the settlement inhabitant.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to the migration that were published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "Gentility: A French-Canadian Community in the Minnesota Red River Valley," by V. Berroit. The history of the settlement of French Canadians in Gentility, a township in Polk County in the Red River Valley of North-Western Minnesota. "For the most part, French Canadian immigrants remained culturally and spiritually faithful to a socio-ecclesiastical structure and that not only gave them individual independence by being basically rural, but assured them of their survival as a group by virtue of its village-like character. Another paper discussed is "Immigration Policies and Trends: A Comparison of Canada and the United States," by M. Byod. This paper discusses recent migration to North America with reference to the 1962 and 1967 Canadian immigration regulations and the 1965 U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act. Despite the similar emphasis on manpower and kinship criteria as the basis for the admission of immigrants, differences between Canada and the U.S. exist with respect to the importance of immigration for the respective economies, the organization of immigration, the formal regulations, and the size and composition of migrant streams.

The article presents information about the papers and books published covering issues related to migration. The paper "Prisoners in Exile: Senegalese Workers in France," by A. Adams shows that African American workers in France form the Senegal River Valey cannot be considered marginal. The causes of Tukulor migration mirror the contradictions of present-day Senegal. The situation of Senegalese workers in France, and indeed of all African American workers there, can thus be seen as the direct outcome of the relations between France and her former African dependencies. It also presents information about the paper "Migrants and Comuneros: Hacienda Migrants in a Peasant Community:" by S.B. Brush. In many peasant communities in the Peruvian Andes, migrants from surrounding haciendas play a significant role. This paper focuses on the migrants from several haciendas who now live in one peasant community, Uchucmarca, in northeastern Peru. Considered are the adaptations of migrants within the peasant community and the response of the community to the migrants, as well as the role of migrants in the larger regional context of community-hacienda relations.

The article presents a study on the contribution of Immigration to United States population growth from 1790 to 1970. There is currently widespread interest in the size and rate of increase of the United States population and in the demographic requirements for achieving zero population growth. The primary purpose of this paper is to present such estimates for the 180-year period covered by the decennial censuses of population and for all intercensal segments of this span, which range in length from one decade to 170 years. The secondary purpose of this paper is to indicate the relevance of these findings to the contribution of future immigration to United States population growth. A methodology is developed and tested for estimating end-of-a-period population attributable to the population present at the beginning of a period and attributable to net immigration during a period. The demographic factors are so variable and the social, economic, and political implications are so indeterminate that the contribution of immigration to United States population growth in the 1790-1970 period has no obvious relevance to the contribution of future immigration to United States population growth.

The article presents information on various papers related to migration in North America, published in different journals. One of the papers titled "Ethnic Pluralism in the Connecticut Central City," aims to provide some hard facts on the ethnic groups who reside in three of Connecticut's largest cities--Hartford, Bridgeport, and New Haven. In another paper "Blood Pressure Changes Among Male Navaho Migrants to an Urban Environment," comparative data on systolic and diastolic blood pressures were obtained on male Navahos before and after migration from a rural to an urban environment. Both measures were significantly higher after migration. Various possible causes such as, change in altitude, saturated fat intake and age, are eliminated. The paper titled "Immigrant Ethnicity in a Changing Politics: Chicago From Progressivism to FDR," describes immigrant political behavior, especially voting and points out some causes of this behavior, specifically, those forces which resulted in strong ethnic Democratic voting by the end of the 1920's.

The article presents information on various papers related to migration in Europe, published in different journals. One of the papers titled "Cart Before the Horse," presents differences between the present British Government and the Select Committee on Immigration and Race Relations on the Control of Commonwealth immigration. Another paper "Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in France," suggests that besides the race determinant, other factors such as the history of colonization, length of stay, educational level and industrial experience before migration, all seem equally important in accounting for the relative positions of the different immigrant groups in France. The paper titled "Migration of Population in East-Central Europe, 1939-1955," reports that despite initial difficulties, the process of integration is very much advanced. In spite of early fears and prophecies, in the long run the fabric of this part of Europe has not been weakened by great migrations but rather brought to greater stability. The paper deals with movements based on political decisions often independent of the interests and desires of the groups involved. Thus it was a forced political migration, although in many cases compulsion was indirect.

The article presents information on various papers related to migration, published in different journals. One of the papers titled "Group Cohesiveness, Ethnic Organization, and Poverty," gives a selective tour of some experiments and field studies of group cohesiveness, and of the effects of ethnic and religious group cohesiveness and organization in current and historic populations. Another paper "Urban Racial Minorities and Immigrant Groups: Some Economic Comparisons," explains differences in economic performance to six racially distinctive minorities. It is found that the performance of these minorities does not conform well to the immigrant model. The paper titled "A Survey of the Effects of Contact Between European and Maori in the Foveau Strait Region," presents a study of post-contact culture change in a specific part of the South Island between 1773-1850. The contact was due to a mutual interest in trading commodities, it is suggested. In due course, assimilation of economic practices led to a series of coherent changes in the social, technological and economic aspects of the Maori socio-cultural system, which can be documented historically.

The article presents a list of research papers published in the March 1971 issue of the journal "The International Migration Review." One of the research papers are "Ausreisefreiheit" by D.D. Hartman which analyses the juridical and humanitarian problems which stem from the principle of freedom to temporarily or definitely leave one's country. Another paper includes "Italians and Australians in the Ovens Valley Area," by D.E. Phillips which presents a community study of a rural area of Victoria with particular reference to the position of Italian migrants within the community. The community of the Ovens Valley is described with respect to economic, structural, demographic and ecological aspects. A discussion of the link between structural assimilation and acculturation is carried out in behavioural terms. The paper "Current Status of Former Jewish Refugees in Melbourne" analyzes the correct status of Jewish refugees in Melbourne, 10 to 30 years after their arrival in Australia. The analysis of the Jewish refugees take into account their economic and social integration, educational achievements, perception of anti-semitism, social relations, identification as Jews and attitudes to politics.

The article presents information on several research papers about immigration in specific geographic areas that appeared in various publications. The paper "Ethnology and the Peace of South Asia," by W. Connor studies the relevance of ethnology for international politics. The article "A Multivariate Analysis of the Internal Migratory Characteristics of the Towns of Hungary," by P. Compton deals with a statistical explanation using regression analysis of migration characteristics. The article "The Distribution and Concentration of Immigrants in London," by J. Doherty analyses the immigrant groups in London, England.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to migration in North America. One of the papers discussed is "Interstate Migration of Labor-Force Age Population," by David F. Bramhall and Herrington J. Bryce. The authors find that migration from a state is closely linked to the size of population by age groups rather than to economic conditions. Immigration rates into states, on the other hand, are importantly determined by employment opportunities. Other findings are that the propensity of non-whites of labor-force age to migrate is less than that of whites, and whites are generally more responsive to changes in employment opportunities among states than are non-whites. Another paper discussed is "An Analysis of the Determinants of Geographic Labor Mobility in the United States," by Michael J. Greenwood. The study aims to estimate the magnitudes of each of several factors influencing interstate migration over the period 1955-1960. Multiple regression analysis was used on several variables, which might reasonably be expected to explain the movements, which occurred. The most unique explanatory variable employed is the migrant stock, that is, the number of persons born in State i and living in State j. Failure to include the migrant stock variable in the estimated relationships causes the true direct effect of most other variables to be obscured.

The article presents a list of books and papers related to the post-war immigrants in Canada. Some of the books are "Canada's Immigration Policy," by D.C. Corbett, "With Faith and Thanksgiving: The Story of Two Hundred Years of Jewish Immigration and Immigrant Aid Effort in Canada," by J. Kage, "Land of Choice: Hungarians in Canada," by J. Kosa, "The Redeemed Children," by B. Lappin, "Planned Migration: The Social Determinants of the Dutch-Canadian Movement," by W. Petersen, "The Vertical Mosaic," by J. Porter and "Post-War Immigrants in Canada," by A.H. Richmond. Some of the papers enlisted are "Group Formation Among Immigrants: Criteria and Process," by R. Breton and M. Pinard, "A Sociological Perspective on Immigrant Adjustment," by F.E. Jones, "Attitudes Towards Immigrants in a Canadian Community," by F.E. Jones and W.E. Lambert, "Immigrant Psychology: Reactions Caused by Changes of Environment," by V.J. Kaye and "Attitudes of Leaders of Immigrant and Ethnic Societies in Vancouver Towards Integration in Canadian Life," by D.J. Lawless.

This article presents various papers related to the North American demography, which were published in different journals. The paper "Migration, Location and Remuneration of Medical Personnel: Physicians and Dentists," by L. Benham, A. Maurizi and M.W. Reder was published in the August 1958 issue of the journal "The Review of Economics and Statistics." The article "The Political Theory of Pluralistic Democracy," by C.J. Burtenshaw was published in the December 1968 issue of the journal "The Western Political Quarterly." This article analyzes the theory of pluralistic democracy as it emerges from empirical study of two communities, New Haven, Connecticut and Oberlin, Ohio and contrary to their position claims that even in the American political system the purposes of the state are the ambitions or aspirations of the successful group. The paper "Migration, Politics, and Welfare," by R.A. Cloward and F. Fox Piven was published in the November 16, 1968 issue of the journal "Saturday Review."

The article presents information on various research papers which has been previously published in various journals. The research paper "Conflict, Race and System-Transformation in the United States," by Charles V. Hamilton suggests that one has to understand racial conflict in the United States as reflecting the need to change substantially the way decisions are made in this society, not the mere decisions themselves. The research paper "Elitism or Equality--Future Directions in Immigration Legislation" signifies the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which changes the direction of American Immigration policies away from nationality quotas in favor of equality before the law regardless of race, creed or place of birth. Another research paper "Beyond Community Integration and Stability: A Comparative Study of Oriental and Mennonite Children," by Minako Kurokawa discusses the cultural conflict experienced by the immigrants in the United States and Canada. The research paper "Intermarriage and the Small Town: The Jewish Case" contends that the Jew who is exogamous will dissociate himself from the Jewish community and lose his Jewish identity.

The article presents abstracts of various research papers on emigration and immigration. One of the research papers "Population Policy and Demographic Prospects in the People's Republic of China," traces the development of family limitation policies in relation to population problems, population theories, economic trends and other aspects of civil administration that seem to have influenced official decision-making. Implications for demographic prospects during the next two decades are assessed and presented quantitatively in alternate model population projections. Another article "Ethnicity in the United States: A Small Town Case," hypothesized that in the United States, the domain of ethnic identification, or nationality, is structured in a manner similar to the domain of kinship. It attempts to verify this hypothesis empirically through an analysis of cultural data collected during a year of fieldwork. The article "The Jewish Refugee Factor in American Middle Eastern Policy, 1939- 1945," analyzes American reactions to the holocaust of some six million Jews by the Nazi, with particular emphasis upon Palestine.