Search

The article presents information about Canada's Green Paper on Immigration Policy. Minister of Manpower and Immigration, the Honorable Robert Andras, finally tabled the Canadian government's Green Paper on immigration policy, in the House of Commons on February 3, 1975. Canadian governments produce green papers in order to initiate a national discussion on particular issues, and white papers when they wish to make specific policy proposals, often leading to legislation. It examines the contents of Canada's Green Paper and to reflect upon the circumstances in which it was written and on the implications it may have for the future development of our immigration policy and programs. Throughout the post-war period, Canadian immigration policy has had very short-term objectives, although there has always been an underlying assumption that immigration meant population growth and that this was what Canada needed. The motivation of the Canadian government in setting up a task force-the Canadian Immigration and Population Study-in September 1973 to produce a Green Paper on immigration and population growth.

This paper explores the structures and practices of temporary migrant worker programs (TMWP) as they operate in Canadian agriculture. Acting within highly competitive, globalized markets, agri-food employers rely on the availability of migrant workers to achieve greater flexibility in their labor arrangements, drawing on employment practices beyond those possible with a domestic workforce. Most recently, changes to Canada’s two TMWP schemes have provided employers with greater scope to shape the social composition of their workforce. The paper analyzes these changes while exploring their implications for workplace regimes in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper two gaps in North American immigrant homeownership research are addressed. The first concerns the lack of studies (especially in Canada) that identify changes in homeownership rates by skin color over time, and the second relates to the shortage of comparative research between Canada and the United States on this topic. In this paper the homeownership levels and attainment rates of Black, Chinese, Filipino, White, and South Asian immigrants are compared in Canada and the United States for 1970/1971–2000/2001. For the most part, greater similarities than differences are found between the two countries. Both Canadian and U.S. Chinese and White immigrants have the highest adjusted homeownership rates of all groups, at times even exceeding comparably positioned native-born households. Black immigrants, on the other hand, tend to have the lowest ownership rates of all groups, particularly in the United States, with Filipinos and South Asians situated between these extremes. Most of these differences stem from disparities that exist at arrival, however, and not from differential advancement into homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to the migration that were published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "Gentility: A French-Canadian Community in the Minnesota Red River Valley," by V. Berroit. The history of the settlement of French Canadians in Gentility, a township in Polk County in the Red River Valley of North-Western Minnesota. "For the most part, French Canadian immigrants remained culturally and spiritually faithful to a socio-ecclesiastical structure and that not only gave them individual independence by being basically rural, but assured them of their survival as a group by virtue of its village-like character. Another paper discussed is "Immigration Policies and Trends: A Comparison of Canada and the United States," by M. Byod. This paper discusses recent migration to North America with reference to the 1962 and 1967 Canadian immigration regulations and the 1965 U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act. Despite the similar emphasis on manpower and kinship criteria as the basis for the admission of immigrants, differences between Canada and the U.S. exist with respect to the importance of immigration for the respective economies, the organization of immigration, the formal regulations, and the size and composition of migrant streams.

The article presents a discourse about migration within Canada. The past ten years have witnessed an explosion of published research on migration. A series of review papers on the state of the knowledge may be worthwhile at this time. With specific reference to internal migration in Canada, this paper is offered as a part of the review exercise. In a short paper it is necessary to be very selective and cover topics with a broad brush. This comment applies here particularly to the analytical research on the spatial pattern of migration. Firstly, the author identifies some major questions for migration research. Then he summarizes some of the partial answers to the questions that have emerged so far in the work on Canada. Finally, the researcher will point up specific areas in which diminishing marginal returns on future research expenditures seem imminent, and other areas where much virgin territory appears to be ahead of migration analysts. In the interest of comprehensiveness, the term "migration" is used to include all residence changes, excepting those that are intendedly seasonal.

The article presents a discussion on the recent changes in the Canadian immigration regulations. The public discussions in Canada which ensued as a result of the White Paper on immigration are in a great measure responsible for the revised immigration regulations which came into force on October 1, 1967. The new regulations are based on the government White Paper. The regulations set up three categories of immigrants: sponsored, nominated and independent. Sponsorship rights previously limited in cases of applicants from certain countries, will apply on equal terms to all areas of the world, and thus, in future, as it were, no area of the world is "off limits" for sponsorship of immigrants by their relatives in Canada. This means that a close family relationship with a Canadian citizen or resident will make it easier for a potential immigrant to gain admission to Canada. For others, the current standards of education and professional skill are revised with the application of objective tests and point ratings in nine categories. Immigrants in this category, most of whom will have no relatives in Canada, will qualify for entry if they can compile 50 "assessment units" based on their education, skill, age, and six other factors.

The article presents information about an international colloquium on historical demography, which was scheduled from October 8 to 10, 1975, under the auspices of the Department of Demography of the University of Montreal and the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. The colloquium is entitled "New countries, old countries: Problems in Measuring Demographic Phenomena" and papers will deal with Third World countries and developed countries in the period prior to 1914. A session on "Selective aspects of migration", scheduled for October 9, is being organized by H. Charbonneau (Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada). The National Institute for Child Health and Human Development sponsored a conference on Population Distribution on January 29-31, 1975 at Belmont, Maryland. The following papers were presented: "Distribution of the World's Increasing Rural People and Their Potential Absorption," by Kirk H. Stone; "Population Change and Redistribution in Non-metropolitan Pennsylvania, 1940-1970," by Wilbur Zelinsky; and "Trends in Metropolitan Population Growth since 1970," by Richard L. Forstall.

This paper examines the development of inter-ethnic friendships between immigrants and Canadians. It uses longitudinal data from three waves of the Canadian LSIC survey, in which newly arrived immigrants were followed during the first 4 years of settlement. It is found that pre-migration characteristics play an important role in the development of inter-ethnic friendships: immigrants who arrive at a younger age and for economic reasons, as well as those who are highly educated and have a cross-ethnic partner at the moment of arrival, establish more inter-ethnic friendships over time. In addition, post-migration characteristics affect the formation of inter-ethnic friendships. Such friendships are more common among immigrants who embrace Canadian traditions and acquire the host-country language, as well as among those who work in international settings and inhabit ethnically mixed neighborhoods. The effects of pre-migration characteristics are partially mediated by post-migration characteristics. Our findings point out that economic, cultural, and spatial integration are all conducive to inter-ethnic friendships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine how individual-level characteristics and national context affect attitudes toward immigration. Although many previous studies have compared attitudes toward immigration across countries, little attention has been paid to how attitudes may be affected by changes within a country over time. We take advantage of seventeen national Canadian Gallup surveys to consider how differences in national economic conditions and changing immigration flows affect attitudes and changes in attitudes between 1975 and 2000. While the state of the national economy affects attitudes this is not the case for the rate of immigration. Rather than affecting some groups more than others the state of the economy has a relatively uniform effect across groups. Our results also show that far from being a continuum, being anti-immigration and being pro-immigration are qualitatively different. Interest, ideology, and the national economy affect anti-immigration sentiments, but only ideology affects pro-immigration sentiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines two issues: (1) poverty dynamics among successive cohorts of entering immigrants to Canada, and (2) whether rising educational attainment and increasing share in the “skilled” class since the early 1990s has resulted in improvements in poverty entry, exit, and chronic poverty. The entry to poverty is very high during the first year in Canada, but low in subsequent years. The dramatic move toward more labor-market friendly characteristics of entering immigrants had only a very small effect on poverty outcomes, in part because the relative advantage of holding a degree diminished, and “skilled economic” class immigrants were more likely to enter poverty than their “family” class counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the research papers presented by Michael J. Churgin and Howard Adelman regarding the government policies of countries toward refugees which appeared in the Spring 1996 issue of International Migration Review. Adelman examines in detail efforts by Tutsi refugees from Rwanda to exercise their right of repatriation between 1991 and 1996 and the varying attitudes of different Canadian ministries and agencies toward that objective. Churgin takes a longer historical perspective to assess changes and continuity in patterns of response by the U.S. government to mass migrations. The common feature of these two articles is a focus upon the perspectives of decisionmakers in advanced democracies and their ability to affect migration flows. An implicit issue suggested by both articles is the moral relevance of numbers of claimants in determining an acceptable response to particular migration flows. Adelman is concerned with the right of refugees to membership in their state of origin and the process by which they might seek to exercise a right to repatriation. He chooses to examine this issue not from the refugees' viewpoint but from that of a third country, Canada. The Canadian perspective proves to be a fractured one, as six different ministries and agencies of the Canadian government pursued often contradictory objectives in their interactions with the previous Rwandan regime and with representatives of Tutsi exiles.

This paper examines the principle of the right to repatriation and the Canadian dilemma in applying that principle in dealing with both refugees and the country from which they originally fled, Rwanda. It is particularly concerned with the right of individuals to be a member of a state and with the right to regain membership in a state from which they fled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the recent developments related to the issue of migration around the world. The American Sociological Association held its annual meetings in Toronto between August 24 and 28, 1981. There were nine sessions dealing with population and international migration. Canadian Population Society annual meetings were held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, June 1 and 2, 1981. Mary M. Kritz was the guest editor of Migraciones Internacionales en Las Americas, the first issue of the first volume of a periodical published by CEPAM. John Connell, Project Coordinator, South Pacific Commission reports on a project on migration project on migration to assist governments of the South Pacific in integrating population and migration issues into employment and development planning. M. Saleheen, Chairman, Department of Geography, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dacca, Bangladesh, presented a paper on "The significance of internal migration in the population redistribution in Bangladesh", before the Symposium on Development and Population Redistribution in South Asia, organized by the International Geographers Union Commission on Population Geography, in Karachi, Pakistan.

This article presents information on the journal "The international Newsletter on Migration" which is a publication of the Research Committee on Migration, International Sociological Association, Canada. Some of the organizational news presented was related to the conference on return migration, announced in the previous issue of the Newsletter that is being moved to the Fall 1981. The program remains the same. The Committee will be in a better financial position to meet the costs of the conference. A preliminary program will be published in June, 1981. The anticipated time of the conference is toward the end of October, again in Rome. The Committee is issuing additional details on the conference to its members in its Bulletin. The World Congress of Sociology will be held in Mexico City at the end of August, 1982. The Research Committee on Migration is organizing eight sessions dealing with questions of internal and international migration. Some of the sessions will be devoted to the issues of migration in Latin America. Members of the Committee will be eligible for presenting papers subject to selection by the individual session organizers.

This paper traces types and numbers of refugees to Canada since World War II. As policy and practices have evolved considerably in that period a brief review of key developments precedes the discussion of Canada's response to the current refugee situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a detailed description of the pattern of occupational adjustment of the Vietnamese refugees to the United States and compares their experiences with other recent refugee and immigrant groups, such as the refugees from Nazism, the Hungarian refugees, the Cuban refugees, two immigrant groups, one to Canada and one to the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After surveying the historical and legal background of the return migration to Israel, the empirical investigation reported in this paper-based on a random sample of Israeli citizens who returned during 1970 from the U.S., Canada, and France-addressed itself to the subject of motivations to migrate. The analysis has shown that the attraction that Israel has for its citizens residing abroad is primarily associated with patriotic commitments and family ties, whereas forces pushing people from other countries play only a minor role in return migration to Israel. The Israeli Government plan of granting special economic benefits to returnees during 1968-1970 did not achieve its designated purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the centrality of the family, both nuclear and extended in the Italian postwar migratory process to Canada and in their post-migratory adjustment. In a series of interviews with first generation immigrant children, two themes emerged: the necessity of keeping the nuclear family together and the importance of intergenerational ties and commitments. The respondents tended to view their parents' decision to migrate as one primarily motivated by familial considerations. That is, it was seen as a decision based on their future as a family, whether for reunification, or for greater opportunities for the children. For these respondents, family ties have not only survived migration but have been fortified by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an international newsletter on migration. The subject of migration was well covered at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, held in Montreal, Canada on April 29-May 1. The Presidential Address, delivered by Sidney Goldstein, was entitled "Facets of Redistribution: Research Challenges and Opportunities" Goldstein will be on sabbatical during 1976-77, spending part of the year at the East-West Population Institute in Honolulu, Hawaii and part at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. Goldstein was also honored by his former students in the graduate programs at Brown University who presented him with a signed piece of Steuben glass. Several reports have come in of research underway on the migration of Spanish-speaking persons. Two studies have been reported from Spain. Juan Testa Alavez presented a paper on "La familia del trabajador emigrante" at the III Congreso de la Familia Espafiola, held in Madrid in June, 1975. Among other things, Alavez considers education, anomies and conflic is, clandestine emigration, maladap tion, and family abandonment.

The article focuses on the Canadian immigration policy and management. Canada is now entering a new phase in immigration policy and management. This is due to a number of factors, most of which have affected other receiving countries, including anxiety about future population and economic growth, pollution, energy resources and urban congestion, as well as the realization that present immigration policies and programs have very short-range objectives. In September 1973, the Minister of Manpower and Immigration, Robert Andras, announced the creation of a Canadian Immigration and Population Study, whose staff would produce a Green Paper on immigration and population issues in the Spring of 1974 for Parliamentary and public discussion. This study is to be followed by a widespread public debate and a national conference on immigration leading, it is hoped, to a clearer public view of the options which lie before Canada in immigration policy and population growth. It is also hoped that, as a further outcome of this study and debate, a new immigration act will emerge in final form.