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This study aimed to examine the migration decisions and experiences of Turkish‐origin women living abroad from a feminist perspective. In this qualitative study grounded in phenomenology and utilizing a purposive sampling approach, data were collected online from 82 women living abroad through a structured interview form, and thematic analysis was employed for evaluation. The participants' migration decisions revealed six sub‐themes and two main themes. Perceptions of the participants regarding their immigrant woman identities resulted in also five sub‐themes and five sub‐themes. Based on our findings, understanding the migration decisions and experiences of Turkish‐origin women living abroad can contribute to a better comprehension of migration policies and society from a gender perspective. These findings can guide policymakers and social service professionals in developing practical solutions to address the specific needs and challenges of women in the context of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the New Immigrant Survey to assess the occupational mobility of US immigrants. Estimates from OLS and Heckman selection models show the occupational mobility of immigrants follows a U‐shaped pattern: immigrants arriving in the United States see their occupational status decline before it gradually improves. However, even 9 years after coming to the United States, the occupational status of immigrants remains lower than prior to their arrival in the country. Our findings also suggest that immigrant women with higher occupational status tend to move more often to the United States than immigrant men. Conversely, immigrant women are more likely than men to experience career interruptions after migration. Finally, occupational employment growth rates (defined as the growth rate in the number of jobs for an occupation) have a positive impact on both men and women immigrants' ability to recover their occupational status, though the impact appears to be greater for immigrant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits conventional understandings of gender differences in occupational attainment through the context of highly skilled legal migration in the United States. Drawing on a unique combination of nationally representative survey data of Indian lawful permanent residents and in‐depth interviews with skilled Indian migrants holding employer‐sponsored visas, we find that a U.S. education has a large premium in occupational prestige scores in the global labour market and has the power to mitigate the gender gap in immigrant occupational attainment. U.S. credentials, social networks, and mentorship programs help drive the occupational prestige‐generating function of a U.S. education for highly skilled Indian immigrant women. This article demonstrates aggregate occupational patterns among a nationally representative sample of Indian permanent residents and develops an in‐depth understanding of the process of occupational attainment. Our findings offer new insights into factors that mitigate gender inequality in the high‐skilled immigrant labour force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Immigration Database to examine the 'intersectional pathway penalty' experienced by immigrant women from the Philippines entering Canada between 1996 and 2016 through three immigration categories. Estimating a series of growth curve models of employment income for 642,885 women, we compare Filipina immigrants' earnings trajectories with female immigrants from other source countries to highlight how country of origin intersects with entry class to affect immigrant women's post‐migration labour market integration. Viewed through the lens of intersectionality, our results indicate that processes of differentiation tied to race and immigrant status result in Filipina women outperforming comparable women from other sources countries within the Live‐in Caregiver Program, where earnings are consistently lowest. However, within the higher earning Federal Skilled Worker Program entry class, Filipinas experience downward labour market mobility relative to women from other source countries, ultimately emphasizing the devalued nature of care work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the demand and supply dynamics of entrepreneurship support services for new immigrant women in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), Ontario, Canada. Empirical evidence presented in this study reveals significant unmet needs for entrepreneurship support services. Major reasons for the inability of settlement agencies to meet the entrepreneurship needs of new immigrants include prioritization of other support services and lack of funding. The study identifies unfamiliarity with the Canadian environment, discrimination, business regulations that are difficult to satisfy, and unlikely tendencies of the immigrants to ask for support as some of the key challenges to entrepreneurship among immigrant women. However, these challenges may be ameliorated with enhanced entrepreneurship and language training, information awareness campaigns and more funding, among other factors. The findings have practical implications for accountable governments and non‐governmental organizations as they design and/or redesign immigration and settlement policies to facilitate integration of new immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant women's organizations, UN Women, and civil society advocacy networks have mobilized to call for greater gender‐responsiveness in migration governance. The development of the Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees presented an important opportunity to continue enhancing the international framework for protecting the rights of women and men on the move. This article asks: How has gender been understood/invoked during proceedings leading up to their adoption? In what ways is it incorporated in the resulting compacts and their operationalization? What are the gains and missed opportunities for gender‐responsiveness? Drawing on data gathered through participant observation in the global compact on migration preparatory meetings and member state negotiations in Geneva and New York, and policy analysis of the drafts of both compacts, this paper aims to determine the extent to which the compacts, and the plans to operationalize them, serve to widen or close the gender gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the issue of immigrant women entrepreneurship. It focuses on the emergence of new points of view on self‐employed migrant women and in particular their search for independence. With the support of qualitative research carried on in Italy, it will set out a typology of motivations and strategies to become self‐employed in which, besides a "family strategy" and an "independency strategy", a "mixed network strategy" also emerges. This last focuses on the role of mixed networks (with other foreigners and/or natives) not only in business management but also in the promotion of transnational social activities. Policies that support associations, creating opportunities for gathering and exchanging with local residents and improving the presence of immigrant women in local institutions, could have the side‐effect of increasing participation by immigrant women in self‐employment, not for lack of alternatives but as a path towards self‐fulfilment and empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a first migration in internal China, Chinese migrant women re‐migrate to Taiwan through marriage. There, to cope with economic discrimination, by exploiting the social network WeChat, Chinese women produce physical and virtual transnational multipolar economies, connecting the society of departure, China, and of settlement, Taiwan. Engaging with the contemporary debate about migrants' translocal practices and economic transnationalism, this research article aims at elucidating the link between migration and entrepreneurship, through the case of Chinese migrant women's physical and virtual entrepreneurial activities across the Taiwan Strait. It explores the development of a specific culture of migration and of affections during the two mobility experiences, and the creation of gendered transnational networks across the borders. Thus, it provides empirical data for an understanding of Chinese women's cross‐strait migration in terms of interconnection, circulation and simultaneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: As international female labour migration has increased, so too have efforts to prevent the exploitation of labour migrants. However, evidence to underpin prevention efforts remains limited, with little known about labour migrants’ migration planning processes. Using data from a survey of female prospective labour migrants from Nepal, this article compares socio‐demographics and migration‐planning processes between first‐time and repeat‐migrants. We identified several factors which might increase repeat‐migrants’ vulnerability to exploitation during the migration process, or obstruct their engagement in pre‐migration interventions: more rapid migration planning than first‐time migrants; lower involvement in community groups; and a perception that they already have the knowledge they need. Only one‐third of repeat‐migrants planned to go to the same destination and 42 per cent to work in the same sector as previously. With repeat‐migration a common livelihoods strategy, it is crucial that interventions are guided by evidence on the needs of both first‐time‐ and repeat‐migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to examine the negative effects of sexual violence on North Korean ( NK) female refugees in South Korea. Although the prevalence of sexual violence victimization is extremely high and mental health problems are serious among these refugees, little to no research has been done on the relationship between sexual violence and mental health among these women. The mental health conditions of two groups of women (sexual violence victims and those who have not experienced sexual violence) were compared using ANCOVA analyses. The results show that suicidal ideation and alcohol use are significantly more prevalent in the sexual violence group than in the non-sexual violence group. The women who had experienced sexual violence in particular should be provided with more professional and sustained treatment and management services. The government must improve the effectiveness of existing policies related to suicide and the drinking culture in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking for sexual exploitation is a serious problem affecting especially women and children. Turkey has been particularly affected by sex trafficking because of the large numbers of female migrants that it receives. This article aims to critically assess the effectiveness of Turkey's current policies against sex trafficking using a feminist theoretical perspective with a particular focus on migrant women. To this end, the scope of the problem in Turkey, the supply and demand sides of sex trafficking, and the existing policies are discussed. Sex trafficking is examined at the intersection of Turkey's migration and prostitution regimes. It is argued that Turkey's response to sex trafficking has been inefficient because it currently focuses only on the economic supply side of the problem, ignoring the patriarchal demand side of it. The article concludes with a discussion of policy recommendations for Turkey that could help reduce sex trafficking in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an introduction in which the editor discusses articles on topics related to migration issues in Eastern Europe, including national minorities in Belarus and Armenia, Eastern European immigrant women in Italy, and immigrant integration in Azerbaijan.

This article contributes to the understanding of the westward migration of Eastern European women, by comparing Moldovan and Ukrainian women in Italy - the most popular destination for both groups - where they are mainly employed as domestic workers and home carers. Focusing on the differences in their trajectories in this labour sector, we discuss the significance of their age at emigration and their role within their families of origin. These have an impact not only on their mobility patterns, but also on their choices of employment and general socio-cultural integration in the host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration policies reflect to varying degrees the calibration and stratification of desirable knowledge. The criteria adopted have varied across countries and immigration systems. However, despite the evidence that skilled women migrate more than men, little attention has been paid to the extent to which immigration policies impact differently on women and men and result in gender inequalities, and how the valuation of skills is gendered in its criteria and outcomes. Several European states have developed policies to attract the (highly) skilled in an attempt to make themselves as competitive as possible within a knowledge economy. The key criteria are salaries and educational qualifications which, together with the differential evaluation of skills, produce gender outcomes. This article explores how European policies for the (highly) skilled produce and reinforce inequalities in gendered circulations, not just between women and men, but also in terms of intersectional differences, such as race/nationality and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has impacted on all aspects of living across the globe by introducing a ''virtual'' dimension into ''real'' lives. As internet sociologist Sherry Turkle asserts, ''we will (sic) have both. The more important question is 'How can we get the best of both?''' (Turkle, 1997: 238). For Indian women migrants in Melbourne, Australia, the technology at their fingertips includes the worldwide web that provides instant access to information and people. Also available are satellite dishes, cheap phone connections, and convenient travel routes that sustain contact with friends and relatives around the world. Undoubtedly, technology has introduced a contemporary update bringing together the ''real'' and the ''virtual'' in these women's migration experiences. This paper draws on my study of the migration experiences of three groups of married women migrants from India now living in Melbourne. These are the Sikhs, the Tamils, and the Anglo-Indians, who are Eurasians of primarily British and Indian ancestry born in India. Due to Australia's immigration selection criteria, these women are typically middle-class, English-language educated, Western-oriented, and comfortable with technology. Focussing on their narratives and using survey data, I will show that they are well-positioned to take advantage of twenty-first century technology, and investigate how they do this. In this paper and from my subject position as a member of the same cohort group, I will argue that making the best of their virtual connections is dependent on intervening issues of availability, ability and agency that affect users at both source and destination. Through technology, the ''virtual'' dimension can soothe or stir, cheer or challenge, affirm or agitate. Indeed it has transformed the contemporary migration experience, but only to the extent permitted by the intervening issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I focus on the experiences of female labour migrants, looking particularly at the emigration of married women from a region with a long-established culture of emigration, in the context of the accession of Poland to the European Union. The paper is empirical in its content and is based mainly on emigration stories and narratives recorded in the form of biography or autobiography. I discuss different stages of the migration process - the decision to migrate; the experience of migration (in particular, with reference to its impact on families, both abroad and at home), and also the consequences of migration for Polish society, particularly with reference to family cohesion and changing gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses migration narratives of a small group of Polish female 'repeat migrants' currently residing in Barcelona. Before settling there they lived in at least three other countries. I argue that repeat migrants experience many challenges: learning multiple languages, integrating into multiple labour markets, building multiple social networks, and adapting to cultural contexts. I asked whether these challenges have resulted in increased integration in the host societies or integration into international expatriate communities. The main findings are that the two main subgroups were 1) women who adapted well to life in Barcelona because of their Catalan partners and 2) women with international partners who tended to live in clusters of internationals. Polish immigrant women in my fieldwork perceived themselves as outsiders unless they quickly learned Spanish and Catalan. I also argue that the availability of different kinds of Urry's mobilities might influence and facilitate decisions on becoming more mobile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of culture on the work behaviour of second-generation immigrant women in Canada. We contribute to the literature by analysing the role of intermarriage in intergenerational transmission of culture and its effect on labour market outcomes. Using female labour force participation and total fertility rates in the country of ancestry as cultural proxies, we find that culture affects the female labour supply. Cultural proxies are significant in explaining number of hours worked by second-generation women with immigrant parents. The impact of culture is significantly larger for women with immigrant parents who share the same ethnic background than for those with intermarried parents. The weaker effect of culture for women raised in intermarried families stresses the importance of intermarriage in assimilation process. Our findings imply that government policies targeting women's labour supply may have differential effects on the labour market behaviour of immigrant women of different ancestries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2000, increasing numbers of Nepali nurses have crossed national borders to participate in the global healthcare market. The most common destination countries are the UK, US, Australia and New Zealand. In particular, educated middle-class women are attracted to nursing with the full support of their families. There have been profound changes in women's position in Nepali society. As a female only profession in Nepal, nursing provides an excellent focus on how and why these changes have occurred. Based on a multi-sited ethnography, including in-depth interviews with nurses and their families, conducted in Nepal and the UK from 2006-2008, this article discusses the changing nursing profession within the broader context of gender dynamics. Between 2000 and 2008, around 1000 Nepali nurses migrated to the UK. International nurse migration hugely affects nurses' immediate family dynamics. This article illustrates how migrant nurses' husbands have to accept a compromised social position, from being family bread-winners in Nepal to dependent husbands in the UK . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, I explore gender dimensions of remittances under conditions of temporary migration in Asia. This research argues that migrant remittances are influenced by not only gender but also the context of the remittances, and that both should be integrated and elaborated to capture the complexity of remittances and their development dynamics. On the basis of surveys of 150 migrants in the United Arab Emirates and 100 migrant households in Bangladesh, in this study I examine gender dimensions of remittances by linking both sending and receiving points and elaborating on four sites of remittances, where gender matters significantly: (i) the sending process, (ii) the receipt process, (iii) the use and control of remittances and, finally, (iv) the implications for the migrant households. The study reveals several gender-differentiated patterns in remittance behaviour. Female migrants remit a greater share of their earnings than their male counterparts; they prefer sisters to brothers and other family members to husbands, while men prefer brothers to sisters and fathers to wives - and, interestingly, it was males, rather than females, who remitted more to females. Women have more control over remittances than men: in the migrant-spouse remittance route, more regular contact, and consultation and negotiation about management of remittances, are reported. Women show more interest in savings than men: women's remittances tend to be invested in human capital and those of male recipients in physical capital; more females play the role of principal economic providers for the families than their male counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers an economic comparison of immigrant mothers and their daughters in the U.S. It considers methods for measuring economic mobility, reflecting on the use of the U.S. Census and data on median ZIP code income. The authors measure permanent income and focus particularly on Southern California, using birth records, ZIP codes, and ZIP Census Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs). They comment on intergenerational economic mobility, geographic mobility, and the impact of residing in ethnic neighborhoods.

In this paper, we contribute to the analysis of fertility differentials between female migrants and the native-born by examining the transition to first child using event history analysis. We use event history as a quantitative translation of the life-course approach. The data examined are the Italian Families and Social Subjects (FSS) survey, conducted in 2003, and the Russian Parents and Children, Men and Women in Family and Society survey, conducted in 2004. We examine the data sets separately and contrast the results. The objective of the study is twofold. First, we seek to determine whether differences exist in the decision and timing of childbearing between native and immigrant women in Italy and in Russia. Second, we aim to compare the experiences of immigrants in the two countries, to determine whether there may be any commonalities inherent to the immigrant populations despite moving into widely different contexts. Our results suggest that the age profiles and marital status similarly affect the immigrant regardless of whether she is migrating to Russia or to Italy. In Italy, educational attainment is positively correlated with first-birth intensities for immigrants - the opposite of what is observed for the native-born. In Russia, education is not a significant determinant for immigrants. This leads us to the following conclusion: the similarity in the risk profiles of our immigrants into vastly different country contexts is more suggestive of immigrants following a distinct life course, with common risk profiles for bearing their first child, than assimilating or conforming to the native fertility patterns. Social capital in particular may play a different role in determining fertility patterns for immigrants, as it does for the native-born. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the influence of race, ethnicity and gender on women immigrants' political participation in the social advocacy organization Trusted Advocates in White Center, Washington. An overview of the motivations behind women immigrants' political activity, including their concern over education, poverty, unemployment, citizenship status and violence, is provided. The role that immigrant women play in community organization is discussed. The relationship between immigrant women's political activity and the U.S. public interest is also discussed.

Whereas current policies on migration and integration are beginning to recognise family reunion as one of the most legitimate reasons for acceptance by a host society, they in most cases still do not account for the growing trend of feminisation of migration, and even rarely do they address specific migrants' needs. As currently constituted, the integration bills envision a one-way process that places migrants into a position where they cannot question, but only accept and fulfil the predetermined requirements of integration plans. But who are the women that migrate, what influence do their transnational experiences have on their families, and how do migration policies envision the reality of increasing transnationalism? This paper focuses on biographical interviews with migrant women in Slovenia as a valuable method to question current integration measurements, applied here to explore female migrants' experiences in transnational family life and social networks. A gender sensitive approach is applied that critically evaluates the specificities of family reunification policies, which define women migrants as dependent family members. We discuss life trajectories of women migrants, focusing the debate on their own experiences in and with family life. This new empirical material is used to theorise gaps in contemporary migration research. Women migrants' own reflections of transnational family ties show a great variety of experiences and their narratives are a unique window into motivational, political, as well as legal dimensions of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy reliance on foreign labour in the care sector by Western countries (particularly those in southern Europe) is fuelling a growing feminization of migration in many emigration countries. This migration has a new impact on the countries of origin: it adds the problem of 'care drain' to the better known 'skill drain' problem -- which has already been extensively examined in the literature. In this article, we investigate how this phenomenon is taking place in Romania. In particular, the article explores the compensatory strategies put in place by Romanian families and local welfare states to limit the impact of care drain. Furthermore, it considers the persistence of a 'care shortage' problem, which constrains both individuals and local institutions in Romania and requires the establishment of new social and cooperation policies. The research is based on the results of qualitative interviews conducted between the winter and spring of 2006 with 30 Romanian female care-workers living in Turin and Rome, and with 40 family members of female care-workers (often belonging to the same family units as the women interviewed in Italy) in Romania. With a view to gaining a more comprehensive overview of the phenomenon, more than 35 privileged observers were also interviewed in both countries in which the field work was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the fall of communism in the early 1990s, Albania has experienced migrations of epic proportions: 17 years later almost one in four Albanians has emigrated and lives abroad, primarily in Greece and Italy. Albanian emigration has by and large represented a typically male-dominated model, whereby men have 'led the way' and women have followed as family members. Despite the considerable participation of Albanian women in this migration, their roles and experiences remain under-researched. Based on in-depth interviews with rural migrant women and their families, as well as additional ethnographic material collected from 2004 to 2006 in Albania and Greece, this paper aims to fill this knowledge gap. The findings demonstrate the various ways in which Albanian rural women participate in the migratory process. They are often the most important pillar for supporting the family migration strategy through their productive and reproductive labour when remaining behind. They are also closely involved in decision-making about the migration of other family members. Furthermore, they have been among the pioneers of the early 1990s migration themselves, including taking the long and risky journeys across the mountains to Greece. Overall, their contribution to the migrant household is beyond their presumed reproductive role and includes a strong economic component. While some 'traditional' norms and values persist and are reinforced during migration, change does take place, albeit at a slow and gradual pace. However, for the emancipatory benefits women could accrue through migration to be enhanced, immigration policies need adjusting to address their position as fully autonomous economic and social actors, thus reducing their dependency on male 'bread-winners.' Albanian women's particular migratory experiences, combined with their increasing numbers as migrants, make a compelling case for further attention from researchers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I use a narrative approach to explore in detail three Chinese women's views about their working lives in Hong Kong following their migration to Hong Kong for the purpose of family reunion. These women, like other would-be migrants from mainland China to Hong Kong, were subjected to the strict system of immigration quotas enforced by the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong governments, which require mainlanders to wait for up to ten years before they can join their husbands and other family members in Hong Kong. In contrast to Hong Kong stereotypes that portray mainland immigrant wives as lazy, irresponsible, and opportunistic 'gold-diggers,' many of these immigrant wives, despite their low-levels of education, their relative lack of local networks to provide childcare, and their initial reluctance to work in Hong Kong, do work outside the home. My analysis traces the shifts in these women's views of their roles as wives, workers, and citizens during the first five years immediately following their migration to Hong Kong. These shifts result both from the tensions in family life created through their migration process, as well as from seemingly contradictory Hong Kong discourses of belonging that centre on the importance of work but also privilege the importance of family life. Overall, I argue that these women's stories are united through the shared experience of trying to re-negotiate their ruptured expectations of idealized family life into new forms of social engagement as productive workers and 'entrepreneurial' Hong Kong citizens, even as these same idealized familial expectations remain strongly influential on migrant women's personal goals and value systems. Throughout, I underscore the complex negotiation of norms and desires that frame and inform potential subjective transformations of women immigrants more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the debates on transnationalism are gender implicit, and the discourse shaped by the emergence of Pacific Asian economies as key players in the global economy sees men as the dominant representative of these global forces. Belief in a real or imagined global bonding has become a dominant and problematic discourse that can empower some, while marginalizing others. It is important to examine how women of Chinese ancestry position themselves within their personal and global environments and to give agency to women in these narratives fashioned by tropes of global capitalism and world markets. Women now outnumber male immigrants to the major immigration countries of Australia, the United States, and Canada, and this shift is due to the increased migration of women from Asian countries. Yet their position in transmigration and settlement patterns has largely been ignored. This paper argues that the global perspective of Chinese diasporic women has significant implications for both Western and non-Western global patterning. The site of the investigation is Australia in the post 1970s and the focus is on women of Chinese ancestry re-migrating from East and South-East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to compare the attitudes of immigrant and veteran- resident divorced mothers toward single motherhood. The comparison focuses on two dimensions: personal attitudes and perceived social atti-tudes. Respondents included 100 divorced mothers who emigrated from the former Soviet Union after 1989 and 100 long-term Israeli divorced mothers. The immigrant divorced mothers, often having divorced following dis-agreement over the decision to emigrate, are forced to undergo parallel adjustment processes to a new society and to the new lifestyle inherent in single-parent households. Additionally, they are caught between attitudes toward single parenthood in their culture of origin, where divorce is common, and in Israeli culture, where the family plays a much more stable and central role. Results show that veteran-resident divorcees express significantly more favourable personal attitudes toward single motherhood, while immigrant divorcees perceive social attitudes as being more favourable. Immigration was found to affect personal and perceived social attitudes significantly, above and beyond demographic attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the study on women trafficking between the Philippines and Belgium. Factors contributing to the existence of women trafficking; Development of common policies on immigration; Connection between trafficking in women and illegal employment; Need for harmonized, multi-disciplinary approach to addressing women trafficking.