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Objective: To describe the use of bioreactors for hematopoeitic stem cell and progenitor cell culture and comparing the various bioreactors to know which one is the best. Materials and Method: We conducted a data search on PubMed in December 18, 2021 and January 18, 2022. We used "Bioreactor" AND "Hematopoietic stem cell" OR "progenitor" as keywords. Data collection procedure: search results were filtered and selected so that only articles, which contained data about the type of bioreactor, mechanism of bioreactor, and cell source of HSC and progenitors, were used. Result and Discussion: The search yielded nine articles that were used to compose this narrative review. There are two main bioreactor classification, perfusion and stirred tank bioreactor. There are various models, which can be adapted easily according to research needs, such as microfluidic, hollow fibre, continuous perfusion and micro-cavity array bioreactors. Conclusion: Comparison between those bioreactors showed that perfusion bioreactor is more advantageous and widely used for research purposes that are related to HSCs and progenitors. This fact is due to the possibility of a simpler type and more benefits than stirred types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To give an overview and evaluation of the biocompatibility of hydrogels that support tissue engineering. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed/Medline and Science. org databases. The keywords used were 'hydrogel' AND 'biocompatible' AND 'tissue engineering'. The search was limited to the studies carried out on humans or animals. Results and Discussions: From the search of the related literature, we obtained seven studies that described hydrogel biocompatibility that was used in tissue engineering. The hydrogels were amorphous calcium phosphate and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh-ACP), collagen, polyaniline cryogel, bioink GLgel, nanocomposite hydrogel (nSi Gel), host-guest supramolecular hydrogel (HGSM-GelMA), and synthesized succinylated chitosan (SSC). Recent advances in the use of hydrogels in tissue engineering provide justification for further research and testing in clinical settings. Conclusion: The hydrogels that were used in the seven examined studies did not trigger the immune system rejection, had no negative effect on surrounding tissues or cells, and were highly biocompatible with living tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To outline progress in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in generating iPSC-derived cardiovascular cell lineages, and cardiac tissue engineering. Materials and methods: A data search for original articles was conducted on PubMed, using keywords: "induced pluripotent stem cells" OR "iPSCs" AND "myocardial infarction" OR "heart failure" AND "cardiomyocyte" on December 18, 2021. Search results were filtered and selected by titles and abstract to get relevant articles, which contained data on iPSC-related tissue engineering for heart tissue repair after myocardial infarction. Data were grouped and synthesize as text. Results and Discussion: we got 35 articles that provide information on cell based therapy, iPSCs, advancement in creating efficient techniques for generating iPSC-derived cardiovascular cell lineages, and recent cardiac tissue engineering advances in myocardial infarction animal models. iPSCs can be derived from skin fibroblasts by expressing four transcription factors that were found to be critical for cellular reprogramming into inner cell mass derived ESC-like cells, namely Oct3/4, c-Myc, Sox2 and Klf4. Cardiomyocytes can be produced from iPSC using special medium and supplements. Tissue engineering can be made possible by 3D printing technique and showed promising results upon transplantation. Conclusion: Tissue engineering using patient-derived human iPSC-cardiomyocytes holds great potential in medicine because it might avoid the problem of possible immune rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To highlight collagen and chitosan as natural material, and their modifications to be used as scaffold in tissue engineering. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google scholar searches were performed using keywords: 'scaffold', 'biomaterial', 'natural polymer', 'collagen modification biomaterial' AND 'tissue engineering', and 'chitosan modification biomaterial' AND 'tissue engineering'. The information was tabulated and presented as text and Tables. Results and discussion: Tissue engineering has the intention to restore the structures and functions of impaired or damaged tissues. Scaffolds, which are supporting biomaterials mimic the structure and function of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), play an important role in tissue engineering. Collagen and chitosan are natural polymers that have suitable properties to be used in tissue engineering. Both are the most abundant biopolymer and can be extracted in large quantities from a wide range of sources. However, collagen scaffolds have some drawbacks due to their poor mechanical properties. To eliminate the drawbacks of collagen and enhance the capacity of chitosan as natural materials, combinations to form a composite with other materials are needed. Conclusion: Combination of collagen or chitosan with other materials, such as synthetic polymer, other bioactive materials, such as glass or ceramics or other natural products are conducted in several studies and showed that the modified product could be applied in various tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To discuss the potential and molecular mechanism of Carthamus tincorius derived hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) as an alternative herbal adjuvant that may regulate various signaling pathways that might be related to the regulatory effects in COVID-19 patients with ALI and ARDS. Methods: We search Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus using keywords: Carthamus tinctorius, adjuvant, cytokine storm, COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2, acute lung injury (ALI), and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), on 11 September 2020, and 18 December 2020. Results and Discussions: In COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 replication might be associated with hyper induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is known as a cytokine storm, and may cause acute lung injury (ALI) that leads to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Carthamus tincorius derived HSYA were used in many studies, in vivo in animal models or in vitro in cell lines and showed inhibition of multiple inflammatory pathways that were involved in ALI and ARDS, which might occur in covid-19 patients. HSYA showed pleiotropic effects in regulating cytokine levels. It regulated TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-β, and showed protective effect by blocking TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, IRF3, NF-B to avoid cytokine storm and prevent tissue damage. HSYA was showed to reduce oxidative stress-mediated damage, and down-regulate inflammatory cytokines. Further, it was relatively safe when studied as an adjuvant in HIV and cancer patients. Conclusion: We supposed that HSYA could be used as an alternative adjuvant in COVID-19 patients with ARDS. However, clinical trials are needed to prove its efficacy in COVID-19 patients with ARDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article aims to explore the aging of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during cell expansion and available methods to restore their quality. Materials and methods: we searched articles in PubMed/Medline and our library to collect relevant publications of MSC aging, their microenvironment (niche), and various approaches to prevent MSC aging. Results and Discussion: MSC expansion during culture may cause cell aging, which is reflected by change in growth, genotype, and phenotype that can be seen in morphology and function. There are various approaches that can be used to prevent MSC aging. Approaches to prevent MSC aging in culture can be done by various methods, including by determining donor characteristics, genetic engineering approaches, regulating stem cells microenvironment in vitro, and in vitro physical modification Conclusion: Prevention of MSC aging during culture can be done by selection of MSC sources, genetic modification, and microenvironment and physical adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article aims to explain the mechanism of recovery of peripheral nerve injury, current management and progress in nerve tissue engineering, which are promising to overcome the problems of peripheral nerve injury. Materials and Methods: we searched various sources, i.e. Pubmed, Scopus, and Google scholar to collect relevant publications of peripheral nerve injury and its management, including nerve tissue engineering. Results: The development of tissue engineering has made it possible to regenerate nerve tissue by a combination of cell therapy, appropriate design of scaffolds and the use of supporting elements. Discussion: Under current management, severe peripheral nerve injury especially injury to the proximal and large diameter nerves still has a poor prognosis. Poor prognosis is mainly due to a mismatch in nerve autograft in both structure and diameter to the host nerve. The advantage of tissue engineering techniques in the management of peripheral nerve injuries is that the engineered nerve tissue can be designed according to the structure and diameter of the damaged nerve. Conclusion: Nerve tissue engineering might overcome the problems in peripheral nerve regeneration by a combination of stem cell therapy, and appropriate design of scaffolds to provide nerve conduits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]