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Plastic mulch is used for agricultural production to improve crop performance and mediate local environmental concerns. Paper mulch is an alternative to plastic mulch, it is effective and more biodegradable. The performance of plastic and paper mulch materials in agricultural production varies according to climatic environments, production practices, and crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of paper mulch compared with plastic mulch and bare soil for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) field production in 2018 and 2021. Data on weed control, soil temperature, and tomato yield were recorded. Weed coverage and weeding time were reduced in paper and plastic mulch treatments compared to bare soil. Soil temperature in 2021 was lower in paper and plastic mulch treatments than in bare soil. Tomato yield was greater in plastic mulch than paper mulch and bare soil. Tomato yield for paper mulch treatments was not different from that of bare soil treatments. Paper mulch offered comparable weed control benefits as plastic mulch, and comparable tomato yield as bare soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disposal of paper mill effluent is a problem. A study was undertaken to determine the potential of an agro-residue-based paper mill effluent as an alternative of irrigation water on spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL), var. Hybrid-7. The study was conducted during the rainy (July to October) and winter (November to February) seasons of 2011 and 2012. Doses of paper mill effluent of 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% were used along with bore well water (control). Paper mill effluent increased electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic carbon (OC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), calcium (Ca2+), iron (Fe2+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), phosphate (PO43−), sulfate (SO42−), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) of soil in both seasons. There were no changes in soil water-holding capacity and bulk density due to fertigation. Agronomic performance ofS. oleraceaincreased due to treatment with 5% to 25% paper mill effluent and decreased due to treatment with 50 to 100% paper mill effluent compared to the control in both seasons. Crude proteins, crude fiber, and total carbohydrates were highest due to treatment with 25% paper mill effluent in both seasons. Heavy metal concentrations increased due to treatment with all concentrations of paper mill effluent in both seasons. The order of contamination factor of heavy metals was Cr > Cd > Mn = Cu = Zn for soil and Cr = Cd ≥ Mn > Cu = Zn forS. oleraceaaveraged over seasons after fertigation. Paper mill effluent can be used as a biofertigant after appropriate dilution to improve yield ofS. oleracea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) is supposed to be a permanent identifier for researchers. Despite this, the ORCID registry or database carries entries of "researchers" that are evidently not as claimed, dummy accounts, or "ghost" accounts. As part of an ongoing project to assess the oddities in, and reliability of, ORCID, this letter records the existence of 29 cases of "researchers" with the names (first or family) of vegetables. Editors are cautioned to verify ORCID accounts associated with submitted papers to ensure their validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Tanzania, tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL) postharvest losses are high due to perishability, lack of awareness and knowledge of postharvest handling techniques, and use of poor packaging materials. Reduction of the current high postharvest losses of tomato can contribute to ensuring food security and improving livelihoods of smallholder producers. Wooden crates serve as a major means of packaging material for transporting tomatoes in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania. Wooden crates are tightly packed without being properly secured. Crates are often constructed from poor quality timber with rough interiors, resulting in bruising damage to tomatoes during transport. An assessment of how traders perceive postharvest handling practices with wooden crates combined with lining material and how tomato quality losses are affected was carried out in March–April 2014. Use of wooden crates with brown paper lining was more cost-effective at wholesaler and retailer levels. Wholesalers were willing to adopt wooden crates with brown paper lining provided that the net benefits are positive. Wholesalers were overly concerned that retailers would not buy wooden crates with paper lining because they can not visually appraise and evaluate produce through sides of crates for their marketing decisions. This may not necessarily be the case because most retailers buy tomatoes in packed plastic basins. There is a knowledge gap between wholesalers and retailers on acceptance of appropriate packaging materials. Proposed interventions that tend to maximize net benefits of the supply chain actors could reduce postharvest losses and make produce more available and affordable to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Vegetable seedling transplanting is an important process in vegetable production systems. Although development of vegetable transplanting machines has accelerated, this task in vegetable cultivation is still performed by hand in the majority of developing countries, despite the fact that it could be automated or mechanized. Projects are being carried out in developing countries to mechanize, and automate, vegetable transplanting. This review provides an overview of manual, mechanical, automatic, or smart vegetable transplanting. Recent work on robotics on vegetable transplanting operations is discussed. The present study thoroughly discusses hand-held, trolley-type, semiautomatic, and automatic vegetable transplanters with single or multiple planting rows used for various vegetables. Information in this review will fill in a gap dating to 2008 and could aid in increasing mechanization of vegetable transplanting operations and improving transplanting intelligence research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good quality transplants are necessary so that plants will survive and produce at acceptable levels. The efficacy of vermicompost for vegetable transplant development needs to be clarified. An investigation was conducted to identify the mix and volume of vermicompost-based potting mixes required for production of good quality transplants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (S. melongena L.), and chili pepper (Capsicum frutenscens L.) in paper pots. Five levels of potting mix made of vermicompost:sand:topsoil with the vermicompost proportion ranging from 20% to 50% were used. Paper pots made of 50 g·m-2 recycled newspaper with volumes of 51, 65, 81 and 100 cc were tested. Transplant quality was evaluated using a fuzzy logic based biomass growth index (BGI). The performance of the BGI and root:shoot ratio representing morphology of seedlings just prior to transplanting was compared. Seedlings could be better categorized using BGI than the root:shoot ratio. Paper pots of 65 cc in volume filled with a mix of 25% vermicompost, 100 cc in volume filled with a mix of 50% vermicompost, and 81 cc in volume filled with a mix of 33% vermicompost, in combination with equal parts of sand and top soil were most suitable for production of good quality transplants of tomato, eggplant, and chili pepper, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the length of the manuscript that scientists should consider. According to him, in making research papers there should be two levels required. First, knowledge is made of building blocks of enterprise so one can make precise but short papers that deal with specific questions. The other one is a long-term view wherein the paper is purposefully designed and accomplished over a longer period of time but develops only one manuscript that considers and depicts a bigger picture.

The article discusses the changes in the publication of the journal in the U.S. The journal will be printed in larger format associated with the merger of Haworth Press Inc. and Taylor & Francis Group PLC. It cites that the new format features a citation information in the upper left corner of the first page, along with the logo of Taylor & Francis in the upper right corner. Presentations of author affiliations are also changed as well as the paper used in the publication. The author assures that the quality of the journal will still remain.

The end product of research is to produce a manuscript that is accepted and which in the future will be cited. I suspect that as the paper is being written the thought is that after the citation is listed in the text the author will get back to inserting it in the reference list. As a result, a policy of making it necessary for authors to state that they have checked to determine if the citations in the text and reference list match has been instituted. [Extracted from the article]

Germinating seeds in moist, fine-grade vermiculite followed by broadcasting the mix over the seedbed can reduce greenhouse production time for microgreens, but seedling radicles could be broken. The study was undertaken to determine if radicle breakage affected plant yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L) used for microgreens. During pre-sowing handling of germinated seed in moist vermiculite the percent of broken radicles increased as radicle length increased, and as mechanical force increased (resulting in 0%, 8%, or 22% with minimal, medium or high mechanical force, respectively). Imposition of these levels of radicle damage was achieved by cutting radicles half-way along their length after germination for 2 days in moist vermiculite (200% water, dry weight) at which time radicles were about 1.5 cm long. This treatment had no effect on numbers of shoots (as a percent of sown seed) or number of shoots∙m−2 at 7 days after sowing at 25% or 100% of a commercial rate (9,266 seed∙m−2). Yield as shoot fresh weight∙m−2, or per seedling was unaffected by percent of cut radicles sown. Removal of up to 12 mm of radicle from the tip increased numbers of roots per seedling but decreased total root length and decreased fresh weight per shoot. The higher seeding rate decreased fresh weight per shoot from raw (42%) or germinated (32%) seed. Sowing germinated seed in moist vermiculite, rather than raw seed, and sowing seed at the higher rate, increased shoot fresh weight∙m−2 and shoot fresh weight per seedling. Seedlings with broken radicles had lower shoot fresh weights but smaller shoots were counted in the final yield. Microgreen yield (shoot fresh weight∙m−2) was unaffected after sowing germinated seed that had been subjected to a high mechanical force (with up to 22% broken radicles) during broadcasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants from natural sources can be antidotes for free radical release during metabolic activities in humans. Basella spp., a commonly eaten vegetable in south-western Nigeria, may have the potential to supply antioxidants to the human diet. The study evaluated phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of species and landraces of Basella spp. The forms of Basella spp. contained phytochemicals and antioxidant properties in varied amount. Basella alba, round leaf, had the highest contents of phenol (0.22 ± 0.02%) and vitamins A and C, 21.96 ± 0.01% and 21.67 ± 0.90%, respectively. Basella rubra had the highest alkaloids and tannin contents, 7.68 ± 0.11 and 0.47 ± 0.17%, respectively. Basella cordifolia had the highest anthraquinone (12.50 ± 0.03%) content; the highest flavonoid (96.77 ± 0.03%) and saponin (0.63 ± 0.01%) contents were in B. alba round. B. alba round also had the highest DPPH (44.85 ± 2.11%). The Basella forms have the potential of use as natural antioxidants need by humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little interest has been shown in studies related to the effects of cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus on agricultural wastes and their impacts on nutritional value and biological efficiency of the fruiting body. Oil palm fiber, rice husk, sawdust from hardwood, guinea grass, bean pods and rice straw were collected in dried form and used as substrates. Active mycelium of P. ostreatus was used in preparation of spawn, and growth was observed after 30 days following inoculation and fruiting bodies were harvested for analysis. The proximate composition of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, moisture, dry matter and carbohydrate composition; antioxidant properties from flavonoids, phenol, lycopene, beta carotene, and ascorbic acid and composition of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn and Zn varied across substrates. All cultivated P. ostreatus on substrates contained high amounts of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, moisture, dry matter and carbohydrate, flavonoid, phenol, lycopene, beta carotene, and ascorbic acid, and mineral ions such as Na, K, P, N and Ca. Dry weight and biological efficiency were highest in P. ostreatus cultivated on rice straw, followed by bean pods. Pleurotus ostreatus grown on substrates used contained high amounts of nutrients. Rice straw and bean pods may be used to achieve high nutritional composition and antioxidant contents in P. ostreatus mushrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procurement of fresh produce necessitates a consistent, high-quality, supply. This study examined effects of a single, and combined, market strategy on gross margin of smallholder French bean[s] (Phaselous vulgaris L.) farmers. A random sample of 215 farmers was used and a multinomial endogenous switching regression model analyzed the data. The choice of a market outlet combination was influenced by gender of the household decision-maker, household size, education, off-farm income, group membership, extension service, farming experience, off-farm income, credit access, and market reliability. Participating in multiple market outlets increased gross margin per season. Smallholder farmers reported USD 225.66 per season when selling in all vertical coordination options. Growers were worse off by participating in the contract option only, with reduced gross margin. Adoption of all market outlets was positively influenced by education and off-farm income. Smallholder French bean farmer's socio-economic circumstances matter in shaping the choice of market outlet combinations, while market diversification is important for smallholder producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Step-wise analysis of core variability in centers of origin and distribution can resolve conflicts over the taxonomic status of any plant species. Ash gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] and tinda [Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo] are vegetables in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Identification of unique genotypes under Benincasa has led to a situation that requires verifying the monotypic status of this genus. Tinda, also known as round melon, was recommended to be included as a second species in Benincasa. This study tested the hypothesis that Benincasa is monotypic. Morphological evaluation of a mini-core collection comprising 26 ash gourd and 5 tinda entries exhibited variability. Ash gourd and tinda genotypes varied for multiple morphological traits. Cluster analysis differentiated ash gourd and tinda, with nearly 70% dissimilarity. All ash gourd accessions were freely crossable in both directions, ruling out the possibility of any new species. Non-cross-ability of tinda with ash gourd has confirmed its genetic distinctiveness. Nine barcodes distinctly differentiating the genera were identified from the matK and ITS2 loci. With the characteristic morphological traits, non-crossable nature and distinct barcodes that are not shared with any of the members of Praecitrullus, Benincasa should be considered monotypic and a separate genus status retained for Praecitrullus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disease complex affecting bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.] caused by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum results in high yield loss and there is a need for their management. Nanoparticles (NPs) and arbuscular mycorrhizae have potential in disease management. The impacts of 0.10 g.L−1 zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) (applied as foliar spray or seed priming) and AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis were determined when applied alone, or in combination, on the disease complex of bottle gourd. Use of ZrO2 NPs as seed priming and foliar application increased plant growth and photosynthetic pigments and reduced disease indices, galling and population of M. incognita. Foliar application of ZrO2 NPs increased plant growth and photosynthetic pigments and reduce disease indices, galling, and population of M. incognita than did seed priming. Use of R. irregularis alone resulted in lessened plant growth and photosynthetic pigments than NPs foliar application alone. Use of R. irragularis with NPs foliar application was best for management of disease complex of bottle gourd than its use as seed priming. Wilt disease indices were rated 1–5. Use of R. irregularis/NPs reduced disease incidence, and disease indices were reduced to 1 in treatment where R. irragularis was used with ZrO2 NPs. Root colonization by R. irragularis was similar when used alone or with NPs. Inoculation of pathogens reduced colonization by R. irregularis. Management of the disease complex of bottle gourd may be achieved by use of 500 infective propagules of R. irragularis with 0.10 g.L−1 ZrO2 NPs foliar application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infestation by broomrape (Orobanche spp.) can cause complete yield loss in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L). This study evaluated individual, and integrated, use, of soil solarization and cow manure on broomrape infestation, soil seed bank depletion, tomato yield and its economic feasibility. Individual, and integrated, use of solarization and manure improved tomato yield and reduced broomrape infestation. Soil solarization depleted broomrape soil seed bank up to 85.04%. Wet solarization+manure improved tomato yield by 26.53 t∙ha−1 over the control with a net benefit of 538,265.2 ETB∙ha−1, ETB is Ethiopian birr, 1 ETB = 0.0348 US$. Integrating solarization and manure appears to be economical and effective in sustainable broomrape weed management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing vegetables in the field using mechanical transplanters with only plant metering devices requires transplants with heavy soil blocks around the roots. An investigation was conducted to study the effects of amount of vermicompost in a soil-based potting mix and initial compaction of the mix on growth of seedlings and soil block strength for mechanical transplanting. Seedlings of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.), Eggplant (S. melongenaL.), and Chili pepper (Capsicum frutenscensL.) were produced in two seasons in plastic plug trays with a potting medium in which vermicompost made up 20%–50% by volume in 60 and 100 cc tray cells. Potting mix with 20% vermicompost by volume in soil in 100 cc cells produced good growth of tomato and chili pepper transplants in season 1. Potting mix containing 20%–30% and 20%–40% vermicompost in soil in 100 cc cells produced good growth of tomato and chili pepper transplants, respectively, in season 2. Potting mix with 30%–40% and 30% vermicompost by volume in soil in 100 cc cells produced good growth of eggplant seedlings in seasons 1 and 2, respectively. The effects of initial compaction of potting mix on water requirement, plant height, and soil block strength was studied for the production of tomato seedlings. Potting mix with 30% vermicompost in 100 cc tray cells and initially compacted to the dry density of 0.88–0.90 g·cm−3was most suitable for production of seedlings of sufficient height and soil block strength for mechanical transplanting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), grown in semi-arid and fragile soil, exhibits poor growth, yield loss, and reduced quantity of bioactive compounds which may be improved by seed priming with bio-rationale materials. A field experiment was undertaken from March to June 2022 to determine the efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on bitter gourd growth, yield, and some phytochemical contents through seed priming. Plants of bitter gourd were divided into five sets. The first set served as a control and was not treated with ZnONPs. The plants of sets 2, 3, 4, and 5 were treated with ZnONPs primed seed at 0.5, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 mL∙L−1 concentrations, and priming duration of 24 h. Seed priming with 0.20 mL∙L−1 improved vine length, number of leaves, and number of branches per plant by 46, 21, and 39% compared to the control. Days to plant emergence and flowering were reduced and yield attributes improved by seed priming. Total phenolic, total flavonoids, and charantin, a steroidal saponin, contents as major secondary metabolite of fresh fruit of bitter gourd improved by 47, 36, and 52% treated with 0.20 mL∙L−1 of ZnONPs primed seed. Seed priming with ZnONPs could be used to improve growth, germination, important metabolites and yield of bitter gourd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is salt-sensitive, and salinity level can negatively affect yield. The study was conducted to investigate effect of water enriched with seaweed extract to overcome effects of salinity in 'New Red Fire' leafy lettuce cultivation. The highest and lowest leaf free proline content was in plants irrigated with saline water at EC 7 and 1.37 dS m−1. Increasing water EC level from 2.5 to 4 dS m−1 resulted in 9.3% increase in leaf total soluble solid content. The highest leaf vitamin C content was in plants treated by Chlorella vulgaris seaweed solution. Salinity levels could be classified into three groups: 1.37 and 2.5 dS m−1 (least damaging), 4 and 5 dS m−1 (tolerance threshold) and 7 dS m−1 (most damaging). Chlorella vulgaris seaweed solution appeared to neutralize adverse effects of salinity on plant fresh weight, free proline content, total soluble solid content, photosynthetic pigments content, radical scavenging activity, anthocyanin content, phenol and flavonoid content, peroxidase enzyme activity and leaf vitamin C content. Irrigation 'New Red Fire' with water enriched with Chlorella vulgaris seaweed extract is strongly recommended to overcome effects of salinity on lettuce morphological and physiological characteristics. Salinity levels higher than 5 dS m−1 can seriously damage 'New Red Fire' qualitative and quantitative properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of bio-stimulants can reduce amounts of synthetic chemicals for improving tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and production. The investigation evaluated the rhizobacterial isolates B45, B46, B48, B54 and B55 associated with fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and its aqueous extracts for their ability to promote growth of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. Rhizobacteria were applied by root dipping followed by seedling drenching at planting. The isolates were characterized, based on macro-morphological and biochemical traits, and mechanisms involved in Plant Growth-Promoting (PGP) features were explored. For direct PGP traits, isolates were able to fix nitrogen on N-free agar medium. Isolates B45, B46, B54 and B55 were positive for indole-3-acetic acid production; isolates B46, B48 and B55 were positive for phosphate solubilization with the highest activity exhibited by B46. For indirect PGP traits, isolates were chitinase-, lipase-, and amylase-producing agents. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA, the most bioactive isolate B46 was affiliated to Bacillus vallismortis (OK083726). All isolates displayed antifungal activity against soil-borne fungi Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Fusarium oxysporum, F.sambucinum, and Trichoderma harzianum. Fodder radish aqueous extracts were tested at 5, 7.5, 10 or 15% (w:v). Chemical characterization by spectrophotometer of compounds indicated presence of auxin and polyphenols. Fodder radish aqueous extract displayed antifungal activity against all fungal species. Fodder radish appears to be a natural source for isolation of potent PGP rhizobacterial isolates and/or secondary metabolites bioactive for promotion of tomato growth and with an antifungal potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of appropriate seed extraction methods limits a sustainable supply of quality seed for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Natural fermentation and HCl acid methods are the most common methods used for tomato seed extraction. This study was undertaken to determine effects of seed extraction method on physiological quality of tomato seed and developing seedlings. Fermentation (24, 48, or 72 h) and immersion in HCl acid at 1%, 2%, or 3% (V/V) for 30, 60, or 90 min were treatments. Seed extracted in 2% HCl for 60 min were superior in germination (99.33%), seedling emergence (89.76%), seedling length (14 cm), seedling fresh weight (558.1 g), seedling dry weight (26.73 g), and vigor-index I (1391) and II (2655). Seed were free from mycoflora. This seed extraction method can be used to produce high-quality seed, control seed-borne pathogens and produce vigorous tomato seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of roots and tubers (R&Ts) among urban households can be low. Understanding factors influencing consumption decisions for R&Ts is important in enhancing their utilization. This study assessed determinants of consumer preference for selected R&Ts using a multivariate Probit model. A stratified multistage sampling technique was adopted to select 385 respondents, and data collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) had the highest preference level (70%), followed by sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.) at 61%. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) had a preference of 42%. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yams (Dioscorea alata L.) were the least preferred at 22% each. Education, monthly income, cultural orientation, nutritional knowledge, Covid-19 pandemic, market distance, farming of R&Ts, retail prices, production location, availability of R&Ts, size, quality, taste, and preparation time influenced preferences for R&Ts by urban households. Inadequate time to prepare R&T meals at home and availability of conveniently prepared alternatives likely explains their low preference by urban residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exogenous selenium (SE) application during lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production may prevent Se deficiency. Low concentrations of Se have beneficial effects on plant cell metabolism and application of Se can increase growth, yield, and quality and reduce nitrate concentration in lettuce. In the present study, biosynthetic synthesis of selenium (Se) nanoparticles (NPs) was carried out via Se ions reduction during exposure to rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) extract. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the shape and size of the Se NPs were determined. To investigate effects of concentrations of sodium selenite (1, 2, and 4 mg∙L−1) and Se NPs (1, 2, and 4 mg∙L−1) on morphological and physiochemical traits of lettuce. Most nutrient solutions, especially 2 mg∙L−1 Se NPs, increased plant height, leaf number, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and nitrate reductase activity of plants. Application of 2 and 1 mg∙L−1 Se NPs, caused a decrease in the level of nitrate accumulation. Under nutrient treatments, concentrations of P, K, Fe, Zn, and Se, and concentration of N decreased. Foliar application of biosynthetic synthesized Se NPs, may have potential for improved quantity and reduced nitrate accumulation in lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollination, and the proper selection of pollen source, can affect biochemical characteristics of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Seed and pulp of pumpkin contain antioxidants that change during boiling and stir frying. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of pollination source and cooking method on antioxidant capacity of pumpkin pulp and seed. Lines 1289, 1301, and 1307 were used as the pollinizer, and 1307 and 1289 were used as female parents. Antioxidant capacity was affected by cooking; pollen source had no effect on antioxidant capacity of seed and fruit in both female parents. Cooking reduced antioxidant capacity of pumpkin seed and pulp. It is necessary to determine how different cooking temperatures and methods affect antioxidant capacity in pumpkin tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how does an editor organize stories to be contributed to the Materials and Methods section.

The Ethiopian potato [Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew] is an annual root tuber that is underutilized due to a lack of knowledge about its nutritional value. The plant is known by its local landrace names. Investigating the relatedness, and variation in nutrient composition, among P. edulis landraces is important for selecting the best genotype for breeding. The study was undertaken to examine mineral nutrients and sugars in 5 P. edulis landraces collected from southern Ethiopia. Samples were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Cr Ni, Cd, Pb, and fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry and a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Refractive Index Detector, respectively. The P. edulis tubers accumulate large levels of macro- and micro-elements. The Mg and Ca were the most abundant macro-nutrients. The Tseka landrace had the highest Mg content. Iron was the most abundant micro-nutrient in P. edulis tubers. There were no Co, Cd, and Pb detected in P. edulis tuber landraces. All P. edulis landraces contained glucose (15.1–21.1 g/100 g) and fructose (3.34–4.10 g/100 g); sucrose and maltose were not detected. Quantities of all parameters were affected by landraces and their concentrations were different. The unnuko landrace had a lower total sugar level than the other 4 types, making it a good choice for diabetics. The P. edulis landraces can provide minerals and sugar for the human diet. Diversity in nutrient content within landraces could be an opportunity to generate improved hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global demand for organic foods outstrips supply creating a gap that developing-country producers may be able to capitalize on to expand market shares. In many African countries, the domestic market for certified organic vegetables is not well-developed to service rising demand. Most farmers remain uncertain whether premiums for certified organic vegetables will be high enough to warrant a switch from conventional vegetable production. The study assessed consumer awareness, perception, and willingness to pay a premium (WTP) for certified organic vegetables. A total of 250 vegetable consumers were sampled for the study. Perceptions of consumers and determinants of WTP premiums were obtained using perception indices and multivariate Tobit regression, respectively. About 71% of vegetable consumers were aware of certified organic vegetables. Consumers, generally, had a positive perception of certified organic vegetables. Vegetable consumers were willing to pay between 31% and 50% premium for certified organic vegetables. The socio-economic and demographic characteristics of consumers (household size, income, sex, age, education), attributes of certified organic vegetables (better taste, freshness, and health benefits), and awareness/support for organic certification were key determinants of WTP premiums. There is a significant price premium for certified organic vegetables to support the possible transition from conventional to organic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing drought after transplanting damages young plants and imposes economic loss to growers. This study evaluated the possibility of inducing drought tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) transplants with use of 0 or 5.0 mM potassium silicate priming before transplanting. After priming, transplants were subjected to varying intensities of drought by adjusting pot water content (100%, 60%, or 40%) for 30 days. Drought reduced growth in non-pretreated transplants. Potassium silicate pretreatment prevented leaf abscission, leaf area decline, and limitation of root growth under drought. These effects were related to maintaining the plant's relative water content under drought. Potassium silicate pretreatment could be a simple, practical, approach to enhance drought tolerance of tomato transplants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods exist to extract capsaicin from chili (Capsicum annuum L.), but they have poor yield and are hazardous to the environment. The objective of the study was to develop a process for extraction of capsaicin from chili that is more efficient and bio-rationale. Two deep eutectic solvents (DES), choline chloride-urea (CCU) and choline chloride-glycerol (CCG), were used for extraction with MAE (microwave-assisted extraction) and UAE (ultrasound-assisted extraction). In MAE, the highest yield in both solvents was at 600 W and solvent-solid ratio 30 mL∙g−1 for CCU 18.88 mg∙g−1 and for CCG 14.49 mg∙g−1. In UAE, the highest yield in both solvents was at 50°C and solvent-solid ratio 100 mL∙g−1 (2.77 for CCU and 2.59 mg∙g−1 for CCG). The CCU (1:2) was an efficient solvent for extraction of capsaicin from chili and MAE was more efficient than UAE (ultrasound-assisted extraction). The results provide a new method to obtain capsaicin efficiently from C. annuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulb weight and plant density affect onion (Allium cepaL.) seed quality. A field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of bulb weight and plant density on yield and yield attributes of onion, cv. Taherpuri, seed. Bulbs with weights of 5 ± 2, 10 ± 2, and 15 ± 2 g, and plant densities of 100, 120, 133, 150, 160, and 200 plants/6 m2were used to determine effects. Plant emergence, number of green leaves/plant, umbel diameter, number of flowers/umbel, seed yield/plant, seed yield/plot, and germination percentage were measured. Maximum umbel diameter (7.46 cm), number of flowers/umbel (371.39), number of seeded fruit/umbel (245.16), seed yield/plant (2.94 g), and highest seed germination (96.45%) were with 100 plants/6 m2and highest seed yield/plot (286.00 g) was obtained at 200 plants/6 m2when heaviest bulbs were used. The lowest seed yield/plant was when small bulbs were grown at a density of 200 plants/6 m2. For quality onion seed production, a heavy bulb established at the lowest plant density provided the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owner farmers and tenant farmers have different income generating strategies related to vegetable production. It is important to know the differences between these two group farmers regarding pesticide use practices and awareness, as well as the factors influencing their knowledge of pesticide use practices. This study examined effects of land tenure status on vegetable farmer knowledge of pesticide use practices, health effects, and environmental effect of pesticides. A total of 211 owner and 173 tenant vegetable farmers from 7 districts were selected through a multistage sampling technique in 2019. More owners than tenants disposed of empty pesticide containers properly, but still a large proportion of both groups were using containers to store food. The owners have a higher knowledge of safe pesticide use practices, and greater information on environmental and health effects associated with pesticides in vegetables. It is necessary to put more emphasis on tenant farmers, as well as on the significant variables obtained from the econometric model of this study. The status of the grower has importance when use and disposal of pesticides is a concern with owners, who likely have greater respect for ownership and preservation of the land within the family, are more aware of uses and concerns involved with pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reality of the changing climate is that resource-poor Underutilized Indigenous Vegetable (UIV) farmers have to adapt, but their awareness and perception of climate change is not known. It is not clear if the use of UIVs is a viable adaptation option. Respondents for the study were selected from three states in Nigeria where the International Development Research Corporation funded a project on UIVs. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 200 UIV farmers using the IDRC sampling through questionnaires. Although most (>90%) respondents perceive and are aware of, climate change, fewer (76%) are aware of the expediency of cultivation of UIVs as an adaptation to climate change. Level of education and perception, positively influenced the choice of adaptation method, extension visits, and source of information negatively influenced the choice. The use of UIV cultivation is an affordable and profitable adaptation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jute (Corchorus sp.) leaves may contain lycopene, a strong antioxidant, but amounts in jute leaves are not known. The study was undertaken to estimate the lycopene content in fresh, processed, and preserved jute leaves of the cultivated jute species C. olitorius L. and C. capsularis L. The highest lycopene content was in 45-day-old fresh leaves which gradually decreased with increasing plant age. Among processing methods, leaves soaked in vinegar had the highest lycopene for C. olitorius but in C. capsularis the highest lycopene was in leaves boiled with water and salt for 15 min. All the processing methods led to increased availability of lycopene compared to fresh leaves. Preserved jute leaves retained lycopene following drying and preservation at −20°C. The highest lycopene was from cold dried preserved leaves at 4°C and then air dried leaves at 33–35°C; the lowest lycopene content was from leaves dried in an oven at 100°C. Lycopene content in leaves differed due to plant ages. Lycopene in 45-day-old plant jute leaves was more than doubled compared to fresh red tomatoes. Further evaluation is needed to determine if consumption and digestion affect the available lycopene content in jute leaves available to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To contend with water shortages there is a need to screen snake melon germplasm such as snake melon (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus L.) to identify potential drought tolerant genetic resources. Finding plants that endure water shortage is an issue in agriculture. Inbred lines of snake melon were exposed to simulated drought at 100%, 80%, 60%, or 40% available water (AW). Yield, fruit weight, leaf area, shoot number, and total protein were highest under 100% AW. Root length, glycine betaine, and antioxidant enzyme activities increased as simulated drought increased. Inbred line 10 had an acceptable yield and greatest fruit weight, leaf number, and relative water content than other inbred lines at 40% AW. Based on principal component analysis and biplot performance, inbred lines 1 and 10 may be used in drought prone areas and may be used to develop improved lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus spp. wood ash, as fertilizer, can be used for agriculture sustainability and the mitigation of production costs especially among small farmers who grow cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The objective was to evaluate effects of fertilizers, mineral, organic (wood ash), and organomineral (organic+mineral) combined with base saturations of 30 or 60%, on growth and development of cowpea. Use of wood ash, alone and combined with mineral fertilizer, corrected soil acidity upward and increased shoot growth, nodule numbers, and water use efficiency. Wood ash may be an alternative fertilizer in cowpea production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indiscriminate use of soluble fertilizer in hydroponics affects yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and could contribute to environmental pollution. The study was conducted to determine the critical nitrogen dose, and corresponding tissue nitrogen range, at growth stages of hydroponically (coco-peat bag culture) grown tomato under tropical, semi-intensive, greenhouse conditions where mean day and night temperatures were 28–32 and 25–28°C, respectively, and mean relative humidity was 75–80%. Critical N application rates to obtain maximum yield for vegetative, early reproductive, middle reproductive and late reproductive stages were 10, 50, 90, and 140 mg/plant/day, respectively, providing critical plant tissue N concentrations at 5, 3.5, 4, and 4.3%, respectively. Application of the critical N dose at each growth stage will optimize yield and quality of tomato while reducing loss of nitrate to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor seed germination is a common phenomenon at suboptimal temperatures. Several priming treatments have been reported to enhance germination percentage under low-temperature sowings in various crop seeds. In this study, seed priming was carried out with KNO3, K2HPO4, and NaCl in concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% w/v and subsequent germination at incubation temperatures of 15 and 25°C on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Super dominos) seed using a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated interaction between priming solution material, priming solution concentration, and incubation temperature affecting germination percentage, seedling fresh and dry weights, and seedling root volume. Priming did not benefit germination at 25°C. Priming with K2HPO4 at 15°C had little beneficial effect at higher solution concentrations and was generally less than all other materials at 15°C. When the priming material was KNO3, the control had seedling fresh weight values lower than the 1% and 5% concentrations. At 15°C, over all priming materials, seedling fresh weight, dry weight, and root volume were better than for controls. For K2HPO4 and KNO3 there were no differences in seedling dry weight between temperatures. For all priming materials seedling dry weight was lower at 15°C than at 25°C. It is recommended that KNO3 and NaCl be used as suitable priming material to enhance cucumber seed germination at low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries contribute 72% of the total vegetable production in the world. The transplanting operation is one of the most labor intensive in vegetable production. It is largely done by hand in India and most developing countries and incurs large investments in labor, time, and cost. This article presents the details of construction of vegetable transplanters in addition to recent advances in their development. Performance of transplanters under actual field conditions is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide variability does not exist in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], requiring induction of genetic variability. Mutagenesis creates desired variability among genotypes without altering the agronomic base which is sometimes difficult to induce using other breeding methods. Seed germination/seedling emergence and seedling growth were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions by imposing 300 to 1000 Gy (Gray, the SI unit of radiation) gamma radiation to determine median lethal (LD50) and median growth reduction (GR50) doses with Co60gamma rays. The LD50 and GR50 doses varied for both growing conditions. More than 80% of seed exposed to the LD50 dose of gamma radiation in the laboratory did not emerge under field condition. The LD50 and GR50 doses of gamma radiation determined under field condition exhibited close correspondence and presented a reliable picture regarding lethality and injury in the M1 generation (the first generation from the irradiated seed). The R2 for the linear model for seedling emergence, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings under field condition were 0.908, 0.902, 0.911, 0.983 and 0.972, respectively. Determination of the LD50/GR50 is important to optimize the radiation dose to isolate desired utilizable mutants. Dose optimization should be determined through use of LD50 and GR50 under field condition. The gamma radiation dose between 350 Gy and 450 Gy was optimum to create desirable mutants in okra. The optimal dose could induce a higher rate of mutation with little biological damage in succeeding generations of okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major loss of hot pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacquin) in the humid tropics is due to disease and spoilage during postharvest storage following harvest occurring when conditions are cool and damp. The study assessed socio-economic drivers of postharvest loss of hot pepper in the tropics in order to provide empirical information on the underlying causes of postharvest losses of hot pepper for efficient and sustainable hot pepper value chain policies under tropical conditions. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis and binary logistic regression. Although Capsicum chinense had a low yield in the sub-humid region, it was profitable. Being a male, primarily engaged in farming, reduced the likelihood of high postharvest loss, while long distances and high transportation costs increased it. Technical and marketing support for smallholder farmers, especially females, could reduce postharvest loss of hot pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of beneficial rhizobacteria may improve the growth of vegetable transplants and reduce diseases. Plant growth promotion effects of single, and combined, inoculation of the root colonizing endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica and bacterial root endophytes isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in seedlings were examined as an initial step for developing microbial inocula for transplant production. The isolates were screened for plant growth promotion ability after seed inoculation. Seedling vigor index was assessed by a roll towel assay followed by evaluation of seedling growth in extruded plastic seedling trays with sterile vermiculite as the planting medium. A compatibility test of bacterial endophytes with P. indica was performed by dual culture plate assay on potato dextrose agar medium. Four isolates from tomato, and 2 each from chilli and eggplant, had compatible reactions with the endophytic fungus. Performance of individual and combined inoculation of the root endophytic fungus and compatible endophytic bacteria in host plants was evaluated. Inoculation with microbial agents improved seedling growth. Combined inoculation of bacterial endophytes and fungal endophyte had no influence on the root colonization pattern of P. indica in tomato, chilli, and eggplant seedlings. Application of both crop-specific endophytic bacteria possessing plant growth promoting ability and root endophytic fungus P. indica improved development of tomato, chilli and eggplant seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc is an essential micronutrient necessary for optimal development of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Zinc-solubilizing microbes could be substitutes for zinc supplementation and transform inorganic zinc into accessible forms. The objective of the study was to culture and screen a variety of zinc-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) from vermicompost for various plant growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics in tomato. Thirty-isolates from vermicompost were screened for Zn-solubilization and PGP activity. A quantitative assessment of Zn solubilization indicated maximum Zn solubilization was achieved with isolate VBZ4 (26.8 mg∙L−1) followed by isolate VBZ17 (22.2 mg∙L−1) on ZnO and 18.3 mg∙L−1 (isolate VBZ4), 15.6 mg∙mL−1 (isolate VBZ17) on ZnCO3 enriched media. The isolates were examined in association with tomato plants for growth, where isolate VBZ4 improved plant growth and maximum zinc content in tomato fruit (2.87 mg/100 g) followed by isolates VBZ4+ VBZ17 and isolate VBZ17 with 2.17 mg/100 g and 2.06 mg/100 g Zn content, respectively. Isolates VBZ4 and VBZ17 were identified as Pseudomonas sp. VBZ4 and P. stutzeri VBZ17. Application of these bacteria may help provide sufficient Zn bioavailability which could lead to improved plant growth in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micronutrient iron is needed for optimum growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The specific amount of iron required for adequate vegetative growth, yield quality and uptake of nutrients of tomato needs clarification. The experiment was carried out during the rainy season, May and September 2019, in the screenhouse of the Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Treatments were: 0.053 (normal nutrient solution), 0.265 (iron×5), and 0.53 (iron×10) g∙L−1. Shoot height, leaf number, leaf area, internode length, flowers and fruit number increased over time for plants treated with iron×10. The translocation factor of P, Mg, Ca, K, Na, and bioaccumulation factor of Na, K, and Mg were greater in plants treated with iron×10. The high concentration of iron has practical implications on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]