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Exophiala is an important genus, with several species associated with infections in humans and animals. In a survey of soil fungal diversity in Yunnan province, PR China, a novel taxon, Exophiala pseudooligosperma sp. nov., was identified based on combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic features. Morphologically, this species is characterized by having torulose, septate hyphae and swollen, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells arising at acute angles from aerial hyphae. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, the small and large nuclear subunit of the rRNA gene and part of the β-tubulin gene confirmed the phylogenetic position of the new species within the genus Exophiala .

During a mycological survey of freshwater hyphomycetes on submerged leaves in southwest China, a new species, Anacraspedodidymum submersum , was isolated. The new species A. submersum is characterized by having monophialidic conidiogenous cells with funnel shaped collarettes and globose or subglobose, aseptate and hyaline conidia. Morphologically, A. submersum is somewhat similar to A. aquaticum and A. hyalosporum in conidiophores and conidiogenous cells, but can be easily distinguished by its subglobose to globose and smaller conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequences show that the new species of Anacraspedodidymum clustered together with the genus Thozetella in Chaetosphaeriaceae . A full description, illustrations and a phylogenetic tree showing the position of A. submersum are provided herein.

To determine if Ageratina adenophora can accumulate diverse pathogens from surrounding native plants, we intensively sampled fungal communities, including endophytes, leaf spot pathogens and canopy air fungi, associated with Ag. adenophora as well as native plants in its invasive range. In total, we collected 4542 foliar fungal strains from 10 geographic sites, including 1340 from healthy leaves of Ag. adenophora , 2051 from leaf spots of Ag. adenophora and 1151 from leaf spots of 56 species of native plants and crops. Taxonomically, the common fungal genera included Colletotrichum , Diaporthe , Alternaria , Nemania , Xylaria , Neofusicoccum , Nigrospora , Epicoccum , Gibberella , Pestalotiopsis , Irpex , Schizophyllum and Clonostachys . We also isolated the cultivable fungi from 12 air samples collected from six areas in Yunnan Province, PR China. Among the total of 1255 air fungal isolates, the most common genera were Cladosporium , Trichoderma and Epicoccum . Among them, two new Remotididymella species, Remotididymella ageratinae from leaf spot of Ag. adenophora and Remotididymella anemophila from canopy air of Ag. adenophora were found. The two species showed both asexual and sexual reproductive structures. The conidia of R. ageratinae and R. anemophila are larger than those of R. anthropophila and R. destructiva . The size of ascospores of R. ageratinae and R. anemophila also differ from R. bauhiniae . Phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS, LSU rRNA, rpb2 and tub2 sequences showed that R. ageratinae and R. anemophila each formed a distinct clade, separated from all species previously described in Remotididymella and confirmed them as new species belonging to Remotididymella . Full descriptions of R. ageratinae and R. anemophila are provided in this study.

Leptographium panxianense and L. puerense are proposed as new taxa based on sequence data and morphological characters. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS2-partial LSU rDNA region, β-tubulin and elongation factor 1-α genes showed that L. panxianense and L. puerense formed well-supported clades and were closely related to L. yunnanense , L. wushanense and L. conjunctum , and then nested within the L. lundbergii complex. The two species differ in their conidial size and shape. The conidia of L. panxianense are larger than those of L. puerense while the conidial shape of L. puerense is more ovovoid. The optimal growth temperature of both L. panxianense and L. puerense is at 20 °C, which is different from those of L. yunnanense , L. wushanense and L. conjunctum . Comparison of sequence data and morphological characters confirmed the placement of the two undescribed taxa in the genus of Leptographium .

This study examined over 20 fungal specimens of the Orbiliaceae (Orbiliomycetes) from different regions in China. Our analyses based on morphological traits and the ITS rDNA sequences revealed two new Orbilia species with drechslerella-like asexual morphs. These new species are able to trap nematodes with constricting rings. In addition, Orbilia cf. orientalis is reported as a new cryptic Chinese variant of European collections of O. orientalis . All three species are described and illustrated in detail in this paper. Their phylogenetic relationships with other orbiliaceous species were identified based on their ITS sequences.

During a survey of endophytic fungi in plant roots in secondary forests in Yunnan, China, a novel ascomyceteous taxon, Beltrania sinensis , was isolated from Quercus cocciferoides Hand.-Mazz. and Fraxinus malacophylla Hemsl. This novel species is characterized by having oval or obovoid conidiogenous cells with several apical, flat-tipped denticles, and biconic, aseptate, smooth, pale brown conidia with a hyaline to subhyaline equatorial transverse band and apical tubular appendage. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and the LSU rRNA gene confirmed its novel species status within the genus Beltrania . Here, the novel species is described and illustrated, and a taxonomic key to species in the genus Beltrania is provided.

Phalangispora sinensis , an aquatic hyphomycete collected from south-western PR China, is described as a new species. This new species is characterized by having multicellular branched conidia composed of a curved main axis and one or two laterals, with the laterals arising from the third or fourth cell of the base of the main axis. Combined analyses of the LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1 gene sequence data revealed that Phalangispora and another aquatic hyphomycete genus, Setosynnema , belonged to Wiesneriomycetaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota.

During a survey of fungal diversity in a deserted rocky area in Yunnan, PR China, a new species, Memnoniella sinensis , was identified. This new species is characterized by having phialidic conidiogenous cells with conspicuous collarettes, and aseptate, verrucose, ellipsoidal to sometimes ovoid, olivaceous brown to dark brown conidia. Morphologically, M. sinensis is similar to M. dichroa , but can be easily distinguished due to its hyaline conidiophores and smaller conidia. Phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences at five loci showed that our strain grouped together with M. dichroa and M. oenanthes . Here, the new species is described and illustrated, and a key to the species of the genus Memnoniella is provided.