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A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain BD-d46(T), was isolated from a playground soil sample in Jinju, South Korea. Cells were straight or curved rods and showed catalase- and oxidase-positive reactions. Growth of strain BD-d46(T) was observed between 15 and 35 degrees C (optimum 25-30 degrees C) and between pH 6.5 and 8.0 (optimum pH 7.0-7.5). The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH), C(12 : 0) 3-OH and C(16 : 0). Strain BD-d46(T) contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids. Isoprenoid quinones were Q-8 (75 %) and MK-7 (25 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 49.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BD-d46(T) formed a distinct lineage with Rheinheimera chironomi K19414(T) within the genus Rheinheimera. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain BD-d46(T) and the type strains of recognized Rheinheimera species ranged from 94.4 to 96.9 %. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain BD-d46(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rheinheimera, for which the name Rheinheimera soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BD-d46(T) (=KCTC 22077(T) =DSM 19413(T)).

An aerobic, yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain BD-b365(T), was isolated from sediment of the Hakjang stream in Busan, South Korea. Growth was observed at 15-40 degrees C (optimum 20-30 degrees C) and at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0). Cells were non-spore-forming rods that showed gliding motility and contained branched and hydroxy fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.4 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The major polar lipid of strain BD-b365(T) was phosphatidylethanolamine. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain BD-b365(T) formed a distinct phyletic line within the genus Flavobacterium. Based on levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the novel strain was related most closely to Flavobacterium aquidurense WB 1.1-56(T), but the level of DNA-DNA relatedness between these two strains was only 9.6 %. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, it is clear that strain BD-b365(T) represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium resistens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BD-b365(T) (=KCTC 22078(T) =DSM 19382(T)).

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain BD-c54(T), was isolated from BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes)-contaminated soil in Sacheon, Korea. Growth of strain BD-c54(T) was observed at 15-35 degrees C (optimum 25-30 degrees C) and pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C(15:0), iso-C(17:1)omega9c, iso-C(11:0) 3-OH, iso-C(16:0), iso-C(11:0) and iso-C(17:0). The strain contained large amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol and a small amount of an unknown amino-group-containing polar lipid as polar lipids. The major quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 67.5 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BD-c54(T) formed a tight phylogenetic lineage with Pseudoxanthomonas yeongjuensis GR12-1(T) within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas and was most closely related to P. yeongjuensis GR12-1(T) and [Stenotrophomonas] dokdonensis DS-16(T), with 98.3 and 96.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BD-c54(T) and P. yeongjuensis GR12-1(T) was 24.5%. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain BD-c54(T) represents a novel species within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas sacheonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BD-c54(T) (=KCTC 22080(T) =DSM 19373(T)). In addition, the transfer of Stenotrophomonas dokdonensis to Pseudoxanthomonas as Pseudoxanthomonas dokdonensis comb. nov. and an emended description of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas are proposed.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain EMB320T, was isolated from activated sludge performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor. The isolate was strictly aerobic and non-motile. Growth was observed between 10 and 35 degrees C (optimum 30 degrees C) and between pH 6.0 and 9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0). The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain EMB320T were C16 : 0, C18 : 1omega7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1omega7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Strain EMB320T contained ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the major respiratory quinone system and 2-hydroxyputrescine and putrescine as the major polyamines, which suggests that it belongs to the Betaproteobacteria. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.7 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain EMB320T formed a phyletic lineage distinct from other genera within the family Comamonadaceae. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain EMB320T represents a novel genus and species within the family Comamonadaceae, for which the name Caenimonas koreensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Caenimonas koreensis is EMB320T (=KCTC 12616T =DSM 17982T).

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain BD-c194(T), was isolated from diesel-contaminated soil in Geoje, Korea. The cells were short, motile rods with single polar flagella. Growth of strain BD-c194(T) was observed between 15 and 45 degrees C (optimally at 30-35 degrees C) and between pH 6.0 and 9.5 (optimally at pH 7.5-9.0). The predominant fatty acids were 11-methyl C(18 : 1)omega7c, C(16 : 0), C(18 : 1)omega7c, C(18 : 0) and an unknown fatty acid (equivalent chain-length 18.814); a large amount of phosphatidylglycerol and a small amount of diphosphatidylglycerol were present as polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 60.8 mol% and the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. A comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain BD-c194(T) formed a well-defined phyletic lineage within the genus Devosia (with 100 % bootstrap support). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to the type strains of other Devosia species ranged from 95.0 to 96.1 %. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain BD-c194(T) represents a novel species within the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia geojensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BD-c194(T) (=KCTC 22082(T) =DSM 19414(T)).

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, Hydrogenophaga-like bacterial strain, K102(T), was isolated from wastewater collected from a textile dye works in Korea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain K102(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and 30-37 degrees C in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C(16 : 0), C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and C(18 : 1)omega7c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 64.8 mol%. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain K102(T) fell within the radiation of the cluster comprising species of the genus Hydrogenophaga. Strain K102(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.9-98.9 % to the type strains of recognized Hydrogenophaga species. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain K102(T) and the type strains of its four phylogenetically most closely related species, together with differential phenotypic properties, revealed that strain K102(T) could be distinguished from all recognized species of the genus Hydrogenophaga. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strain K102(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hydrogenophaga, for which the name Hydrogenophaga bisanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K102(T) (=KCTC 12980(T) =CCUG 54518(T)).

A long, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain EMB13T, was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Korea. The isolate was strictly aerobic and non-motile. The strain grew optimally at 30-35 degrees C and pH 7.5-8.0, and the predominant fatty acids were iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1omega7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH), C16:1omega5c and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The strain contained a large amount of phosphatidylethanolamine and small amounts of phosphatidylcholine and an unknown phospholipid as the polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 40.1 mol% and the major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain EMB13T belonged to the genus Runella and was most closely related to Runella limosa EMB111T, with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.1%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain EMB13T and R. limosa EMB111T was approximately 25%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, it is clear that strain EMB13T represents a novel species within the genus Runella, for which the name Runella defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB13T (=KCTC 12614T=DSM 17976T).

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain EMB34(T), was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Korea. Growth was observed between 10 and 40 degrees C (optimum, 25-35 degrees C) and between pH 6.0 and 9.5 (optimum, pH 7.5-8.0). The cells were non-motile rods, linked with extracellular fibrils. The predominant fatty acids of strain EMB34(T) were iso-C(15 : 0), C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 1) G, iso-C(16 : 0) 3-OH and iso-C(15 : 0) 3-OH and the strain contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol as the polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 34.2 mol% and the major quinone was menaquinone-6. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain EMB34(T) formed a distinct phyletic line within the genus Flavobacterium. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other Flavobacterium species were less than 94.5 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, it is clear that strain EMB34(T) represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium filum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB34(T) (=KCTC 12610(T)=DSM 17961(T)).

A Gram-negative, rod-like, stalk-producing bacterium, designated strain EMB102(T), was isolated from activated sludge that performed enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor. Cells without stalks were motile with single polar flagella, but cells that did produce stalks were non-motile and lacked polar flagella. Growth of strain EMB102(T) was observed at temperatures between 15 and 35 degrees C (optimum, 30 degrees C) and between pH 6.0 and 9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5-8.5). The predominant fatty acids of strain EMB102(T) were C(18 : 1) omega 7c, C(16 : 0) and C(15 : 0). The predominant polar lipid was phosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.1 mol% and the major quinone was Q-10. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain EMB102(T) formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus Brevundimonas. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the type strains of Brevundimonas species ranged from 95.8 to 97.5 %. DNA-DNA relatedness levels between the EMB102(T) and closely related Brevundimonas species were below 15.0 %. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain EMB102(T) represents a novel species within the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas aveniformis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB102(T) (=KCTC 12609(T)=DSM 17977(T)).

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain EMB71(T), was isolated from activated sludge used for enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor. The cells of the isolate were facultatively aerobic, motile rods with single polar flagella. Growth was observed to occur at 15-35 degrees C (optimally at 30 degrees C) and at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimally at pH 7.0-8.0). The predominant fatty acids of strain EMB71(T) were C(16 : 0) and summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH), and the polar lipids comprised a large amount of phosphatidylethanolamine and a small amount of diphosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 61.6 mol % and the major quinone was Q-8. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain EMB71(T) formed a phyletic lineage with the genus Hydrogenophaga within the family Comamonadaceae. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to the type strains of Hydrogenophaga species ranged from 95.1 to 96.9 %. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, strain EMB71(T) represents a novel species of the genus Hydrogenophaga, for which the name Hydrogenophaga caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB71(T) (=KCTC 12613(T)=DSM 17962(T)).

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain EMB117T, was isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and characterized by polyphasic taxonomy. The cells were non-spore-forming rods that showed gliding motility. Optimal growth occurred at 25-30 degrees C and pH 7.0-8.0. Strain EMB117T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the predominant polar lipid, and the major fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(15 : 0) 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 33.5 mol% and the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain EMB117T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium johnsoniae DSM 425(T) (97.8 % sequence similarity). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain EMB117T and F. johnsoniae ATCC 17061T was about 18 %. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, strain EMB117T represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB117T (=KCTC 12612T=DSM 17963T).

A Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain EMB325(T), was isolated from activated sludge that performed enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor. The predominant fatty acids of strain EMB325(T) were summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH), C(16 : 0), C(18 : 1)omega7c and C(18 : 1)omega7c 11-methyl. The strain contained phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol as polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.3 mol%. The major quinone was Q-8. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain EMB325(T) formed a phyletic lineage with members of the genus Simplicispira and was most closely related to Simplicispira psychrophila LMG 5408(T) and Simplicispira metamorpha DSM 1837(T) with similarities of 98.1 and 97.9 %, respectively. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain EMB325(T) and S. psychrophila LMG 5408(T) and S. metamorpha DSM 1837(T) were 28 and 23 %, respectively. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular characteristics, strain EMB325(T) is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Simplicispira, for which the name Simplicispira limi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB325(T) (=KCTC 12608(T)=DSM 17964(T)).

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain EMB111(T), was isolated from activated sludge performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor. Cells were long and rod-shaped. The isolate was strictly aerobic and non-motile. The strain grew optimally at 25-30 degrees C and pH 7.5-8.0. The predominant fatty acids of strain EMB111(T) were iso-C(15 : 0), C(16 : 1)omega5c, iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(15 : 0) 3-OH, C(16 : 0) 3-OH, C(16 : 0) and summed feature 3 (C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH). The strain contained a large amount of phosphatidylglycerol and small amounts of two unknown phospholipids (PL1, PL2) as the polar lipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 42.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain EMB111(T) formed a phyletic cluster with members of the genus Runella within the family Flexibacteraceae and was most closely related to Runella slithyformis ATCC 29530(T) with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 94.8 %. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain EMB111(T) represents a novel species within the genus Runella, for which the name Runella limosa sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB111(T) (=KCTC 12615(T)=DSM 17973(T)).

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain EMB47(T), was isolated from activated sludge performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor. Growth was observed between 10 and 40 degrees C (optimum, 25-35 degrees C) and between pH 5.0 and 8.5 (optimum, pH 7.5-8.0). The predominant fatty acids of strain EMB47(T) were iso-C(16 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(15 : 1) G, C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(14 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0) and it contained phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine as polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 40.8 mol% and the major quinone was MK-6. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain EMB47(T) formed a distinct phyletic line within the genus Flavobacterium. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to Flavobacterium species were below 94.7 %. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, strain EMB47(T) represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium croceum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB47(T) (=KCTC 12611(T)=DSM 17960(T)).