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A Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, DSW-6T, was isolated from sea water and subjected to a polyphasic study. Strain DSW-6T grew optimally at 25 degrees C, in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0-8.0. It was characterized chemotaxonomically as having MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH and C(15 : 0) as the major fatty acids (10 % of total fatty acids). Major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipids and amino-group-containing lipids that are ninhydrin-positive. The DNA G+C content was 36.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DSW-6(T) forms an independent line of descent within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain DSW-6T exhibited similarity values of less than 94.7 % to the sequences of other members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain DSW-6T could be distinguished from other phylogenetically related genera by differences in several phenotypic properties. Therefore, in view of the combined phenotypic and phylogenetic data, it is proposed that strain DSW-6T (= KCTC 12402T = DSM 17205T) represents a novel genus and species, Donghaeana dokdonensis gen. nov., sp. nov.

A Gram-positive or Gram-variable, motile, endospore-forming, halophilic bacterial strain, MSS-402T, was isolated from a marine solar saltern in Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Some cells of strain MSS-402T were long filamentous rods. The isolate grew optimally at 37 °C and in the presence of 3–5 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain MSS-402T had cell-wall peptidoglycan based on l-orn–d-Asp, MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 42·9 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MSS-402T falls within the evolutionary radiation of species of the genus Halobacillus. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain MSS-402T and the type strains of recognized Halobacillus species ranged from 98·0 % (with Halobacillus halophilus) to 99·2 % (with Halobacillus litoralis and Halobacillus trueperi). Levels of DNA–DNA binding indicated that strain MSS-402T represents a genomic species that is distinct from recognized Halobacillus species. Strain MSS-402T was differentiated from Halobacillus species by means of several phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, strain MSS-402T (=KCTC 3957T=DSM 17110T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel Halobacillus species, for which the name Halobacillus yeomjeoni sp. nov. is proposed.

Two Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic bacterial strains, DSW-1T and DSW-21, were isolated from sea water and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. They grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strains DSW-1T and DSW-21 were characterized chemotaxonomically as containing MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 as the major fatty acids. Their DNA G+C content was 38 mol%. Strains DSW-1T and DSW-21 exhibited four nucleotide differences in their 16S rRNA gene sequences and possessed a mean DNA–DNA relatedness level of 78 %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains DSW-1T and DSW-21 formed a distinct lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains DSW-1T and DSW-21 had similarity levels of less than 92·2 % to the sequences of other members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. There were some differences in phenotypic properties between the two strains and Cellulophaga species, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strains DSW-1T (=KCTC 12391T=DSM 17200T) and DSW-21 were classified in a novel genus and species, Dokdonia donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic bacterial strain, SW-238T, was isolated from sea water collected from the South Sea in Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The organism grew optimally at 25–30 °C and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain SW-238T was characterized chemotaxonomically as containing ubiquinone (Q-8) as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone and C18 : 1 ω9c as the major fatty acid. Its DNA G+C content was 47·6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SW-238T fell within the radiation of the cluster comprising Psychrobacter species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SW-238T had similarity levels of 94·8–97·9 % to sequences of the type strains of recognized Psychrobacter species. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain SW-238T and the type strains of 10 phylogenetically related Psychrobacter species were below 70 %. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data and genetic distinctiveness, strain SW-238T (=KCTC 12313T=JCM 12601T) was placed in the genus Psychrobacter as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Psychrobacter celer sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-positive, rod- or coccus-shaped bacterial strain, KSL-104T, was isolated from an alkaline soil from Korea and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Strain KSL-104Tgrew optimally at pH 7·0–8·0 and 30 °C. It was characterized chemotaxonomically as having a cell-wall peptidoglycan type based onll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid with MK-8(H4) as the predominant menaquinone. The major fatty acid was iso-C16 : 0and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The DNA G+C content was 70·6 mol%. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KSL-104Tjoined the cluster comprisingNocardioides jenseniiandMarmoricola aurantiacus. The cellular fatty acid profile of strain KSL-104Twas different from that ofM. aurantiacus. Strain KSL-104Tand the type strain ofN. jenseniiexhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of 97·1 % and a mean DNA–DNA relatedness value of 13 %. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain KSL-104Tand the type strains of otherNocardioidesspecies were in the range 94·0–96·5 %. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strain KSL-104T(=KCTC 9992T=JCM 13008T) represents a novel species of the genusNocardioides, for which the nameNocardioides dubiussp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-negative, motile, slightly halophilic bacterial strain, SW-150T, was isolated from sea water of the Yellow Sea, Korea, and was characterized by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain SW-150T grew optimally at 25–30 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. The isolate could be distinguished from other Sphingopyxis species in producing an orange pigment. It contained ubiquinone-10 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c and C17 : 1 ω6c as the major fatty acids. No 3-hydroxy fatty acids were detected. Major polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was 63 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain SW-150T was phylogenetically affiliated to the genus Sphingopyxis of the family Sphingomonadaceae. Similarity values between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain SW-150T and the type strains of Sphingopyxis species ranged from 91·6 to 94·2 %, making it possible to categorize strain SW-150T as a species that is separate from previously described Sphingopyxis species. On the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, SW-150T (=KCTC 12231T=DSM 16222T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel Sphingopyxis species, for which the name Sphingopyxis baekryungensis sp. nov. is proposed.

Two Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic bacterial strains, SW-210T and SW-242T, were isolated from sea water of the South Sea in Korea, and were characterized taxonomically by means of a polyphasic approach. The two isolates grew optimally at 25–30 °C and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strains SW-210T and SW-242T contained Q-8 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone and C18 : 1 ω9c as the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C contents of strains SW-210T and SW-242T were 43·2 and 45·3 mol%, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains SW-210T and SW-242T were 98·9 % similar, and the mean DNA–DNA relatedness value between them was 24 %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains SW-210T and SW-242T form distinct phylogenetic lineages within the radiation of the cluster comprising Psychrobacter species, having 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 95·9–99·2 % with respect to the type strains of Psychrobacter species. The levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between the two isolates and the type strains of 15 phylogenetically related Psychrobacter species were well below 70 %. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data and genomic distinctiveness, strains SW-210T and SW-242T were classified in the genus Psychrobacter as representing two distinct novel species, for which the names Psychrobacter aquimaris sp. nov. (type strain, SW-210T=KCTC 12254T=DSM 16329T) and Psychrobacter namhaensis sp. nov. (type strain, SW-242T=KCTC 12255T=DSM 16330T) are proposed, respectively.

Four Gram-positive, rod- or coccus-shaped bacterial strains, KSL-1T, KSL-9, KSL-10 and KSL-12, were isolated from an alkaline serpentinite soil in Korea, and their taxonomic positions were investigated in a polyphasic study. The four strains exhibited no difference in their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the four strains were phylogenetically affiliated to the genus Nocardioides. The four strains had cell-wall peptidoglycan based on ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid, indicating wall chemotype I. The predominant menaquinone detected in the four strains was MK-8(H4). The major fatty acid components were iso-C16 : 0, 10-methyl-C18 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c and C17 : 1 ω6c. The DNA G+C contents were 72·4–73·6 mol%. The four strains exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 94·0–96·3 % to the type strains of Nocardioides species with validly published names. DNA–DNA relatedness levels between the four strains were 85–91 %. On the basis of phenotypic properties, phylogenetic distinctiveness and genotypic relatedness, strains KSL-1T, KSL-9, KSL-10 and KSL-12 were classified in the genus Nocardioides as members of a novel species, Nocardioides alkalitolerans sp. nov. The type strain is strain KSL-1T (=KCTC 19037T=DSM 16699T).

A Gram-negative, non-flagellated, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, SW-152T, was isolated from sea water of the Yellow Sea in Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain SW-152T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 as the major fatty acids. Polar lipids detected in strain SW-152T were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content was 40·3 mol%. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences exhibited that strain SW-152T forms a distinct evolutionary lineage within the Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroides (CFB) group. Strain SW-152T exhibited low 16S rRNA similarity levels of less than 89·4 % to members belonging to the CFB group. Phenotypic properties of strain SW-152T differentiate it from phylogenetically related taxa. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SW-152T (=KCTC 12312T=JCM 12600T) was classified in a novel genus and species, Marinicola seohaensis gen. nov., sp. nov.

A Gram-variable, motile, endospore-forming, halotolerant bacillus, strain JG-30T, was isolated from the traditional Korean fermented seafood jeotgal, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. This organism grew optimally at 37 °C and in the presence of 0–1 % (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain JG-30T forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the genus Bacillus. Strain JG-30T was characterized chemotaxonomically as having cell-wall peptidoglycan based on meso-diaminopimelic acid, MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 45 mol%. Strain JG-30T exhibited levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of less than 95·7 % to Bacillus species with validly published names. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain JG-30T (=KCTC 3880T=DSM 16189T) was classified within the genus Bacillus as a novel species, for which the name Bacillus cibi sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped or coccoid bacterial strain, DS-51T, was isolated from a soil in Dokdo, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain DS-51T grew optimally at pH 8.0 and 30 °C without NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-51T forms a distinct line of descent within the radiation enclosed by the genus Nocardioides. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain DS-51T were consistent with those of the genus Nocardioides: the cell-wall peptidoglycan type was based on ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid, MK-8(H4) was the predominant menaquinone and iso-C16 : 0 was the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C content was 71.1 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain DS-51T had similarity levels of 92.5–95.1 % with the sequences of the type strains of Nocardioides species. Strain DS-51T could be distinguished from other Nocardioides species by differences in some phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain DS-51T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides insulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DS-51T (=KCTC 19180T=DSM 17944T).

Gram-positive, rod- or coccoid-shaped bacterial strains KSL-17T, KSL-18 and KSL-19 were isolated from an alkaline soil in Korea. They were subjected to analysis using polyphasic taxonomy. Strains KSL-17T, KSL-18 and KSL-19 grew optimally at pH 8.0 and 28 degrees C and in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. They were characterized chemotaxonomically as having ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, MK-8(H4) as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C(16 : 0) as the major fatty acid. Their DNA G+C contents were in the range 74.6-74.8 mol%. Strains KSL-17T, KSL-18 and KSL-19 were identical in terms of their 16S rRNA gene sequences and exhibited a mean level of DNA-DNA relatedness of 85-90 %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains KSL-17T, KSL-18 and KSL-19 formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage within the genus Nocardioides. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the three strains and the type strains of Nocardioides species were in the range 92.6-95.2 %. On the basis of phenotypic, genetic and phylogenetic data, strains KSL-17T (= KCTC 19039T = DSM 16315T), KSL-18 and KSL-19 should be classified as members of a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides lentus sp. nov. is proposed.

Two Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, slightly halophilic gliding bacterial strains, DSW-8T and DSW-9, were isolated from sea water off a Korean island, Dokdo, of the East Sea, Korea, and their taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic study. The two strains grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strains DSW-8T and DSW-9 were characterized chemotaxonomically as containing MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 as the major fatty acids. Major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified glycolipid and an amino group-containing lipid that was ninhydrin-positive. Their DNA G+C contents were 36·1 and 35·9 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains DSW-8T and DSW-9 fell within the genus Maribacter of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strains DSW-8T and DSW-9 exhibited no difference in their 16S rRNA gene sequences and possessed a mean DNA–DNA relatedness level of 89 %. Strains DSW-8T and DSW-9 exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 96·9–98·0 % to the type strains of the four recognized Maribacter species, but their low level of DNA–DNA relatedness with these species demonstrated that they constitute a distinct Maribacter species. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data and genetic distinctiveness, strains DSW-8T (=KCTC 12393T=DSM 17201T) and DSW-9 were classified in the genus Maribacter as members of a novel species, for which the name Maribacter dokdonensis sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile bacterial strain, KSL-107T, was isolated from an alkaline soil from Korea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain KSL-107T grew optimally at 25 °C and pH 7·0–7·5. Strain KSL-107T had a cell-wall peptidoglycan based on ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid. It contained MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone and C16 : 0, C16 : 0 2-OH and 10-methyl C18 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 71·5 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain KSL-107T was phylogenetically affiliated to the genus Aeromicrobium of the family Nocardioidaceae. Similarity values between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KSL-107T and those of type strains of Aeromicrobium species were in the range 97·9–98·2 %. The isolate could be distinguished from other Aeromicrobium species by levels of DNA–DNA relatedness and differences in some phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of the data presented, it is suggested that strain KSL-107T (=KCTC 19073T=DSM 16824T) represents a novel Aeromicrobium species, for which the name Aeromicrobium alkaliterrae sp. nov. is proposed. An emended description of the genus Aeromicrobium is also proposed.

Two Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains, MSS-160T and MSS-161, were isolated from a marine solar saltern in the Yellow Sea, Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The two strains grew optimally in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at 25–30 °C. Strains MSS-160T and MSS-161 contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and large amounts of fatty acids C16 : 1 ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and iso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content of the two strains was 41 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains were phylogenetically affiliated to the genus Algoriphagus. Strains MSS-160T and MSS-161 exhibited no difference in their 16S rRNA gene sequences and possessed a mean DNA–DNA relatedness level of 91 %; they exhibited 16S rRNA similarity levels of 96·6–99·3 % to the type strains of Algoriphagus species with validly published names. DNA–DNA relatedness levels between the two strains and the type strains of five Algoriphagus species were lower than 46 %. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strains MSS-160T and MSS-161 were classified in the genus Algoriphagus as members of a novel species, for which the name Algoriphagus yeomjeoni sp. nov. (type strain, MSS-160T=KCTC 12309T=JCM 12598T) is proposed.