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Two strains (JA746T and JA756T) having yellowish brown-to-green pigment were isolated from a solar saltern and a pink pond, respectively. While both strains were non-motile and shared the presence of bacteriochlorophyll-a, major cellular fatty acids (C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, C18 : 0), quinone (Q-10), polar lipids and hopanoids, they differed from each other in their carotenoid composition. The G+C content of genomic DNA of strains JA746T and 756T was 62.4 and 63.3 mol%, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene-based EzTaxon-e blast search analysis of strains JA746T and 756T indicated highest sequence similarity with members of the genus Rhodovulum in the family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria . Strain JA746T has high sequence similarities with Rhodovulum visakhapatnamense JA181T (97.3 %), Rhodovulum steppense A-20sT (97.3 %), Rhodovulum phaeolacus JA580T (97 %), Rhodovulum strictum MB-G2T (97 %) and other members of the genus Rhodovulum (T has high sequence similarities with Rhodovulum visakhapatnamense JA181T (99.8 %), Rhodovulum sulfidophilum Hansen W4T (99.1 %), Rhodovulum kholense JA297T (97.9 %) and other members of the genus Rhodovulum (T and JA756T was 97.5 %. However, these strains are not closely related to each other or to their phylogenetic neighbours since the DNA–DNA reassociation values were less than 56 %. The genomic information was also supported by phenotypic and chemotaxonomic results, leading us to classify strains JA746T ( = NBRC 108898T = KCTC 15180T) and JA756T ( = NBRC 109122T = KCTC 15223T) as the type strains of two novel species of the genus Rhodovulum , for which the names Rhodovulum salis sp. nov. and Rhodovulum viride sp. nov. are proposed, respectively.

Two strains (JA575T and JA576T) of orange- to pink-pigmented, rod-shaped, motile and budding phototrophic bacteria were isolated from paddy soils. Both strains contained bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of spirilloxanthin series. Both strains had C18 : 1ω7c as the major cellular fatty acid, ubiquinone-10 (Q10) as the main quinone, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine as polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that both strains clustered with species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas in the class Alphaproteobacteria . Strains JA575T and JA576T were genotypically ( Rhodopseudomonas . The molecular evidence is supported by phenotypic evidence. It is proposed that strains JA575T and JA576T be classified as representing two novel species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas with the species names Rhodopseudomonas pentothenatexigens sp. nov. and Rhodopseudomonas thermotolerans sp. nov., respectively. The type strains of the proposed novel species are JA575T ( = NBRC 108862T = KCTC15143T) and JA576T ( = NBRC 108863T = KCTC 15144T), respectively.

Four strains (JA310T, JA531T, JA447 and JA490) of red to reddish brown pigmented, rod-shaped, motile and budding phototrophic bacteria were isolated from soil and freshwater sediment samples from different geographical regions of India. All strains contained bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series. The major cellular fatty acid of strains JA310T and JA531T was C18 : 1ω7c, the quinone was Q-10 and polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an aminohopanoid and an unidentified aminolipid. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that all strains clustered with species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas in the class Alphaproteobacteria . Strains JA531T, JA447 and JA490 were genotypically (>80 % related based on DNA–DNA hybridization) and phenotypically closely related to each other and the three strains were distinct from strain JA310T (33 % related). Furthermore, all four strains had less than 48 % relatedness (DNA–DNA hybridization) with type strains of members of the genus Rhodopseudomonas , i.e. Rhodopseudomonas palustris ATCC 17001T, Rhodopseudomonas faecalis JCM 11668T and Rhodopseudomonas rhenobacensis DSM 12706T. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains JA310T and JA531T were 63.8 and 62.4 mol%, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular genetic evidence, it is proposed that strains JA310T ( = NBRC 106083T = KCTC 5839T) and JA531T ( = NBRC 107575T = KCTC 5841T) be classified as the type strains of two novel species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas , Rhodopseudomonas parapalustris sp. nov. and Rhodopseudomonas harwoodiae sp. nov., respectively. In addition, we propose that strain DSM 123T ( = NBRC 100419T) represents a novel species, Rhodopseudomonas pseudopalustris sp. nov., since this strain differs genotypically and phenotypically from R. palustris ATCC 17001T and other members of the genus Rhodopseudomonas . An emended description of R. palustris is also provided.